UbuntuHelp:Glossary

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https://help.ubuntu.com/community/Glossary

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Introduction

Ubuntu and other Linux distributions often use a number of terms that are unfamiliar to Windows or Mac users. This glossary is a concise guide to this terminology for new Ubuntu users.

A

• APT Acronym for Advanced Packaging Tool. APT is the front-end for the Debian package management system and is designed to perform a variety of functions, including the automatic download, dependency resolution, and installation of Debian packages (.deb files).

• Automatix (also "Automatix2") A popular program that allows users to install frequently used packages in Ubuntu. Most of these packages are available in the Ubuntu repositories, but Automatix also includes proprietary auto and video codecs. Automatix is not affiliated with or supported by the Ubuntu project or Canonical. Use at your own risk. Automatix's Web Site

B

• bash Short for bourne again shell. bash is the default shell in Ubuntu (and most other Linux distributions).

• bootloader Software that allows a user to choose between multiple operating systems.

• Breezy Badger Ubuntu's 5.10 release (October, 2005).

C

• Canonical The company founded by Mark Shuttleworth to manage Ubuntu and other free software projects.

• CLI Acronym for Command Line Interface. A text-based user interface. The opposite of a graphical user interface (GUI).

• codec A piece of software design to code and decode digital data, especially audio and video streams.

D

• Dapper Drake Ubuntu's 6.06 release (June, 2006).

• DEB (or deb). The file format used by the Debian package manager that serves as Ubuntu's primary package management system. DEB files (ending in .deb) are similar to Windows .exe installers.

• Debian The popular community-based Linux distribution from which Ubuntu was created. In software engineering terminology, Ubuntu is a fork of Debian.

• dependency Many software packages or programs require other packages to work properly and these requirements are known as dependencies. For example, if PackageB requires PackageA to run, then PackageA is a dependency of PackageB. Package management systems are designed to automatically sort through dependencies with little or no input from the user.

• desktop environment A collection of programs that provides the user interface and manages the computing environment, including file handling, window management, application launching, and task management. Three of Linux's most popular desktop environments are GNOME, KDE, and Xfce.

• distro A shortened version of the word "distribution." Being an open source operating system, Linux can modified and redistributed at will (with some restrictions.) A distro is therefore a distribution of the Linux operating system. Ubuntu is a Linux distro, as is Debian, OpenSUSE, PCLinuxOS, Mandriva, and many others.

• dpkg Short for Debian package. dpkg is the core of the Debian package management system and also a command-line tool used to install and remove Debian packages (See also: Debian, package, package management system)

E

• Edubuntu An Ubuntu derivative that is designed specifically for use in an educational environment.

• Edgy Eft Ubuntu's 6.10 release (October, 2006).

• ext3 (or "third extended filesystem"). A popular file system used in many Linux distributions, including Ubuntu. The file system is the operating system's method of categorizing and storing data on physical and network drives. ext3's counterpart in Windows is NTFS (or NT File System).

F

• Feisty Fawn Ubuntu's 7.04 release (April, 2007).

• FLOSS Acronym for Free/Libre/Open-Source Software.

• fork In software engineering, and especially open source software, a fork occurs when a new piece of software is developed from the source code of another. Forking often occurs when developers disagree on the direction of the project, although this is not always the case. Ubuntu is a fork of Debian and, as such, Ubuntu is reliant upon much of the hard work of the Debian team.

G

• GDM Acronym for GNOME Display Manager. GDM is the standard display manager (configuration device) for GNOME and Ubuntu. GDM provides the user with the initial login screen and manages the starting and stopping of X server sessions. (See also X Server)

• gedit GNOME's standard GUI text editor.

• GIMP (also GNU Image Manipulation Program) A powerful image editing application.

• GNOME (or Gnome). Ubuntu's default desktop environment. For more information, visit [1] (See also: desktop environment)

• GNU Recursive acronym for "GNU's Not Unix." GNU (prononunced GAH-noo with a hard "G") is an ambitious project started by Richard Stallman to create a completely free operating system based upon the design of Unix. Although GNU and Linux are not officially merged, much of the software used in Linux is derived from the GNU project and to reflect this, Linux is often referred to as GNU/Linux.

• GPL Acronym for GNU General Public License. The GPL is the free software license created by Richard Stallman of the Free Software Foundation. Ubuntu and other Linux distributions are licensed under the GPL.

