“UbuntuHelp:PostgreSQL”的版本间的差异
来自Ubuntu中文
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{{From|https://help.ubuntu.com/community/PostgreSQL}} | {{From|https://help.ubuntu.com/community/PostgreSQL}} | ||
{{Languages|UbuntuHelp:PostgreSQL}} | {{Languages|UbuntuHelp:PostgreSQL}} | ||
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=== Introduction === | === Introduction === | ||
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PostgreSQL is a powerful object-relational database management system, provided under a flexible BSD-style license.<sup>[1]</sup> PostgreSQL contains many advanced features, is very fast and standards compliant. | PostgreSQL is a powerful object-relational database management system, provided under a flexible BSD-style license.<sup>[1]</sup> PostgreSQL contains many advanced features, is very fast and standards compliant. | ||
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PostgreSQL has bindings for many programming languages such as C, C++, [http://python.org/ Python], Java, PHP, Ruby... It can be used to power anything from simple web applications to massive databases with millions of records. | PostgreSQL has bindings for many programming languages such as C, C++, [http://python.org/ Python], Java, PHP, Ruby... It can be used to power anything from simple web applications to massive databases with millions of records. | ||
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=== Installation === | === Installation === | ||
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==== Dapper ==== | ==== Dapper ==== | ||
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To install PostgreSQL 8.1 you may use the command line and type : | To install PostgreSQL 8.1 you may use the command line and type : | ||
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<pre><nowiki> | <pre><nowiki> | ||
sudo apt-get install postgresql-8.1 | sudo apt-get install postgresql-8.1 | ||
</nowiki></pre> | </nowiki></pre> | ||
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pgAdmin III is a handy GUI for PostgreSQL, it is essential to beginners. To install type at the command line : | pgAdmin III is a handy GUI for PostgreSQL, it is essential to beginners. To install type at the command line : | ||
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<pre><nowiki> | <pre><nowiki> | ||
sudo apt-get install pgadmin3 | sudo apt-get install pgadmin3 | ||
</nowiki></pre> | </nowiki></pre> | ||
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You may also use the Synaptic package manager from the System>Administration menu to install these packages. | You may also use the Synaptic package manager from the System>Administration menu to install these packages. | ||
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==== Gutsy ==== | ==== Gutsy ==== | ||
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To install '''Postgresql-8.2''' using your favorite package manager install the '''postgresql''' package. | To install '''Postgresql-8.2''' using your favorite package manager install the '''postgresql''' package. | ||
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=== Basic Server Setup === | === Basic Server Setup === | ||
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==== Set password ==== | ==== Set password ==== | ||
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To start off, we need to change the PostgreSQL postgres user password, we will not be able to access the server otherwise. As the “postgres” Linux user, we will execute the psql command, in a terminal type (note, since Gusty this fails and needs an update): | To start off, we need to change the PostgreSQL postgres user password, we will not be able to access the server otherwise. As the “postgres” Linux user, we will execute the psql command, in a terminal type (note, since Gusty this fails and needs an update): | ||
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<pre><nowiki> | <pre><nowiki> | ||
sudo -u postgres psql template1 | sudo -u postgres psql template1 | ||
</nowiki></pre> | </nowiki></pre> | ||
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Then at the new prompt, type these two commands, replacing <***password***> with the new password (keep this safe ;) ) : | Then at the new prompt, type these two commands, replacing <***password***> with the new password (keep this safe ;) ) : | ||
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<pre><nowiki> | <pre><nowiki> | ||
ALTER USER postgres WITH ENCRYPTED PASSWORD ' <***password***> '; | ALTER USER postgres WITH ENCRYPTED PASSWORD ' <***password***> '; | ||
\q | \q | ||
</nowiki></pre> | </nowiki></pre> | ||
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===== Gutsy ===== | ===== Gutsy ===== | ||
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I used this to change the password for the default superuser (postgres) under gusty. | I used this to change the password for the default superuser (postgres) under gusty. | ||
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<pre><nowiki> | <pre><nowiki> | ||
sudo -u postgres psql -c "ALTER USER postgres WITH PASSWORD '<***password***>'" | sudo -u postgres psql -c "ALTER USER postgres WITH PASSWORD '<***password***>'" | ||
</nowiki></pre> | </nowiki></pre> | ||
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==== Create database ==== | ==== Create database ==== | ||
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To create the first database, which we will call "mydb", simply type : | To create the first database, which we will call "mydb", simply type : | ||
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<pre><nowiki> | <pre><nowiki> | ||
sudo -u postgres createdb mydb | sudo -u postgres createdb mydb | ||
</nowiki></pre> | </nowiki></pre> | ||
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=== Using pgAdmin III GUI === | === Using pgAdmin III GUI === | ||
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To get an idea of what PostgreSQL can do, you may start by firing up a graphical client. In a terminal type : | To get an idea of what PostgreSQL can do, you may start by firing up a graphical client. In a terminal type : | ||
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<pre><nowiki> | <pre><nowiki> | ||
pgadmin3 | pgadmin3 | ||
</nowiki></pre> | </nowiki></pre> | ||
