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{{From|https://help.ubuntu.com/community/CompilingEasyHowTo}}
 
{{From|https://help.ubuntu.com/community/CompilingEasyHowTo}}
 
{{Languages|UbuntuHelp:CompilingEasyHowTo}}
 
{{Languages|UbuntuHelp:CompilingEasyHowTo}}
== Compiling things on Ubuntu Linux the Easy Way ==
+
== Compiling things on Ubuntu the Easy Way ==
 
Let's say you are a moderately experienced Linux user, and you want to
 
Let's say you are a moderately experienced Linux user, and you want to
 
install an application off the Internet but it doesn't have a nice
 
install an application off the Internet but it doesn't have a nice
package that works on your system. A lot of users, even quite
+
package that works on your system. (If it does have a package, install it following the instructions on [[UbuntuHelp:InstallingSoftware|InstallingSoftware]].)
experienced ones, have issues with going from the tarball to the
+
A lot of users, even quite
 +
experienced ones, have issues with going from [[UbuntuHelp:SoftwarePackagingFormats#Tarballs|the tarball]] to the
 
installed program because they just do not know the fairly easy steps
 
installed program because they just do not know the fairly easy steps
 
required to get the job done. But it's only easy if you already know
 
required to get the job done. But it's only easy if you already know
how to do it! So, here's a quick guide how to install stuff from
+
how to do it! So, here's a quick guide about how to install stuff from
 
developer sites.
 
developer sites.
 
=== Step 1: Prep your system for building packages ===
 
=== Step 1: Prep your system for building packages ===
By default, Ubuntu does not come with the tools required.  You need to install the package ''build-essential'' which can be found on the install cd or in the repositories.
+
By default, Ubuntu does not come with the tools required.  You need to install the package ''build-essential'' for making the package and ''checkinstall'' for putting it into your package manager.  These can be found on the install CD or in the repositories, searching in ''Synaptic Package Manager'' or the command-line <code><nowiki>apt-get</nowiki></code>:
 
<pre><nowiki>
 
<pre><nowiki>
sudo apt-get install build-essential
+
sudo apt-get install build-essential checkinstall
 
</nowiki></pre>
 
</nowiki></pre>
And since you may want to get code from some projects with no released version, you should install the packages ''cvs and subversion''.
+
And since you may want to get code from some projects with no released version, you should install appropriate version management software.
 
<pre><nowiki>
 
<pre><nowiki>
sudo apt-get install cvs subversion
+
sudo apt-get install cvs subversion git-core mercurial
 
</nowiki></pre>
 
</nowiki></pre>
https://help.ubuntu.com/community/IconsPage?action=AttachFile&do=get&target=IconNote.png
+
You should then build a common directory for yourself where you'll be building these packages. We recommend creating <code><nowiki>/usr/local/src</nowiki></code>, but really you can put it anywhere you want.  Make sure this directory is writable by your primary user account, by running  
* You may find other packages needed for certain packages. Read any available documentation.
+
You should then build a common directory for yourself where you'll be building these packages. I recommend creating <code><nowiki>/usr/local/src</nowiki></code>, but really you can put it anywhere you want.  Make sure this directory is writable by your primary user account, by running  
+
 
<pre><nowiki>
 
<pre><nowiki>
sudo chown username /usr/local/src
+
sudo chown yourusername /usr/local/src
 
</nowiki></pre>  
 
</nowiki></pre>  
and just to be safe  
+
and, just to be safe  
 
<pre><nowiki>
 
<pre><nowiki>
 
sudo chmod u+rwx /usr/local/src
 
sudo chmod u+rwx /usr/local/src
第32行: 第31行:
 
