“UbuntuHelp:Installation/FromAnotherDistro”的版本间的差异

2009年11月17日 (二) 19:30的最新版本

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https://help.ubuntu.com/community/Installation/FromAnotherDistro

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English

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We will be describing how to install Ubuntu from within your current distribution, replacing your current distribution ON THE SAME PARTITION. Anytime you do a major re installation you run the risk of losing data. The programs used in installation are quite reliable and most have seen years of use; but they are also quite powerful and a false move can cost you. You would use this procedure when you have no boot Ubuntu install disk, and no cd burner. It can also be useful for saving your old homedirs when you have no way to back them up, and your file system is of a type that can't be resized to allow for a new partition.

Before We Begin

Things You Will Need

Any linux boot/rescue cd with standard utilities for your filesystem (often the install disk for your current distribution will work fine, as long as you can get to a shell)
A network connection. There's no need for the Ubuntu install disk.
The package "alien", to convert the install package to your own distribution's format, from that of Ubuntu. You should install this now, if it isn't already on your system.
To verify that Ubuntu supports your current file system.
To convert your current distribution's bootloader to "grub", unless it already uses it.

We will be assuming RPM as the package management for the original OS in this howto, but alien converts between quite a few formats.

Summary of Actions to be taken

The following is a summary of the steps involved.

Get debootstrap(w/install scripts), convert with the "Alien" package converter, and install to original system.
Run the install scripts, wait, configure the new system, and install a few things.
Configure bootloader and reboot to rescue disk.
Move some things around -- out with the old, and in with the new. :-)
Boot to Ubuntu
Install and configure the rest of the system

Installation

Install Debootstrap and Ubuntu Debootstrap Scripts

Grab the latest debootstrap_*.deb from http://archive.ubuntulinux.org/ubuntu/pool/main/d/debootstrap/. Make sure it matches your architecture.
Using alien, convert the package to your distribution's format. For example:

# alien -r debootstrap*.deb

Now install the new RPM package as you normally would for your distribution. If your distribution already has debootstrap installed (debian?), then uninstall it, and install the package you downloaded.

# rpm -iv debootstrap*.rpm

Locate the installation directory for the scripts. This should be in /opt or in /usr.

# find /opt | grep debootstrap\/scripts; find /usr | grep debootstrap\/scripts

This should return the location of pathnames that contain debootstrap/scripts, for example:

/usr/lib/debootstrap/scripts
/usr/lib/debootstrap/scripts/sid
/usr/lib/debootstrap/scripts/hoary
/usr/lib/debootstrap/scripts/sarge
/usr/lib/debootstrap/scripts/slink
/usr/lib/debootstrap/scripts/warty
/usr/lib/debootstrap/scripts/woody
/usr/lib/debootstrap/scripts/woody.buildd
/usr/lib/debootstrap/scripts/potato
/usr/lib/debootstrap/scripts/hoary.buildd
/usr/lib/debootstrap/scripts/sid.buildd
/usr/lib/debootstrap/scripts/warty.buildd
/usr/lib/debootstrap/scripts/sarge.buildd

Set DEBOOTSTRAP_DIR environment variable and start the install.
Make sure DEBOOTSTRAP_DIR is set to the path you got above (not including the "scripts" directory).

# export DEBOOTSTRAP_DIR="/usr/lib/debootstrap"

# cd /usr/lib/debootstrap/scripts

# debootstrap --arch i386 warty /mnt/ubuntu http://archive.ubuntulinux.org/ubuntu warty
                     ^1^         ^2^               ^^3^^

For 1: Choose your processor architecture (all, including new, pc's are i386).
For 2: Choose the directory to install to. Choose something unique, like /mnt/ubuntu. :-) Don't choose a used directory.
For 3: Choose an appropriate, up-to-date mirror, or use the above address.

Wait for the install to finish. If your network is unreliable, then you may need to run debootstrap multiple times to complete the installation. It should resume where it left off. If it has successfully installed, you should see the message "Base system installed successfully" near the end of its output. If you run into a problem unrelated to networking, you may need to delete all of the installed files and directories and restart.

Set up Fstab

Create your fstab. You can copy your current one, but you may need to make a couple changes.

# cp /etc/fstab /mnt/ubuntu/etc/fstab
# nano /mnt/ubuntu/etc/fstab

You can use your favorite text editor in place of nano above.

Change the mount points on the partition(s) you set up in step 1
Change their options to "defaults"
Change the Type to whatever Filesystem is on that particular partition.
Change /mnt/auto/floppy to /mnt/floppy. Do the same for /mnt/cdrom.
Add "sync" to the options for /mnt/floppy.
Remove the /dev/pts line -- not needed?

