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2007年12月4日 (二) 10:34的版本

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Parent: UserDocumentation

Introduction

Ubuntu and other Linux distributions often use a number of terms that are unfamiliar to Windows or Mac users. This glossary is a concise guide to this terminology for new Ubuntu users.

A

• APT Acronym for Advanced Packaging Tool. APT is the front-end for the Debian package management system and is designed to perform a variety of functions, including the automatic download, dependency resolution, and installation of Debian packages (.deb files).
• Automatix (also "Automatix2") A popular program that allows users to install frequently used packages in Ubuntu. Most of these packages are available in the Ubuntu repositories, but Automatix also includes proprietary auto and video codecs. Automatix is not affiliated with or supported by the Ubuntu project or Canonical. Use at your own risk. Automatix's Web Site

B

• bash Short for bourne again shell. bash is the default shell in Ubuntu (and most other Linux distributions).
• bootloader Software that boots and loads an operating system. Also allows a user to choose between multiple operating systems - if you have.
• Breezy Badger Ubuntu's 5.10 release (October, 2005).

C

• Canonical The company founded by Mark Shuttleworth to manage Ubuntu and other free software projects.
• CLI Acronym for Command Line Interface. A text-based user interface. The opposite of a graphical user interface (GUI).
• codec A piece of software design to encode and decode (plays) digital data, especially audio and video streams.
• composite (also compositing window manager). A window manager that provides not only the traditional capabilities of window management, but also includes graphical compositing effects (via OpenGL), such as transparencies and window effects. Metacity, GNOME's window manager, provides some compositing capabilities. Compiz and its fork, Beryl, are two popular compositing window managers for Ubuntu.
• CUPS Acronym for Common Unix Printing System. CUPS acts as Ubuntu's print server, which processes print jobs from clients (users).

D

• Dapper Drake Ubuntu's 6.06 release (June, 2006).
• daemon Processes that run in the background. Daemons can perform a variety of tasks, including network monitoring and creating system logs.
• DEB (or deb). The file format used by the Debian package manager that serves as Ubuntu's primary package management system. DEB files (ending in .deb) are similar to Windows .exe installers.
• Debian The popular community-based Linux distribution from which Ubuntu was created. In software engineering terminology, Ubuntu is a fork of Debian.
• dependency Many software packages or programs require other packages to work properly and these requirements are known as dependencies. For example, if PackageB requires PackageA to run, then PackageA is a dependency of PackageB. Some package management systems, including the Debian system used in Ubuntu, are designed to automatically sort through dependencies with little or no input from the user.
• desktop environment A collection of programs that provides the user interface and manages the computing environment, including file handling, window management, application launching, and task management. Three of Linux's most popular desktop environments are GNOME, KDE, and Xfce. Ubuntu's default is the GNOME desktop, while Kubuntu offers the same great operating system with a KDE desktop.

• distro A shortened version of the word "distribution." Being an open source operating system, Linux can modified and redistributed at will (with some restrictions.) A distro is therefore a distribution of the Linux operating system. Ubuntu is a Linux distro, as is Debian, OpenSUSE, Fedora, PCLinuxOS, Mandriva, and many others.
• dpkg Short for Debian package. dpkg is the core of the Debian package management system and also a command-line tool used to install and remove Debian packages. The Advanced Packaging Tool (APT) acts as a front-end to dpkg and most packaging tasks are performed by APT. (See also: Debian, package, package management system, APT)

E

• Edubuntu An Ubuntu derivative that is designed specifically for use in an educational environment.
• Edgy Eft Ubuntu's 6.10 release (October, 2006).
• ext3 (or "third extended filesystem"). A popular file system used in many Linux distributions, including Ubuntu. The filesystem is the operating system's method of categorizing and storing data on physical and network drives. ext3's counterpart in Windows is NTFS (or NT File System).

F

• FAT32 Acronym for File Allocation Table 32-bit. FAT32 is a filesystem created by Microsoft and used in earlier versions of Windows. Both Linux and Windows can read and write to FAT32 partitions, but the filesystem presents some limitations. FAT32 is generally slower than both ext3 (Linux's preferred filesystem) and NTFS (Microsoft's successor to FAT32) and it can only support a maximum file size of roughly 4GB. FAT32 also does not provide journaling, which is designed to aid in the recovery of data lost during a hard reboot, meaning that FAT32 can be more prone to corrupt files or lost data. In dual boot configurations -- in which both Linux and Windows are installed on separate partitions -- some users create FAT32 partitions to easily share files between the two operating systems.
• Feisty Fawn Ubuntu's 7.04 release (April, 2007).
• FLOSS Acronym for Free/Libre/Open-Source Software.
• fork In software engineering, and especially open source software, a fork occurs when a new piece of software is developed from the source code of another. Forking often occurs when developers disagree on the direction of the project, although this is not always the case. Ubuntu is a fork of Debian and, as such, Ubuntu is reliant upon much of the hard work of the Debian team.