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You will be presented with the pgAdmin III interface. Click on the "Add a connection to a server" button (top left). In the new dialog, enter the address 127.0.0.1, a description of the server, the default database ("mydb" in the example above), your username ("postgres") and your password. | You will be presented with the pgAdmin III interface. Click on the "Add a connection to a server" button (top left). In the new dialog, enter the address 127.0.0.1, a description of the server, the default database ("mydb" in the example above), your username ("postgres") and your password. | ||
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With this GUI you may start creating and managing databases, query the database, execute SQl etc. | With this GUI you may start creating and managing databases, query the database, execute SQl etc. | ||
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=== Managing the Server === | === Managing the Server === | ||
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==== Managing users and rights ==== | ==== Managing users and rights ==== | ||
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PostgreSQL has a not really easy way to manage users. To manage users, you first have to edit <code><nowiki>/etc/postgresql/8.1/main/pg_hba.conf</nowiki></code> and modify the default configuration which is very protective. For example, if you want <code><nowiki>postgres</nowiki></code> to manage its own users (not linked with system users), you will add the following line: | PostgreSQL has a not really easy way to manage users. To manage users, you first have to edit <code><nowiki>/etc/postgresql/8.1/main/pg_hba.conf</nowiki></code> and modify the default configuration which is very protective. For example, if you want <code><nowiki>postgres</nowiki></code> to manage its own users (not linked with system users), you will add the following line: | ||
<pre><nowiki> | <pre><nowiki> | ||
| 第89行： | 第54行： | ||
8<------------------------------------------- | 8<------------------------------------------- | ||
</nowiki></pre> | </nowiki></pre> | ||
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Which means that on your local network (10.0.0.0/24 - replace with your own local network !), postgres users can connect through the network to the database providing a classical couple user / password. | Which means that on your local network (10.0.0.0/24 - replace with your own local network !), postgres users can connect through the network to the database providing a classical couple user / password. | ||
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To create a database with a user that have full rights on the database, use the following command: | To create a database with a user that have full rights on the database, use the following command: | ||
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<pre><nowiki> | <pre><nowiki> | ||
sudo -u postgres createuser -D -A -P myuser | sudo -u postgres createuser -D -A -P myuser | ||
sudo -u postgres createdb -O myuser mydb | sudo -u postgres createdb -O myuser mydb | ||
</nowiki></pre> | </nowiki></pre> | ||
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The first command line creates the user the no database creation rights (-D) with no add user rights -A) and will prompt you for entering a password (-P). The second command line create the database ''''mydb''' with ''''myuser'''' as owner. | The first command line creates the user the no database creation rights (-D) with no add user rights -A) and will prompt you for entering a password (-P). The second command line create the database ''''mydb''' with ''''myuser'''' as owner. | ||
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This little example will probably suit most of your needs. For more details, please refer to the corresponding man pages or the online documentation. | This little example will probably suit most of your needs. For more details, please refer to the corresponding man pages or the online documentation. | ||
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=== Further reading === | === Further reading === | ||
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If you are not familiar with [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sql SQL] you may want to look into this powerful language, although some simple uses of PostgreSQL may not require this knowledge (such as a simple [http://www.djangoproject.com Django] project). | If you are not familiar with [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sql SQL] you may want to look into this powerful language, although some simple uses of PostgreSQL may not require this knowledge (such as a simple [http://www.djangoproject.com Django] project). | ||
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The [http://www.postgresql.org/ PostgreSQL website] contains a wealth of information on using this database. | The [http://www.postgresql.org/ PostgreSQL website] contains a wealth of information on using this database. | ||
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---- | ---- | ||
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<sup>[1]</sup> You do not have to pay in order to use PostgreSQL for some applications, such as commercial closed source software, contrary to other well known open source databases. | <sup>[1]</sup> You do not have to pay in order to use PostgreSQL for some applications, such as commercial closed source software, contrary to other well known open source databases. | ||
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<br> | <br> | ||
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'''Note:''' this guide has been tested on Ubuntu 6.06 (Dapper) and Ubuntu 7.10 (Gutsy) | '''Note:''' this guide has been tested on Ubuntu 6.06 (Dapper) and Ubuntu 7.10 (Gutsy) | ||
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2007年11月30日 (五) 21:06的版本
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目录
Introduction
PostgreSQL is a powerful object-relational database management system, provided under a flexible BSD-style license.[1] PostgreSQL contains many advanced features, is very fast and standards compliant. PostgreSQL has bindings for many programming languages such as C, C++, Python, Java, PHP, Ruby... It can be used to power anything from simple web applications to massive databases with millions of records.