Here is a decent fstab file:

#FileSystem MountPT     FSType  Options    Dump fsck-order
#System Mounts..
/proc       /proc       proc    defaults   0    0
/sys        /sys        sysfs   defaults   0    0

#Hard Drives..  ..edit these if necessary
/dev/hda2   none        swap    defaults   0    0
/dev/hda3   /           ext3    defaults   0    1
/dev/hda6   /home       ext3    defaults   0    2
#Uncomment and edit the following line if you have a boot partition
#/dev/hda1  /boot       ext2    defaults,noauto   0    0

#Removable Media..
/dev/fd0    /mnt/floppy auto user,noauto,sync,exec,umask=000 0 0
/dev/cdrom  /mnt/cdrom  auto user,noauto,exec,ro             0 0

Make sure your / entry has options set to 'defaults', otherwise sudo may not function: "Sorry, sudo must be setuid root."

Set up Hostname and Networking

Hostname

You should replace HOSTNAME in the command below with the desired name for your machine. You may need to remove /mnt/ubuntu/etc/hostname first, because it may be a symbolic link to your current /etc/hostname by default, due to a bug in some versions of debootstrap.

# rm -f /mnt/ubuntu/etc/hostname
# echo $HOSTNAME > /mnt/ubuntu/etc/hostname

Networking

If you are running a debian-based distribution already, you can copy /etc/network.interfaces.
Copy the resolv.conf, as in the second line below:

# cp /etc/network/interfaces /mnt/ubuntu/etc/network/
# cp /etc/resolv.conf /mnt/ubuntu/etc/
# nano /mnt/ubuntu/etc/network/interfaces

Here is my Ubuntu /etc/network/interfaces setup (in /mnt/ubuntu/etc/network/).

auto lo
iface lo inet loopback

auto wlan0
iface wlan0 inet dhcp

You also need to set up the hosts file to include your machine name.

# cp /etc/hosts /mnt/ubuntu/etc/
# nano /mnt/ubuntu/etc/hosts

Here is an example /etc/hosts file for cowflavors.dyndns.org.

127.0.0.1   localhost
127.0.0.1   cowflavors.dyndns.org  cowflavors

Enter the Install Environment

Chroot puts you in the new Ubuntu environment. "mount /proc" mounts proc in the new environment. You may also need to mount /sys, if you are on a 2.6 kernel. Finally if you run into errors accessing devices, mount /sys. If you have a separate boot partition, mount /boot before you do the other three commands.

# mount /boot #If you have a separate boot partition.

# mount -o bind /boot /mnt/ubuntu/boot
# chroot /mnt/ubuntu
# mount /proc

Set up Base System

Setting up your locale and keyboard. """***If you do not do this then dpkg, may have problems, due to a bug in certain versions of dpkg.""" I use en-US ISO 8859-1, as I don't often type international characters, and can use a character selector in X when I do. en-US ISO 8859-15 contains mapping to type international characters. ("u becomes ü, etc)

# dpkg-reconfigure locales console-data

Install the Kernel and Botloader

When installing the linux kernel below, you have the option of installing one specifically for your particular processor. Your options are: linux-image-386 Safest linux-image-686 Optimized for Intel PPro/Celeron/PII/PIII/PIV linux-image-686-smp Intel multiprocessor or hyperthreading machines. linux-image-k7 AMD K7, Athlon, AthlonXP etc. and higher. linux-image-k7-smp AMD K7, etc. Multiprocessor systems

# apt-get install linux-image-386
# apt-get install grub

Configuring Grub for Both Systems

As was mentioned initially, your original distribution should be using Grub. Grub is much more flexible than Lilo, and works very well for our purposes. Since your present/original system should already boot from Grub, all we have to do here is edit the menu.lst file to add Ubuntu. Because Linux starts numbering at hda1, but grub starts at (hd0,0), you must subtract 1 from the partition number. (hd0,2) is equivalent to hda3, and (hd1,0) is equivalent to hdb1. Edit /boot/grub/menu.lst (and/or /boot/grub/grub.conf). If you have both, check and see if they are identical. If so, do the following.

rm menu.lst
ln -s grub.conf menu.lst

If they are not identical, either edit them both or determine which one your system boots from normally, keep that one, and make a link by the name of the original file which points to the file you kept (as above). Insert the following into the file, with the following caveats.

