Ubuntu:Feisty

出自Ubuntu中文

文章出处: 

http://ubuntuguide.org/wiki/Ubuntu:Feisty/

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Unofficial Ubuntu 7.04 (Feisty Fawn) Starter Guide

Ubuntu 7.04 (Feisty Fawn) was released on April 19th, 2007. This guide is a constantly evolving work-in-progress. Your help in testing and perfecting this guide is needed.

This guide was started by Chua Wen Kiat (Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia). It is now being maintained by the Linux Center of University of Latvia, and everyone else who is willing to contribute.

This guide can be discussed at the official UbuntuGuide.org Forum at ubuntuforums.org. Stop by and join the discussion.


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If you have any questions, send us an e-mail to ubuntuguide -at- ubuntuguide.org

Contributors: Orvils • Quash • Jiyuu0 • Cargo •Mikrobart • Byte • cope • krampo • Simos • Stubby • eljaco • shai • ThunderM • Hasile • adammichaelroach • Belisarivs • Cheator • Hank • Kaotiks • soniah • Kutan • Mehdi • richux • Shadyman • Havarill • Louis • Shadyman • shanlot751 • Etienne • Rabid9797 • Mantas Smelevičius • perspectoff • phlo • seadog • smalu • go2debug • Pakos •RedBass • CyberAngel •Cogeeldineroycorre • Ufic • Antidrugue • Vahid • Louis King • Rsingh • Borut-T • Cinglalls • Townray •and other friends of our community. edit

If you use an outdated version of ubuntu (Breezy, Dapper, Edgy), you should update it to Feisty. See this: [How to upgrade from Hoary Hedgehog -> Breezy Badger -> Dapper Drake]

Full list of all the subpages: Ubuntu:Feisty/TOC


目录


概述

  1. 以下是非官方 Ubuntu 7.04 (Feisty Fawn) 新手指南，与Ubuntu或Canonical Ltd.都无关。
  2. 可以在官方的UbuntuGuide.org 论坛讨论这个指南的内容。过来看看，加入讨论吧。
  3. 如果你看见一个淡蓝色的方框，这表示你要到终端模式下(应用程序 -> 附件 -> 终端)去执行那些命令，或者采用方框中的内容（这些内容可能是其他指南中提及的）。
  4. 为了减少打字错误，建议把命令代码复制、粘贴到终端（在命令代码上点右键->“复制”或“粘贴”。也可以用Ctrl+C复制，Shift+Insert粘贴）。
  5. "sudo" 的意思是用其他用户身份执行命令。 "sudo" 后会提示你输入密码“Pssword: ”，这时输入该用户密码。比如你可以这样用系统中另外一个用户的身份：sudo -u peter <command> 这样就能以系统中用户peter的身份来执行某个命令。
  6. 如果想多了解一下任一命令的详细信息，只需用"man"命令看看手册中的说明。例如 "man sudo"会显示"sudo"这一命令的手册页。
  7. 如果实在不想总是输入"aptitude"命令，读一下 #怎样使用 aptitude 的简易方式 (新立得)
  8. "aptitude" 和 "wget" 需要你有Internet连接才能安装/更新/下载程序。
  9. 关于"apt-get"的所有参考内容都已经被"aptitude"取代了。不过愿意的话你仍然可以使用"apt-get"，没有问题。在Ubuntu 论坛可能有讨论。
  10. 要下载文件，在链接上点右键然后选择 "链接另存为..."，请确认文件名和扩展名无误。
  11. 如果希望帮忙将Ubuntu翻译成你自己的母语，或者以其他方式帮助Ubuntu，请访问 https://launchpad.net/
  12. 愿 "humanity to others" 精神永远与你同在...


如果你用的是64位版本，请用"amd64"代替所有的"i386"

Requests

If you have requests that you would like to be part of this guide, put them here.


  • How to add the (k)ubuntu CD or DVD as a repository for sources.list

Solution, please move to appropriate chapter:

Insert the CD or DVD and in the terminal write: 

sudo apt-cdrom add

如果对这部分有要求的，请把他们写在这个板块

开始

Where to view Ubuntu screenshots / screencast

Where to view Kubuntu screenshots / screencast

Where to view Xubuntu screenshots / screencast

哪里可以找到新的程序

哪里可以为你的计算机桌面找到新的元素

Are there other *buntu guides?