=== Step 2: Getting the software you want ===
 
=== Step 2: Getting the software you want ===
 
Most of the software you'll generally want comes from released
 
Most of the software you'll generally want comes from released
tarballs. These are just compressed archives in the form of .tar.gz or
+
tarballs. These are just compressed archives with extensions like ''.tar.gz'' or
.tar.bz2 -- they are just like .zip files on Windows or .sit on MacOSX
+
''.tar.bz2'' — they are just like ''.zip'' files on Windows or ''.sit'' on MacOS X,
 
if that analogy helps you. If the program you want to install comes in
 
if that analogy helps you. If the program you want to install comes in
this form, you should download it into the <code><nowiki>/usr/local/src</nowiki></code>
+
this form, you should move it into the <code><nowiki>/usr/local/src</nowiki></code>
directory we made in step one. If your tarballs is a .gz to extract the
+
directory we made in Step 1 and extract it by right-clicking on the file and selecting ''Extract Here'', or by using the command line:  If your tarball is a .gz, extract the files with the command:
files you'll run
+
 
<pre><nowiki>
 
<pre><nowiki>
 
tar xzvf tarballname.tar.gz
 
tar xzvf tarballname.tar.gz
 
</nowiki></pre>
 
</nowiki></pre>
and for bz2 the similar command.
+
and for bz2 the similar command:
 
<pre><nowiki>
 
<pre><nowiki>
 
tar xjvf tarballname.tar.bz2
 
tar xjvf tarballname.tar.bz2
第48行: 第46行:
 
repository, the developers will generally provide instructions on how
 
repository, the developers will generally provide instructions on how
 
to do this on their website. If you already installed the packages
 
to do this on their website. If you already installed the packages
listed on step one, you just need to change to your <code><nowiki>/usr/local/src</nowiki></code>
+
listed on Step 1, you just need to change to your <code><nowiki>/usr/local/src</nowiki></code>
 
directory (<code><nowiki>cd /usr/local/src</nowiki></code>) and run the commands that are listed. The procedure will vary
 
directory (<code><nowiki>cd /usr/local/src</nowiki></code>) and run the commands that are listed. The procedure will vary
from program to program, so I can't help you here but with the given
+
from program to program, so I can't help you here, but with the given
packages the instructions they prove should work smoothly.
+
packages the instructions they provide should work smoothly.
 
=== Step 3: Resolving Dependencies. ===
 
=== Step 3: Resolving Dependencies. ===
One nice thing about modern Linux distributions is they take care of dependencies for the
+
One nice thing about modern Linux distributions is they take care of dependencies for the user. That is to say, if you want to install a program, the <code><nowiki>apt</nowiki></code> program will make sure it installs all needed libraries and other dependent programs so installing a program is never more difficult than just specifying what you need and it does the rest. Unfortunately with tarballs this is not the case, and you'll have to do it manually. It's this stage that trips up even some fairly experienced users who often give up in frustration for not being able to figure out what they need to get.
user. That is to say, if you want to install a program, the <code><nowiki>apt</nowiki></code>
+
* You probably want to read about the possibilities and limitations of [[UbuntuHelp:AutoApt|auto-apt]] first, which will attempt to take care of dependency issues automatically.  The following instructions are for fulfilling dependencies manually:
program will make sure it installs all needed libraries and other
+
dependant programs so installing a program is never
+
more difficult then just specifying what you need and it does the rest.
+
Unfortunately with tarballs this is not the case, and you'll have to do
+
it manually. It's this stage that trips up even some fairly experienced
+
users who often give up in frustration for not being able to figure out
+
what they need to get.
+
 
To prepare, install the package <code><nowiki>apt-file</nowiki></code>, and then run <code><nowiki>sudo apt-file update</nowiki></code>.
 
To prepare, install the package <code><nowiki>apt-file</nowiki></code>, and then run <code><nowiki>sudo apt-file update</nowiki></code>.
 
This will download a list of all the available packages and all of the files those packages contain, which as you might expect can be a '''very''' large list.  It will not provide any feedback while it loads, so just wait.
 