"root (hd0,0)", replacing (hd0,0) with the device that contains your kernels. This is usually either your root or boot partition.
"kernel /vmlinuz root=/dev/hda3" and "initrd /initrd.img"
1. If you have no boot partition, using the /vmlinuz and /initrd links should be fine.
2. If those do not work, use "kernel /boot/<YourCurrentKernel>" and "initrd /boot/<YourCurrentInitrd", I.e. vmlinuz-2.6.8.1-3 and initrd.img-2.6.8.1-3, respectively. You'll need to update these if and when you update your kernel in the future.
3. BE SURE to update the "root=/dev/hda3" part to whatever partition is your root partition! If you don't, it will not boot past loading the kernel and initrd. It will panic and suggest using a proper device in the root= line.
"initrd /initrd.img" Make sure you use the matching initrd for your kernel.

Example:

title=Ubuntu
  root (hd0,0)
  kernel /vmlinuz root=/dev/hda3
  initrd /initrd.img

Example of modified /boot/grub/menu.lst

default 0
timeout 4

title=Ubuntu
  root (hd0,0)
  kernel /vmlinuz root=/dev/hda3
  initrd /initrd.img

title=My Old Distribution
  root (hd0,0)
  kernel /bzImage.customYopper
  initrd /initrd.customYopper

title=Memtest86
  root (hd0,0)
  kernel /boot/memtest86+.bin

The version of Grub which your current distribution installed is in the bootsector, and will read the changes on bootup. Now unmount the drives, and exit the subshell.

# exit             <-- exits the chroot subshell
# umount /mnt/ubuntu/boot

If you want, you can do an optional reinstall of grub, but it should be unnecessary. Replace hda with your system's default boot disk.

# grub-install /dev/hda

Insert the recovery CD-ROM and reboot.

Swapping in Your New Ubuntu

Mounting

Once your recovery CD is done booting, first make a directory to mount the disk to.

mkdir /mnt/disk

If that doesn't work, type "mount" by itself, and look at the feedback. You're looking for a directory which has a read-write ramfs mounted.

# mount
none on /example1 type ramfs (rw)

There, the directory /example1 is mounted! What a surprise. If there is no mounted ramfs, try:

# mount -t ramfs none /mnt

Feel free to change /mnt to some other non-essential directory of your choice. Now, to mount your root partition -- Do the following, but change /dev/hda3 to whatever your root partition is:

# mkdir /mnt/hd
# mount /dev/hda3 /mnt/hd

Moving

Move your old distribution into a backup dir. If you have a boot partition, do not mount it.

# cd /mnt/hd
# mkdir OldDistro
# mv * OldDistro/
# ls -a

If the ls -a shows any files other than OldDistro, ., and .., move them into OldDistro. Then, move Ubuntu into the present directory.

# mv .hiddenfiles OldDistro/

# mv OldDistro/mnt/ubuntu/* ./
# ls -a OldDistro/mnt/ubuntu/

If the ls -a shows any files, move them into the current directory (/mnt/hd):

# mv OldDistro/mnt/ubuntu/.dev ./

Restore original boot directory (containing files to boot both distributions):

# mv boot boot.bak      #This file should be empty anyways.
# mv OldDistro/boot ./

Now, what you should have in /mnt/hd (your hard drive):

boot/
(a directory containing boot files for both systems)
Ubuntu
Standard linux directories: /mnt, /opt, /var/, /proc, /dev, etc..
OldDistro/
Standard linux directories, but not the ones you want. ;-)
Don't forget, your old home directories are in here!

Now, unmount and reboot.

cd /
umount /mnt/hd
shutdown -r now

Eject the rescue cd before next bootup.

Finish Setup

Set up timezones, users, and apt. This is a lengthy process that will try to launch GDM at the end. Once that's done, if you're not in your new desktop, then reboot again, and all should be started.

# /usr/sbin/base-config new

Additional References

This page was taken mainly from the Installation/FromKnoppix. References from the Installation/FromKnoppix: http://archive.ubuntulinux.org/ubuntu/dists/warty/main/installer-i386/current/doc/manual/en/apcs03.html . Another page that might prove helpful is http://www.inittab.de/manuals/debootstrap.html .