从 Ubuntu Edgy 更新到 Ubuntu Feisty

如何添加额外的软件源

  • 阅读 #概述
  • 可以用"软件源"应用程序添加额外的源，见系统 -> 系统管理 -> 软件源。在你认为需要的源（main, universe, restricted, multiverse）前面打勾。你可能不需要'源代码'这个源。推荐用这种方法添加额外的源。
  • 添加源还有一种方法，用以下步骤 (风险自负):
  • 创建一个你现在使用的源列表的备份 
sudo cp -p /etc/apt/sources.list /etc/apt/sources.list_backup
  • 用任一文本编辑器打开源的列表
Ubuntu (GNOME) 用户: 
sudo gedit /etc/apt/sources.list
Kubuntu (KDE) 用户: 
sudo kate /etc/apt/sources.list
其他用户 (在上面这些都不行的情况下): 
sudo nano /etc/apt/sources.list
  • 以下面这些行作为模板，自己在sources.list中编辑源：
可试着用下面这几行代替sources.list中的当前内容
要使用你所在地的镜像，在archive.ubuntu.com前面加上"cc.", 其中 cc = 你所在国家的代码
例如 deb http://lv.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu feisty main restricted universe multiverse 
## See http://help.ubuntu.com/community/UpgradeNotes for how to upgrade to
## newer versions of the distribution.

## Add comments (##) in front of any line to remove it from being checked.   
## Use the following sources.list at your own risk.  

## Uncomment deb-src if you wish to download the source packages

## If you have a install CD you can add it to the reposity using 'apt-cdrom add'
## which will add a line similar to the following:
#deb cdrom:[Ubuntu 7.04 _Feisty Fawn_ - Beta i386 (20070322.1)]/ feisty main restricted
deb http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ feisty main restricted
#deb-src http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ feisty main restricted

## Major bug fix updates produced after the final release of the
## distribution.
deb http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ feisty-updates main restricted
#deb-src http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ feisty-updates main restricted

## N.B. software from this repository is ENTIRELY UNSUPPORTED by the Ubuntu
## team, and may not be under a free licence. Please satisfy yourself as to
## your rights to use the software. Also, please note that software in
## universe WILL NOT receive any review or updates from the Ubuntu security
## team.
deb http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ feisty universe
#deb-src http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ feisty universe

## N.B. software from this repository is ENTIRELY UNSUPPORTED by the Ubuntu
## team, and may not be under a free licence. Please satisfy yourself as to
## your rights to use the software. Also, please note that software in
## multiverse WILL NOT receive any review or updates from the Ubuntu
## security team.
deb http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ feisty multiverse
#deb-src http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ feisty multiverse

## Uncomment the following two lines to add software from the 'backports'
## repository.
## N.B. software from this repository may not have been tested as
## extensively as that contained in the main release, although it includes
## newer versions of some applications which may provide useful features.
## Also, please note that software in backports WILL NOT receive any review
## or updates from the Ubuntu security team.
deb http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ feisty-backports main restricted universe multiverse
#deb-src http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ feisty-backports main restricted universe multiverse

deb http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu feisty-security main restricted
#deb-src http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu feisty-security main restricted
deb http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu feisty-security universe
#deb-src http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu feisty-security universe
deb http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu feisty-security multiverse
#deb-src http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu feisty-security multiverse

## PLF REPOSITORY (Unsupported.  May contain illegal packages.  Use at own risk.)
## Medibuntu - Ubuntu 7.04 "feisty fawn"
## Please report any bug on https://launchpad.net/products/medibuntu/+bugs
deb http://medibuntu.sos-sts.com/repo/ feisty free non-free
#deb-src http://medibuntu.sos-sts.com/repo/ feisty free non-free

## CANONICAL COMMERCIAL REPOSITORY (Hosted on Canonical servers, not Ubuntu
## servers. RealPlayer10, Opera, DesktopSecure and more to come.) 
deb http://archive.canonical.com/ubuntu feisty-commercial main

## enlightenment e17 beta, use at your own risk
## E17 is in Beta and may break or break your system
#deb http://edevelop.org/pkg-e/ubuntu feisty e17
#deb http://e17.dunnewind.net/ubuntu feisty e17
#deb-src http://edevelop.org/pkg-e/ubuntu feisty e17
  • 保存编辑过的文件
  • 下载需要的 gpg keys; 比如可以下面的命令得到 PLF 源的 gpg key: 
wget -q http://packages.medibuntu.org/medibuntu-key.gpg -O- | sudo apt-key add -
  • 要想试用 E17 beta, 还需要下载其 gpg key: 
wget -q http://lut1n.ifrance.com/repo_key.asc -O- | sudo apt-key add -
  • 刷新包列表： 
sudo aptitude update


  • 只有在知道自己在做什么的前提下才可修改默认的Ubuntu sources.list！ 把不同的源混杂在一起可能使你的系统 崩溃。

更新Ubuntu

关于 Apt、软件和包的基本知识

这里说的是如何使用 Apt 包管理工具的一些基本信息。

  • 安装包 
sudo aptitude install <packagename>

例： 

sudo aptitude install mpd sbackup
  • 删除包： 
sudo aptitude remove <packagename>

例： 

sudo aptitude remove mpd sbackup
  • 搜索包： 
sudo aptitude search <keywords>

例： 

sudo aptitude search Music MP3
sudo aptitude search "Text Editor"
  • 更新 Apt 数据库 (添加/删除Apt源后再使用) 
sudo aptitude update
  • 更新包： 
sudo aptitude upgrade
  • 更新整个发布（distribution）： 
sudo aptitude dist-upgrade
  • 安装已下载的 Ubuntu (Debian) 包 (.deb) 
sudo dpkg -i package.deb
  • 删除 (Debian) 包 
sudo dpkg -r package
  • 重新配置/修复已安装的包 
sudo dpkg-reconfigure package