This will download a list of all the available packages and all of the files those packages contain, which as you might expect can be a '''very''' large list.  It will not provide any feedback while it loads, so just wait.
The <code><nowiki>apt-file</nowiki></code> program has some interesting functions, the two most useful are <code><nowiki>apt-file search</nowiki></code> which searches for a particular filename, and <code><nowiki>apt-file list</nowiki></code> which lists all the files in a given package.  (Two explanations: [http://debaday.debian.net/2007/01/24/apt-file-search-for-files-in-packages-installed-or-not/ 1] [http://www.debianhelp.co.uk/findfile.htm 2])
+
The <code><nowiki>apt-file</nowiki></code> program has some interesting functions, the two most useful are <code><nowiki>apt-file search</nowiki></code> which searches for a particular file name, and <code><nowiki>apt-file list</nowiki></code> which lists all the files in a given package.  (Two explanations: [http://debaday.debian.net/2007/01/24/apt-file-search-for-files-in-packages-installed-or-not/ 1] [http://www.debianhelp.co.uk/findfile.htm 2])
 
To check the dependencies of your program, change into the directory
 
To check the dependencies of your program, change into the directory
 
you created in step two (<code><nowiki>cd /usr/local/src</nowiki></code>). Extracting the tarball or downloading from
 
you created in step two (<code><nowiki>cd /usr/local/src</nowiki></code>). Extracting the tarball or downloading from
cvs/subversion will have made a subdirectory under /usr/local/src that
+
cvs/subversion will have made a sub-directory under /usr/local/src that
 
contains the source code. This newly-created directory will contain a
 
contains the source code. This newly-created directory will contain a
 
file called "configure", which is a script to make sure that the
 
file called "configure", which is a script to make sure that the
program can be compiled on your computer. To run it, run the command <code><nowiki>./configure</nowiki></code> ~-See footnote [[1 1]]-~
+
program can be compiled on your computer. To run it, run the command <code><nowiki>./configure</nowiki></code>  
 
This command will check to see if you've got all the programs needed to
 
This command will check to see if you've got all the programs needed to
install the program -- in most cases you will not, and it will error
+
install the program in most cases you will not, and it will error
 
out with a message about needing a program.
 
out with a message about needing a program.
 +
* If you run <code><nowiki>./configure</nowiki></code> without any options, you will use the default settings for the program. Most programs have a range of settings that you can enable or disable, if you are interested in this check the <code><nowiki>README</nowiki></code> and <code><nowiki>INSTALL</nowiki></code> files found in the directory after decompressing the tar file. You can check the developer documentation and in many cases <code><nowiki>./configure --help</nowiki></code> will list some of the key configurations you can do.  A very common options is to use <code><nowiki>./configure --prefix=/usr</nowiki></code> which will install your application into <code><nowiki>/usr</nowiki></code> instead of <code><nowiki>/usr/local</nowiki></code> as my instructions do.
 
If this happens, the last line of output will be something like  
 
If this happens, the last line of output will be something like  
 
<pre><nowiki>
 
<pre><nowiki>
 
configure: error: Library requirements (gobbletygook) not met, blah blah blah stuff we don't care about
 
configure: error: Library requirements (gobbletygook) not met, blah blah blah stuff we don't care about
 
</nowiki></pre>
 
</nowiki></pre>
But right above that it will list a filename that it cannot find, and in my
+
But right above that it will list a filename that it cannot find (often a filename ending in ".pc", for instance). What you
experience, most situations will list a filename ending in ".pc". What you
+
 
need to do then is to run  
 
need to do then is to run  
 
<pre><nowiki>
 
<pre><nowiki>
第92行: 第83行:
 
If you got this far, you've done the hardest part already.  Now all you need to do is run the command  
 
If you got this far, you've done the hardest part already.  Now all you need to do is run the command  
 
<pre><nowiki>
 
<pre><nowiki>
sudo make
+
make
 
</nowiki></pre>
 
</nowiki></pre>
 
which does the actual building (compiling) of the program.  
 
which does the actual building (compiling) of the program.  
https://help.ubuntu.com/community/IconsPage?action=AttachFile&do=get&target=IconClockYellow.png
+
https://help.ubuntu.com/community/IconsPage?action=AttachFile&do=get&target=IconClockYellow.png If it's a large program or if you've got a very slow computer, go and get a cup of coffee or something. If you have a multi-core processor you can also set the variable CONCURRENCY_LEVEL to the number of processors/cores you have to speed things up a little.
* If it's a large program or if you've got a very slow computer, go and get a cup of coffee or something.
+
When its done, install the program.  You probably want to use
When its done, run
+
 
