“UbuntuHelp:InstallingANewHardDrive/zh”的版本间的差异

2007年5月18日 (五) 13:47的版本

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https://help.ubuntu.com/community/InstallingANewHardDrive

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前言

安装新硬盘这种事情并不会经常,发生同样它也并不复杂.本文将向你说明如何在现有的Ubuntu系统下安装一个新硬盘,并为它设置好分区然后使用它.在动手之前,你需要先考虑下面三个关于新硬盘使用方面的问题:

• 该硬盘是否只会在Ubuntu下使用？
• 该硬盘是否要被Ubuntu和windows两类系统使用？
• 你打算如何分区，是全部空间作一个个分区还是分成数个小分区？

友情提示

仅在Ubuntu环境下使用的硬盘可以考虑划分成EXT3文件系统.若要在Ubuntu和Windows两种环境下使用则应格式化成FAT32文件系统.如果你以前从未接触过“文件系统”“硬盘分区”这些，那在进行接下去的操作之前，我建议你先查阅一些与这类话题有关的资料.

Determine Drive Information

We assume that the hard drive is physically installed and detected by the BIOS.

To determine the path that your system has assigned to the new hard drive, open a terminal and run:

sudo lshw -C disk

This should produce output similar to this sample:

**-disk
       description: ATA Disk
       product: IC25N040ATCS04-0
       vendor: Hitachi
       physical id: 0
       bus info: [email protected]
       logical name: /dev/hdd
       version: CA4OA71A
       serial: CSH405DCLSHK6B
       size: 37GB
       capacity: 37GB
  

Be sure to note the "logical name." We'll be using this later.

Partition the Disk

If you have already formatted the drive and it contains data, skip this step and move on to "Mount Point." If the drive is still blank and unformatted, then you have two options: formatting the drive using the command line, or installing "gparted" for a graphical approach. Decide whether you want the drive to contain one single partition, or if you want to divide the space up between two or more partitions.

Partitioning with GParted

If System > Administration > GNOME Partition Editor is not available, install "GParted" using "Add/Remove Software" or "Synaptic." Open Gparted and let's get started.

In the top-right corner of the window, choose your new hard drive from the drop-down list, referring back to the "logical name" from earlier. The window should refresh and show you a representation of the new drive. Assuming that the drive has yet to have been used, a white bar will run across the window. Use these steps to partition the drive with a single partition...

1) Right-click on the white bar and choose "New."

2) For "New Size" the number should be the maximum allowable, to fill the entire disk.

3) Choose "Primary Partition"

4) Now decide on a filesystem. Use "ext3" if the drive will only be used with Ubuntu. For file-sharing between Ubuntu and Windows, you should use "fat32." If you are unsure, search around the wiki and forums for advice.

5) Now click Add to compute the partition. The graphical display should update to show a new partition covering the entire disk.

6) To finish, click "Apply," or Edit > Apply. The disk will then be partitioned and formatted.

Command Line Partitioning

You'll be using "fdisk" to accomplish this. Refer back to the logical name you noted from earlier. For illustration, I'll use /dev/hdd, and assume that you want a single partition on the disk, occupying all the free space.

If the number of cylinders in the disk is larger than 1024 (and large hard drives always have more), it could, in certain setups, cause problems with:

1. 1. 1. 1. software that runs at boot time (e.g., old versions of LILO)
         2. booting and partitioning software from other OSs (e.g., DOS FDISK, OS/2 FDISK)

Otherwise, this will not negatively affect you.

1) Initiate fdisk with the following command:

  sudo fdisk /dev/hdd 
  

2) Fdisk will display the following menu:

  Command (m for help): m <enter>
  Command action
   a   toggle a bootable flag
   b   edit bsd disklabel
   c   toggle the dos compatibility flag
   d   delete a partition
   l   list known partition types
   m   print this menu
   n   add a new partition
   o   create a new empty DOS partition table
   p   print the partition table
   q   quit without saving changes
   s   create a new empty Sun disklabel
   t   change a partition's system id
   u   change display/entry units
   v   verify the partition table
   w   write table to disk and exit
   x   extra functionality (experts only)

  Command (m for help):

3) We want to add a new partition. Type "n" and press enter.

  Command action
   e   extended
   p   primary partition (1-4)

4) We want a primary partition. Enter "p" and enter.

  Partition number (1-4):

5) Since this will be the only partition on the drive, number 1. Enter "1" and enter.

  Command (m for help):

6) Now that the partition is entered, choose option "w" to write the partition table to the disk. Type "w" and enter.

  The partition table has been altered!

7) If all went well, you now have a properly partitioned hard drive that's ready to be formatted.

Format the Partition via Command Line

To format the disk as ext3 filesystem (best for use under Ubuntu):

  sudo mke2fs -j /dev/hdd1

Substitute "/dev/hdd1" with your own drive's path.

Modify reserved space (optional)

When formatting the drive, 5% of the drive's total space is reserved for the super-user (Root) so that the operating system can still write to the disk even if it is full. However, for disks that only contain data, this is not necessary.

You can ajust the percentage of reserved space with the "tune2fs" command, like this:

 sudo tune2fs -m 1 /dev/hdd1

This example reserves 1% of space - change this number if you wish.

 {i} Using this command does not change any existing data on the drive. You can use it on a drive which already contains data.

Create a Mount Point

Now that the drive is partitioned and formatted, you need to choose a mount point. This will be the location from which you will access the drive in the future. I would recommend using a mount point with "/media." For this example, we'll use the path "/media/mynewdrive"

  sudo mkdir /media/mynewdrive
  

Now we can mount the drive to the mount point.

  sudo mount /dev/hdd1 /media/mynewdrive
  

If all goes well, you should be able to use your drive at the mount point you chose.

Mount the Drive

You can choose to have the drive mounted automatically each time you boot the computer, or manually only when you need to use it.

Automatic Mount at Boot

You'll need to edit /etc/fstab:

  gksudo gedit /etc/fstab
  

Add this line to the end:

  /dev/hdd1    /media/mynewdrive   ext3    defaults     0	 2
  

 The "2" at the end instructs your system to run a quick file system check on the hard drive at every boot. Changing it to "0" will skip this. Run 'man fstab' for more info here.

You can now run "sudo mount -a" (or reboot the computer) to have the changes take effect.

If you want to allow a normal user to create files on this drive, you can either give this user ownership of the top directory of the drive filesystem: (replace USERNAME with the username)

  sudo chown -R USERNAME:USERNAME /media/mynewdrive
  

or in a more flexible way, practical if you have several users, allow for instance the users in the plugdev group (usually those who are meant to be able to mount removable disks, desktop users) to create files and sub-directories on the disk:

  sudo chgrp plugdev /media/mynewdrive
  sudo chmod g+w /media/mynewdrive
  sudo chmod +t /media/mynewdrive
  

The last "chmod +t" adds the sticky bit, so that people can only delete their own files and sub-directories in a directory, even if they have write permissions to it (see man chmod).

Manually Mount

Alternatively, you may want to manually mount the drive every time you need it.

For manual mounting, use the following command:

sudo mount /dev/hdd1 /media/mynewdrive 

When you are finished with the drive, you can unmount it using:

sudo umount /media/mynewdrive

That's it :)

Need Additional Help?

 If you run into problems or need more help, search the wiki or forums at http://ubuntuforums.org.  If you cannot find what you are looking for, simply ask for help.