例： 

sudo dpkg-reconfigure mpd
  • 处理 ".tar.gz" (Tar/GZip) 存档/压缩文件

提取： 

tar xvzf package.tar.gz

创建： 

tar cvfz package.tar.gz folder
  • 处理 ".tar.bz" (Tar/BZip) 存档/压缩文件

提取： 

tar xvjf package.tar.bz

创建： 

tar cvjf package.tar.bz folder
  • 提取 ".bz" 存档/压缩文件 
bunzip2 file.bz
  • 提取 ".gz" 存档/压缩文件 
gunzip file.gz
  • 由源创建 Building from Source

确认已经安装了所有需要的开发工具 (如库、编译器和头文件) 

sudo aptitude install build-essential
sudo aptitude install linux-headers-`uname -r`

提取包 (上面有详细描述) 

tar xvzf package.tar.gz

开始编译过程 

cd /path/to/extracted/package
./configure
make
make install

如果编译成功，可以考虑创建一个deb包供将来使用：

安装打包工具： 

sudo aptitude install checkinstall

用"checkinstall"重新创建包： 

cd /path/to/extracted/package
./configure
make
checkinstall

把创建好的 ".deb" 文件留作将来使用。安装时可用以下命令： 

sudo dpkg -i package.deb

注：这些只是一般性的指导，可能不会总是成功。有的包需要其他的依赖并指明一些可选参数值才能成功编译。

手动更新 Ubuntu 

sudo aptitude update
sudo aptitude upgrade
sudo aptitude dist-upgrade

或者

用更新管理器： 系统 -> 系统管理 -> 更新管理器

Automated Methods

添加/删除程序

使用添加/删除这一特性非常容易，不会对你安装的Ubuntu造成破坏。

  • 点"程序"'菜单，选择"添加/删除"。
  • 寻找你想要添加的那一类程序。例如输入"MP3"即可看到一个与mp3有关的软件的列表。
  • 在软件名称旁边的复选框打勾。
  • 点"应用"按钮。
  • 你会看到一个即将安装的软件包的列表。点“确定”。

Automatix2

Automatix2 是一个受限的脚本，它试图安装某些软件，但经常失败并破坏系统。Ubuntu社区并不为其提供支持，我们强烈主张不使用它。由Automatix造成的问题往往很难查明原因和解决，有时还不如重新安装Ubuntu更省事。 

sudo dpkg -i automatix2_1.1-3.10-7.04feisty_i386.deb
  • Automatix2 位于应用程序 > 系统工具 > Automatix

用apt安装的方法

第1步: 

echo "deb http://www.getautomatix.com/apt feisty main" | sudo tee -a /etc/apt/sources.list

第2步: 

wget http://www.getautomatix.com/keys/automatix2.key

第3步: 

gpg --import automatix2.key

第4步: 

gpg --export --armor E23C5FC3 | sudo apt-key add -

第5步: 

sudo apt-get update

第6步: 

sudo apt-get install automatix2

Add-On Applications

Java & Non-Media Browser Plug-ins

How to install J2SE Runtime Environment (JRE) v6.0 with Plug-in for Mozilla Firefox 

sudo aptitude install sun-java6-jre sun-java6-plugin sun-java6-fonts
  • When asked, agree with DLJ license terms.

This doesn't work for amd64, since there's no 64-bit firefox plugin. A 32-bit firefox is necessary. Ubuntuforums provides special scripts for configuring some 32-bit applications in amd64.k

An alternative for amd64 is to use blackdown Java. However it is buggy and not all Java applications work. It is also a closed source application so no benefit can be derived from using it. It is the default Java application for distributions like Gentoo however. 

sudo aptitude install j2re1.4-mozilla-plugin

This installs blackdown Java.

How to install Flash Player (Macromedia Flash) Plug-in for Mozilla Firefox

EDIT: Please note that there is a free open source way of using flash posted below. This is using GNASH - a gnu flash replacement. Its not perfect (yet) however for those interested in open source software please skip below. It works on both 32 and 64 bit Ubuntu. - Pete

Note: The best way to install the Macromedia Flash Player plug-in for Mozilla Firefox is to use Firefox and visit Adobe.com: Version test for Adobe Flash Player. Then you will see a note about firefox missing a plugin for flash. Click this note and follow any steps that firefox tells you to follow. Normally firefox installs this plugin automatically when you click "install now".

It could also be done using a package manager:

  • Read