• GRUB (or Grub). Ubuntu's default bootloader. (See also: bootloader, LILO)

• GTK+ (or GIMP Toolkit). A widget toolkit used to develop the GNOME desktop environment and other GUI-based programs. GTK+ and Qt are the two most popular widget toolkits available for the X window system. (See also: desktop environment, widget, GUI, Qt, X Server)

• GUI Acronym for Graphical User Interface. A GUI (pronounced gooey) is the combination of icons, windows, and scrollbars that comprise your desktop. (See also: widget)

H

• Hoary Hedgehog Ubuntu's 5.04 Release (April, 2005).

K

• KDE (or K Desktop Environment). One of the popular desktop environments for Linux. Kubuntu uses KDE by default. For more information, visit [2] (See also: desktop environment)

• KDM Acronym for KDE Display Manager. KDM is the standard display manager (configuration device) for KDE and Kubuntu. KDM provides the user with the initial login screen and manages the starting and stopping of X server sessions. (See also: X Server)

• kernel The central component of an operating system that controls all of a computer's low-level processes such as memory management, threading, and input/output. In a sense, the kernel acts as a computer's gatekeeper to the hardware. Applications make system calls through the kernel to request resources and to interact with the hardware.

• Kubuntu The Ubuntu derivative that uses the KDE desktop.

L

• Launchpad A web site developed by Canonical for use in software development, bug tracking, and software support.

• LILO (or LInux LOader). A bootloader for Linux. (See also: bootloader, GRUB)

M

• Medibuntu A third party software repository. "Medibuntu is a packaging project dedicated to distributing software that cannot be included in Ubuntu for various reasons, related to geographical variations in legislation regarding intellectual property, security and other issues" (from the Medibuntu web site).

N

• Nautilus GNOME and Ubuntu's default file mananger. Nautilus is essentially the equivalent of Windows Explorer.

P

• package (or software package) A bundle of software that can be installed manually or automatically using a package management system. In Windows, packages are often installed using self-extracting installers. In Ubuntu, packages are installed using the Debian package management system. (See also: Debian, dpkg, package management system)

• package management system A piece or group of software that handles the installation and upgrade of software packages. (See also: package)

Q

• Qt A widget toolkit maintained by the Trolltech company and used for creating GUI programs. KDE is built on Qt, whereas GNOME is built on GTK+.

R

• repository A source for software packages. Repositories can be official (maintained by Ubuntu/Canonical or unofficial (third party, such as Medibuntu).

• root (directory) In Linux, the root directory is the uppermost directory in the filesystem hierarchy. The easiest way to visualize this is with the classic example of a tree. The base or root of a tree is the source from which all of the other branches grow. The root directory is notated with a single slash "/".

• root (user) (also "superuser"). The root user is a user with all permissions in all modes. The root user is similar to Windows's Administrator account. Unlike Windows, however, logging in as root is discouraged. Instead, users are encouraged to use the "sudo" interface.

• RPM Acronym for Red Hat Package Manager. RPM is both a package file format and a tool used to install packages.

S

• shell A piece of software that provides a user interface. The term "shell" can refer either to a command-line interface (CLI) or graphical user interface (GUI). In Ubuntu, a user can use GNOME as a graphical shell, or bash (bourne again shell) via the CLI or terminal.

• software package See "package"

• splash In general, the term "splash" refers to either to a "bootsplash" or "splash screen." A bootsplash is the image that is displayed as a computer boots, while a "splash screen" is the image displayed while a particular program loads.

• sudo Short for superuser do. Provides a safe interface for non-root users to access files, directories, and system settings without native root permission. A user who is given sudo rights is known as a sudoer.

• sudoer See sudo.

• super key An additional key on most modern keyboards found between the ALT and CTRL keys that is often branded with a Microsoft Windows logo. Also known as the "Windows Key."

• superuser See "root user"

• Synaptic Package Manager Ubuntu's graphical package management interface. You can find Synaptic in System -> Administration -> Synaptic Package Manager

T

• terminal A powerful text-based user interface.

V

• virtualization

W

• Warty Warthog Ubuntu's 4.10 Release (October, 2004).

• widget

• widget toolkit

X

• X Server (also X).

• Xfce

• xorg.conf (file). This file, found in /etc/X11/, contains graphical configuration details for X, including resolution, refresh rates, and graphics drivers.

• Xubuntu

Z

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CategoryDocumentation