<pre><nowiki>
 
<pre><nowiki>
sudo make install
+
sudo checkinstall
 
</nowiki></pre>
 
</nowiki></pre>
and the final stage of the installation will run. When finished
+
which puts the program in the package manager for clean, easy removal later.  This replaces the old <code><nowiki>sudo make install</nowiki></code> command.  See the complete documentation at [[UbuntuHelp:CheckInstall|CheckInstall]].
(it shouldn't take long), your application will be installed to <code><nowiki>/usr/local/bin</nowiki></code> and you should be able to run it without problems.
+
Then the final stage of the installation will run. It shouldn't take long.  When finished, if you used <code><nowiki>checkinstall</nowiki></code>, the program will appear in Synaptic Package Manager.  If you used <code><nowiki>sudo make install</nowiki></code>, your application will be installed to <code><nowiki>/usr/local/bin</nowiki></code> and you should be able to run it from there without problems.
https://help.ubuntu.com/community/IconsPage?action=AttachFile&do=get&target=IconNote.png
+
https://help.ubuntu.com/community/IconsPage?action=AttachFile&do=get&target=IconNote.png If this all seems way too hard for you, don't fret. You're using Ubuntu after all, and it has all of the programs that you actually need to get your work done already packaged for you. If there isn't a package out there, the odds are that you really don't need the program and within a few months someone will have packaged it for you. The only programs you actually need to build and compile like this are programs that are new and perhaps not yet stable or ready for your desktop. If you think this procedure is too hard, well maybe you ought to reconsider why you want to do this and just wait a few months for the next stable release. But it can be a good learning experience for you.
* If this all seems way too hard for you, don't fret. You're using Ubuntu
+
If your desired package is quite important and you think it deserves to be in Ubuntu properly, perhaps contact the [[UbuntuWiki:MOTU|Masters|of the Universe]] and see if they can do the hard work for you if they package
Linux after all, and it has all of the programs that you actually need
+
to get your work done already packaged for you. If there isn't a
+
package out there, the odds are that you really don't need the program
+
and within a few months someone will have packaged it for you. The only programs you actually need to build and compile like
+
this are programs that are new and perhaps not yet stable or ready for
+
your destkop. If you think this procedure is too hard well maybe you
+
ought to reconsider why you want to do this and just wait a few months
+
for the next stable release. But it can be a good learning experince for you.
+
If your desired package is quite important and you think it deserves to be in Ubuntu properly, perhaps contact the [http://www.ubuntulinux.org/wiki/MOTU Masters of the Universe] and see if they can do the hard work for you -- if they package
+
 
something, anyone can install it without having to go through this
 
something, anyone can install it without having to go through this
 
procedure. But if you can get through all this, you're well on your way
 
procedure. But if you can get through all this, you're well on your way
to becoming an expert Linux user -- you'd be surprised how easy all
+
to becoming an expert Linux user you'd be surprised how easy all
 
this seems after you've done it just a few times. Good luck!
 
this seems after you've done it just a few times. Good luck!
https://help.ubuntu.com/community/IconsPage?action=AttachFile&do=get&target=IconNote.png
+
https://help.ubuntu.com/community/IconsPage?action=AttachFile&do=get&target=IconNote.png Easy meaning "easier than tearing your hair out and then screaming about how much Linux sucks while running around the room". Not '''actually''' easy.
* Easy meaning "easier than tearing your hair out and then screaming about how much Linux sucks while running around the room". Not '''actually''' easy.
+
=== Attachments ===
[[Anchor(1)]]
+
The process described in this page can be performed without typing terminal commands, using the attached application. Download the package [[UbuntuHelp:attachment:kludge_tarball_installer_v0.7.tar|attachment:kludge_tarball_installer_v0.7.tar]], extract it to your user folder, and see the readme file.
[1] if you run <code><nowiki>./configure</nowiki></code>
+
=== Links ===
without any options, you will use the default settings for the program.
+
Most programs have a range of settings that you can enable or disable,
+
if you are intersted in this check the <code><nowiki>README</nowiki></code> and <code><nowiki>INSTALL</nowiki></code> files found in the directory after decompressing the tar file. You can check the developer documentation and in many cases <code><nowiki>./configure --help</nowiki></code> will list some of the key configurations you can do.  A very common options is to use <code><nowiki>./configure --prefix=/usr</nowiki></code> which will install your application into <code><nowiki>/usr</nowiki></code> instead of <code><nowiki>/usr/local</nowiki></code> as my instructions do.
+
 