@@ 第1行： / 第1行： @@
 {{From|https://help.ubuntu.com/community/Installation/FromAnotherDistro}}
 {{Languages|UbuntuHelp:Installation/FromAnotherDistro}}
-=== Introduction and Warning ===
+=== Introduction ===
-The intent of this howto is to describe how to install Ubuntu from within your current distribution, replacing your current distribution ON THE SAME PARTITION.  In case you haven't guessed, '''this is a rather tricky situation, and can cause you to lose information''', even though care is taken to try to prevent this.
+We will be describing how to install Ubuntu from within your current distribution, replacing your current distribution ON THE SAME PARTITION.  Anytime you do a major re installation you run the risk of losing data. The programs used in installation are quite reliable and most have seen years of use; but they are also quite powerful and a false move can cost you.
-This is mainly useful in the case where you have no boot Ubuntu install disk, and no cd burner.  It can also be useful for saving your old homedirs when you have no way to back them up, and your filesystem is of a type that can't be resized to allow for a new partition.  Its main purpose, though, is to satisfy the wreckless urge to risk your data over an operating-system change, rather than waiting until one can back it up.  Keep in mind that, on the chance that something goes wrong and you turn your computer into a dead badger, you should have a known-to-work install disk for another OS or distribution available to you.  You should also recognize that you are taking responsibility for your information (or the loss thereof) into your own hands by following this howto.  You should be at least an intermediate linux user.
+You would use this procedure when you have no boot Ubuntu install disk, and no cd burner.  It can also be useful for saving your old homedirs when you have no way to back them up, and your file system is of a type that can't be resized to allow for a new partition.
 === Before We Begin ===
 ==== Things You Will Need ====
@@ 第9行： / 第9行： @@
 </li><li>A network connection.  There's no need for the Ubuntu install disk.
 </li><li>The package "alien", to convert the install package to your own distribution's format, from that of Ubuntu.  You should install this now, if it isn't already on your system.
-</li><li>To verify that Ubuntu supports your current filesystem.
+</li><li>To verify that Ubuntu supports your current file system.
 </li><li>To convert your current distribution's bootloader to "grub", unless it already uses it.</li></ol>
 We will be assuming RPM as the package management for the original OS in this howto, but alien converts between quite a few formats.
 ==== Summary of Actions to be taken ====
-The following list is for those who just want to race ahead and find out.
+The following is a summary of the steps involved.
 <ol><li>[http://archive.ubuntulinux.org/ubuntu/pool/main/d/debootstrap/ Get debootstrap](w/install scripts), convert with the "Alien" package converter, and install to original system.
 </li><li>Run the install scripts, wait, configure the new system, and install a few things.
 </li><li>Configure bootloader and reboot to rescue disk.
 </li><li>Move some things around -- out with the old, and in with the new. :-)
-</li><li>Boot to Ubuntu, with fingers crossed.
+</li><li>Boot to Ubuntu
 </li><li>Install and configure the rest of the system</li></ol>
-Shall we?
 === Installation ===
-==== Install debootstrap and Ubuntu debootstrap scripts ====
+==== Install Debootstrap and Ubuntu Debootstrap Scripts ====
 * Grab the latest debootstrap_*.deb from http://archive.ubuntulinux.org/ubuntu/pool/main/d/debootstrap/.  Make sure it matches your architecture.
 * Using alien, convert the package to your distribution's format.  For example:
@@ 第68行： / 第67行： @@
 *For 3:  Choose an appropriate, up-to-date mirror, or use the above address.
 Wait for the install to finish.  If your network is unreliable, then you may need to run debootstrap multiple times to complete the installation.  It should resume where it left off.  If it has successfully installed, you should see the message "Base system installed successfully" near the end of its output.  If you run into a problem unrelated to networking, you may need to delete all of the installed files and directories and restart.
-==== Set up fstab ====
+==== Set up Fstab ====
 * Create your fstab.  You can copy your current one, but you may need to make a couple changes.
 <pre><nowiki>
@@ 第74行： / 第73行： @@
 # nano /mnt/ubuntu/etc/fstab
 </nowiki></pre>
-Use your favorite text editor in place of nano above.
+You can use your favorite text editor in place of nano above.
 * Change the mount points on the partition(s) you set up in step 1
 * Change their options to "defaults"
@@ 第102行： / 第101行： @@
 ==== Set up Hostname and Networking ====
 ===== Hostname =====
-Of course, you should replace HOSTNAME in the command below with the desired name for your machine.
+You should replace HOSTNAME in the command below with the desired name for your machine.