G

• GDM Acronym for GNOME Display Manager. GDM is the standard display manager for GNOME and Ubuntu. GDM provides the user with the initial login screen and manages the starting and stopping of X server sessions. (See also X Server)
• gedit GNOME's standard GUI text editor.
• GIMP (also GNU Image Manipulation Program) A powerful image editing application.
• GNOME (or Gnome). Ubuntu's default desktop environment. For more information, visit [1] (See also: desktop environment)
• GNU Recursive acronym for "GNU's Not Unix." GNU (prononunced GAH-noo with a hard "G") is an ambitious project started by Richard Stallman to create a completely free operating system based upon the design of Unix. Although GNU and Linux are not officially merged, much of the software used in Linux is derived from the GNU project and to reflect this, Linux is often referred to as GNU/Linux.
• GPL Acronym for GNU General Public License. The GPL is the free software license created by Richard Stallman of the Free Software Foundation. Ubuntu and other Linux distributions are licensed under the GPL.
• GRUB (or Grub). Ubuntu's default bootloader. (See also: bootloader, LILO)
• GTK+ (or GIMP Toolkit). A widget toolkit used to develop the GNOME desktop environment and other GUI-based programs. GTK+ and Qt are the two most popular widget toolkits available for the X window system. (See also: desktop environment, widget, GUI, Qt, X Server)
• GUI Acronym for Graphical User Interface. A GUI (pronounced gooey) is the combination of icons, windows, and scrollbars that comprise a desktop. In Linux, the GUI is developed with a number of software layers, including the X Window System, a window manager, and a desktop environment.

H

• Hoary Hedgehog Ubuntu's 5.04 Release (April, 2005).

I

• IRC Internet Relay Chat. A form of realtime Internet chat. It is mainly designed for group (many-to-many) communication in discussion forums called channels, but also allows one-to-one communication via private message. There are many IRC channels available for Ubuntu users.

J

K

• KDE (or K Desktop Environment). One of the popular desktop environments for Linux. Kubuntu uses KDE by default. For more information, visit [2] (See also: desktop environment)
• KDM Acronym for KDE Display Manager. KDM is the standard display manager (configuration device) for KDE and Kubuntu. KDM provides the user with the initial login screen and manages the starting and stopping of X server sessions. (See also: X Server)
• kernel The central component of an operating system that controls all of a computer's low-level processes such as memory management, threading, and input/output. In a sense, the kernel acts as a computer's gatekeeper to the hardware. Applications make system calls through the kernel to request resources and to interact with the hardware.
• Kubuntu The Ubuntu derivative that uses the KDE desktop environment.

L

• Launchpad A web site developed by Canonical for use in software development, bug tracking, and software support.
• LILO (or LInux LOader). A bootloader for Linux. (See also: bootloader, GRUB)

M

• man (or man pages). Short for manual. Linux provides a massive collection of manuals containing information about operating software, especially the command line utilities. To view the man page for a specific command, open a terminal window and type `man <command>`. For example, typing `man ls` will bring up the manual page for the `ls` command. To exit the manual, press `q`.
• Medibuntu A third party software repository. "Medibuntu is a packaging project dedicated to distributing software that cannot be included in Ubuntu for various reasons, related to geographical variations in legislation regarding intellectual property, security and other issues" (from the Medibuntu web site).
• Metacity The GNOME desktop environment's window manager.

N

• Nautilus GNOME and Ubuntu's default file manager. Nautilus is essentially the equivalent of Windows Explorer.

O

P

• package (or software package) A bundle of software that can be installed manually or automatically using a package management system. In Windows, packages are often installed using self-extracting installers. In Ubuntu, packages are installed using the Debian package management system. (See also: Debian, dpkg, package management system)
• package management system A piece or group of software that handles the installation, upgrade, and removal of software packages. (See also: package)

Q

• Qt A widget toolkit maintained by the Trolltech company and used for creating GUI programs. KDE is built on Qt, whereas GNOME is built on GTK+.