=== Comments ===
 
=== Comments ===
You may find CheckInstall is helpful and easy to use.
+
For a more advanced yet not so easy Howto, have a look at [[UbuntuHelp:CompilingSoftware|CompilingSoftware]].
For a more advanced yet not so easy Howto, have a look at CompilingSoftware.
+
* The "easy" tutorial should be the default one (at [[UbuntuHelp:CompilingSoftware|CompilingSoftware]]), and the "advanced" tutorial should be at a name like CompilingSoftwareAdvanced.  The target audience  for a document like this is people who have never done any of this stuff before.  Make the default document as easy to use as possible.
* Is there a reason to recommend command line tools instead of tools like file-roller?
+
* Would it be better to change the group of  /usr/local/src/ to admin and give them rwx privleages? Since anyone adding and removing software should be in the admin group.
* The "easy" tutorial should be the default one (at CompilingSoftware), and the "advanced" tutorial should be at a name like CompilingSoftwareAdvanced.  The target audience  for a document like this is people who have never done any of this stuff before.  Make the default document as easy to use as possible.
+
[[category:CategoryDocumentation]]
+
  
 
[[category:UbuntuHelp]]
 
[[category:UbuntuHelp]]

2010年5月19日 (三) 21:55的最新版本


Compiling things on Ubuntu the Easy Way

Let's say you are a moderately experienced Linux user, and you want to install an application off the Internet but it doesn't have a nice package that works on your system. (If it does have a package, install it following the instructions on InstallingSoftware.) A lot of users, even quite experienced ones, have issues with going from the tarball to the installed program because they just do not know the fairly easy steps required to get the job done. But it's only easy if you already know how to do it! So, here's a quick guide about how to install stuff from developer sites.

Step 1: Prep your system for building packages

By default, Ubuntu does not come with the tools required. You need to install the package build-essential for making the package and checkinstall for putting it into your package manager. These can be found on the install CD or in the repositories, searching in Synaptic Package Manager or the command-line apt-get:

sudo apt-get install build-essential checkinstall

And since you may want to get code from some projects with no released version, you should install appropriate version management software.

sudo apt-get install cvs subversion git-core mercurial

You should then build a common directory for yourself where you'll be building these packages. We recommend creating /usr/local/src, but really you can put it anywhere you want. Make sure this directory is writable by your primary user account, by running

sudo chown yourusername /usr/local/src

and, just to be safe

sudo chmod u+rwx /usr/local/src

After you've done this, you're set up to start getting the programs you need.

Step 2: Getting the software you want

Most of the software you'll generally want comes from released tarballs. These are just compressed archives with extensions like .tar.gz or .tar.bz2 — they are just like .zip files on Windows or .sit on MacOS X, if that analogy helps you. If the program you want to install comes in this form, you should move it into the /usr/local/src directory we made in Step 1 and extract it by right-clicking on the file and selecting Extract Here, or by using the command line: If your tarball is a .gz, extract the files with the command:

tar xzvf tarballname.tar.gz

and for bz2 the similar command:

tar xjvf tarballname.tar.bz2

In the rare case of getting a program from a cvs or subversion repository, the developers will generally provide instructions on how to do this on their website. If you already installed the packages listed on Step 1, you just need to change to your /usr/local/src directory (cd /usr/local/src) and run the commands that are listed. The procedure will vary from program to program, so I can't help you here, but with the given packages the instructions they provide should work smoothly.

Step 3: Resolving Dependencies.

One nice thing about modern Linux distributions is they take care of dependencies for the user. That is to say, if you want to install a program, the apt program will make sure it installs all needed libraries and other dependent programs so installing a program is never more difficult than just specifying what you need and it does the rest. Unfortunately with tarballs this is not the case, and you'll have to do it manually. It's this stage that trips up even some fairly experienced users who often give up in frustration for not being able to figure out what they need to get.