 You may need to remove /mnt/ubuntu/etc/hostname first, because it may be a symbolic link to your current /etc/hostname by default, due to a bug in some versions of debootstrap.
 <pre><nowiki>
@@ 第134行： / 第133行： @@
 .0.0.1  cowflavors.dyndns.org  cowflavors
 </nowiki></pre>
-==== Enter the install environment ====
+==== Enter the Install Environment ====
-Chroot puts you in the new Ubuntu environment.  "mount /proc" mounts proc in the new environment.  You may also need to mount /sys, if you are on a 2.6 kernel.  If you run into errors accessing devices, mount /sys.
+Chroot puts you in the new Ubuntu environment.  "mount /proc" mounts proc in the new environment.  You may also need to mount /sys, if you are on a 2.6 kernel. Finally if you run into errors accessing devices, mount /sys.
-If you have a sepparate boot partition, mount /boot before you do the other three commands.
+If you have a separate boot partition, mount /boot before you do the other three commands.
 <pre><nowiki>
-# mount /boot #If you have a sepparate boot partition.
+# mount /boot #If you have a separate boot partition.
 # mount -o bind /boot /mnt/ubuntu/boot
@@ 第144行： / 第143行： @@
 # mount /proc
 </nowiki></pre>
-==== Set up base system ====
+==== Set up Base System ====
 Setting up your locale and keyboard.
-"""***If you do not do this then dpkg, a system configurator, may have problems, due to a bug in certain versions of dpkg."""
+"""***If you do not do this then dpkg, may have problems, due to a bug in certain versions of dpkg."""
 I use en-US ISO 8859-1, as I don't often type international characters, and can use a character selector in X when I do.  en-US ISO 8859-15 contains mapping to type international characters.  ("u becomes ü, etc)
 <pre><nowiki>
 # dpkg-reconfigure locales console-data
 </nowiki></pre>
-==== Install the kernel and bootloader ====
+==== Install the Kernel and Botloader ====
-When installing the linux kernel below, you may want to install one specifically for your particular processor.
+When installing the linux kernel below, you have the option of installing one specifically for your particular processor.
 Your options are:
 linux-image-386    Safest
@@ 第216行： / 第215行： @@
 # grub-install /dev/hda
 </nowiki></pre>
-Insert the recovery CDRom and reboot.
+Insert the recovery CD-ROM and reboot.
-==== Swapping in your new Ubuntu ====
+==== Swapping in Your New Ubuntu ====
 ===== Mounting =====
 Once your recovery CD is done booting, first make a directory to mount the disk to.
@@ 第223行： / 第222行： @@
 mkdir /mnt/disk
 </nowiki></pre>
-If that doesn't work, type "mount" by itsself, and look at the feedback.  You're looking for a directory which has a read-write ramfs mounted.
+If that doesn't work, type "mount" by itself, and look at the feedback.  You're looking for a directory which has a read-write ramfs mounted.
 <pre><nowiki>
 # mount
@@ 第240行： / 第239行： @@
 </nowiki></pre>
 ===== Moving =====
-Move your old Distribution into a backup dir.  If you have a boot partition, do not mount it.
+Move your old distribution into a backup dir.  If you have a boot partition, do not mount it.
 <pre><nowiki>
 # cd /mnt/hd
@@ 第247行： / 第246行： @@
 # ls -a
 </nowiki></pre>
-If the ls -a shows any files other than OldDistro, ., and .., move them into OldDistro.
+If the ls -a shows any files other than OldDistro, ., and .., move them into Old''Distro.
 Then, move Ubuntu into the present directory.
 <pre><nowiki>
@@ 第272行： / 第271行： @@
 * Standard linux directories, but not the ones you want.  ;-)
 * Don't forget, your old home directories are in here!
-Now, unmount and reboot, crossing fingers!
+Now, unmount and reboot.
 <pre><nowiki>
 cd /
@@ 第278行： / 第277行： @@
 shutdown -r now
 </nowiki></pre>
-Don't forget to eject the rescue cd before next bootup.  ;-)
+Eject the rescue cd before next bootup.
 ==== Finish Setup ====
-Set up timezones, users, and apt.  This is a lengthy process that will try to launch GDM at the end.  Once that's done, if you're not in your new desktop, then reboot again, and all should be started.. :-)
+Set up timezones, users, and apt.  This is a lengthy process that will try to launch GDM at the end.  Once that's done, if you're not in your new desktop, then reboot again, and all should be started.
 <pre><nowiki>
 # /usr/sbin/base-config new
 </nowiki></pre>
-==== troubleshooting ====
+==== Additional References ====
-This page was largely written while I was very tired.  Please look for mistakes and fix them as appropriate.. :-)  I know this is an atrocity of textual formatting.  :-(
 This page was taken mainly from the [[UbuntuHelp:Installation/FromKnoppix|Installation/FromKnoppix]].
 References from the [[UbuntuHelp:Installation/FromKnoppix|Installation/FromKnoppix]]:
@@ 第291行： / 第289行： @@
 Another page that might prove helpful is http://www.inittab.de/manuals/debootstrap.html .
 ----
-[[category:CategoryCleanup]] [[category:CategoryInstallation]]
+[[category:CategoryInstallation]]
 [[category:UbuntuHelp]]

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