R

• repository A source for software packages. Repositories can be official (maintained by Ubuntu/Canonical) or unofficial (third party, such as Medibuntu).
• root (directory) In Linux, the root directory is the uppermost directory in the filesystem hierarchy. The easiest way to visualize this is with the classic example of a tree. The base or root of a tree is the source from which all of the other branches grow. The root directory is notated with a single slash `/`.
• root (user) (also "superuser"). The root user is a user with all permissions in all modes. The root user is similar to Windows's Administrator account. Unlike Windows, however, logging in as root is discouraged. Instead, users are encouraged to use the "sudo" interface.
• RPM Acronym for Red Hat Package Manager. RPM is both a package file format and a tool used to install and remove packages.

S

• SABDFL Self Appointed Benevolent Dictator For Life. In general, "BDFL" is an amusing term and acronym used to reference the originator and leader of some open source projects. In Ubuntu's case, Mark Shuttleworth is often referred to as sabdfl, and he uses the term as his IRC nickname.
• Samba An open-source implementation of the Windows SMB (Server Message Block) networking protocol. Although Samba provides a wide array of capabilities, its most commonly used feature provides Linux systems with the ability to share files and devices seamlessly with networked Windows systems.
• shell Software that provides a user interface. The term "shell" can refer either to a command-line interface (CLI) or graphical user interface (GUI). In Ubuntu, a user can use GNOME as a graphical shell, or bash (bourne again shell) via the CLI or terminal.
• software package See "package"
• splash In general, the term "splash" refers to either to a "bootsplash" or "splash screen." A bootsplash is an image that is displayed while a computer boots, and a "splash screen" is the image displayed while a particular program loads. In Ubuntu, the GNOME Display Manager (GDM) manages the bootsplash, while in Kubuntu, it is managed by the KDE Display Manager (KDM).
• SSH Acronym for Secure SHell. SSH is a network protocol that is typically used to securely log in to remote machines.
• sudo Short for superuser do. Provides a safe interface for non-root users to access files, directories, and system settings without native root permission. A user who is given sudo rights is known as a sudoer.
• sudoer See "sudo"
• super key An additional key on most modern keyboards found between the ALT and CTRL keys that is often branded with a Microsoft Windows logo. Also known as the "Windows Key."
• superuser See "root (user)"
• Synaptic Package Manager Ubuntu's graphical package management interface. In Ubuntu, Synaptic is used to search for, install, remove, and upgrade software packages. You can find Synaptic in System -> Administration -> Synaptic Package Manager

T

• tar (or tarball). Short for tape archive. Although the usage of tape archives is decimated, tarballs are a common file archive format in Linux. Since tarballs are not compressed, they are often used in tandem with a compression tool such as gzip or bzip2. The common file extension for a tarball is `.tar`, as in `archive.tar`. When combined with gzip, tarballs often take the filename format `archive.tar.gz` and when combined with bzip2, filenames often assume the filename `archive.tar.bz2`. Tar archives are mostly used for distributing source code of an application, but can also be used for distributing binary (compiled) applications, such as Skype and Firefox.
• terminal A powerful text-based user interface.

U

• Ubiquity Ubuntu's graphical installer launched from an Ubuntu LiveCD.

V

• virtualization Virtualization can be used in a number of contexts, but is most commonly used to describe the use of one operating system within another. For example, in Linux, a virtual machine can be used to launch Microsoft Windows XP in a window.

W

• Warty Warthog Ubuntu's 4.10 Release (October, 2004).
• widget (also GUI widget and control). A widget is an important component in graphical user interfaces (GUIs). Any part of a GUI with which the user interacts with can be referred to as a widget, such as a window, a scrollbar, or a button.
• widget toolkit Programmers use widget toolkits to simplify and standardize the creation of GUI programs. Two such widget toolkits on Linux are GTK+, used by GNOME and Xfce, and Qt, used by KDE.
• window manager A software layer that works with the X Window System to provide window management. Metacity is GNOME's default window manager, and KWin serves this function for KDE.

X

• X Window System (also X and X server). The X Window System provides the foundation upon which all of Ubuntu's desktop environments are built. X handles such GUI tasks as drawing and mouse and keyboard event handling. In the simplest of terms, X serves as the foundation of a GUI, while a window manager and widget toolkit provides the framing, and a desktop environment provides the facade.
• Xfce A desktop environment often touted for its efficiency. Xfce is often preferred on older machines due it's minimal demands on computer hardware. Xfce forms the basis of the Xubuntu.
• xorg.conf (file). This file, found in /etc/X11/, contains graphical configuration details for X, including resolution, refresh rates, and graphics drivers. This file will not be used since X's release 7.3. (Your hardware settings should be automatically detected)
• Xubuntu The Ubuntu derivative that uses the Xfce desktop.

Y

Z