Installation
Dapper
To install PostgreSQL 8.1 you may use the command line and type :
sudo apt-get install postgresql-8.1
pgAdmin III is a handy GUI for PostgreSQL, it is essential to beginners. To install type at the command line :
sudo apt-get install pgadmin3
You may also use the Synaptic package manager from the System>Administration menu to install these packages.
Gutsy
To install Postgresql-8.2 using your favorite package manager install the postgresql package.
Basic Server Setup
Set password
To start off, we need to change the PostgreSQL postgres user password, we will not be able to access the server otherwise. As the “postgres” Linux user, we will execute the psql command, in a terminal type (note, since Gusty this fails and needs an update):
sudo -u postgres psql template1
Then at the new prompt, type these two commands, replacing <***password***> with the new password (keep this safe ;) ) :
ALTER USER postgres WITH ENCRYPTED PASSWORD ' <***password***> '; \q
Gutsy
I used this to change the password for the default superuser (postgres) under gusty.
sudo -u postgres psql -c "ALTER USER postgres WITH PASSWORD '<***password***>'"
Create database
To create the first database, which we will call "mydb", simply type :
sudo -u postgres createdb mydb
Using pgAdmin III GUI
To get an idea of what PostgreSQL can do, you may start by firing up a graphical client. In a terminal type :
pgadmin3
You will be presented with the pgAdmin III interface. Click on the "Add a connection to a server" button (top left). In the new dialog, enter the address 127.0.0.1, a description of the server, the default database ("mydb" in the example above), your username ("postgres") and your password. With this GUI you may start creating and managing databases, query the database, execute SQl etc.
Managing the Server
Managing users and rights
PostgreSQL has a not really easy way to manage users. To manage users, you first have to edit /etc/postgresql/8.1/main/pg_hba.conf and modify the default configuration which is very protective. For example, if you want postgres to manage its own users (not linked with system users), you will add the following line:
8<------------------------------------------- # TYPE DATABASE USER IP-ADDRESS IP-MASK METHOD host all all 10.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 password 8<-------------------------------------------
Which means that on your local network (10.0.0.0/24 - replace with your own local network !), postgres users can connect through the network to the database providing a classical couple user / password. To create a database with a user that have full rights on the database, use the following command:
sudo -u postgres createuser -D -A -P myuser sudo -u postgres createdb -O myuser mydb
The first command line creates the user the no database creation rights (-D) with no add user rights -A) and will prompt you for entering a password (-P). The second command line create the database 'mydb with 'myuser' as owner. This little example will probably suit most of your needs. For more details, please refer to the corresponding man pages or the online documentation.
Further reading
If you are not familiar with SQL you may want to look into this powerful language, although some simple uses of PostgreSQL may not require this knowledge (such as a simple Django project). The PostgreSQL website contains a wealth of information on using this database.
[1] You do not have to pay in order to use PostgreSQL for some applications, such as commercial closed source software, contrary to other well known open source databases.
Note: this guide has been tested on Ubuntu 6.06 (Dapper) and Ubuntu 7.10 (Gutsy)