  • You probably want to read about the possibilities and limitations of auto-apt first, which will attempt to take care of dependency issues automatically. The following instructions are for fulfilling dependencies manually:

To prepare, install the package apt-file, and then run sudo apt-file update. This will download a list of all the available packages and all of the files those packages contain, which as you might expect can be a very large list. It will not provide any feedback while it loads, so just wait. The apt-file program has some interesting functions, the two most useful are apt-file search which searches for a particular file name, and apt-file list which lists all the files in a given package. (Two explanations: 1 2) To check the dependencies of your program, change into the directory you created in step two (cd /usr/local/src). Extracting the tarball or downloading from cvs/subversion will have made a sub-directory under /usr/local/src that contains the source code. This newly-created directory will contain a file called "configure", which is a script to make sure that the program can be compiled on your computer. To run it, run the command ./configure This command will check to see if you've got all the programs needed to install the program — in most cases you will not, and it will error out with a message about needing a program.

  • If you run ./configure without any options, you will use the default settings for the program. Most programs have a range of settings that you can enable or disable, if you are interested in this check the README and INSTALL files found in the directory after decompressing the tar file. You can check the developer documentation and in many cases ./configure --help will list some of the key configurations you can do. A very common options is to use ./configure --prefix=/usr which will install your application into /usr instead of /usr/local as my instructions do.

If this happens, the last line of output will be something like

configure: error: Library requirements (gobbletygook) not met, blah blah blah stuff we don't care about

But right above that it will list a filename that it cannot find (often a filename ending in ".pc", for instance). What you need to do then is to run

apt-file search missingfilename.pc

which will tell you which Ubuntu package the missing file is in. You can then simply install the package using

sudo apt-get install requiredpackage

Then try running ./configure again, and see if it works. If you get to a bunch of text that finishes with config.status: creating Makefile followed by no obvious error messages, you're ready for the next steps.

Step 4: Build and install.

If you got this far, you've done the hardest part already. Now all you need to do is run the command

make

which does the actual building (compiling) of the program. IconsPage?action=AttachFile&do=get&target=IconClockYellow.png If it's a large program or if you've got a very slow computer, go and get a cup of coffee or something. If you have a multi-core processor you can also set the variable CONCURRENCY_LEVEL to the number of processors/cores you have to speed things up a little. When its done, install the program. You probably want to use

sudo checkinstall

which puts the program in the package manager for clean, easy removal later. This replaces the old sudo make install command. See the complete documentation at CheckInstall. Then the final stage of the installation will run. It shouldn't take long. When finished, if you used checkinstall, the program will appear in Synaptic Package Manager. If you used sudo make install, your application will be installed to /usr/local/bin and you should be able to run it from there without problems. IconsPage?action=AttachFile&do=get&target=IconNote.png If this all seems way too hard for you, don't fret. You're using Ubuntu after all, and it has all of the programs that you actually need to get your work done already packaged for you. If there isn't a package out there, the odds are that you really don't need the program and within a few months someone will have packaged it for you. The only programs you actually need to build and compile like this are programs that are new and perhaps not yet stable or ready for your desktop. If you think this procedure is too hard, well maybe you ought to reconsider why you want to do this and just wait a few months for the next stable release. But it can be a good learning experience for you. If your desired package is quite important and you think it deserves to be in Ubuntu properly, perhaps contact the Masters|of the Universe and see if they can do the hard work for you — if they package something, anyone can install it without having to go through this procedure. But if you can get through all this, you're well on your way to becoming an expert Linux user — you'd be surprised how easy all this seems after you've done it just a few times. Good luck! IconsPage?action=AttachFile&do=get&target=IconNote.png Easy meaning "easier than tearing your hair out and then screaming about how much Linux sucks while running around the room". Not actually easy.

Attachments

The process described in this page can be performed without typing terminal commands, using the attached application. Download the package attachment:kludge_tarball_installer_v0.7.tar, extract it to your user folder, and see the readme file.

Links

Comments

For a more advanced yet not so easy Howto, have a look at CompilingSoftware.

  • The "easy" tutorial should be the default one (at CompilingSoftware), and the "advanced" tutorial should be at a name like CompilingSoftwareAdvanced. The target audience for a document like this is people who have never done any of this stuff before. Make the default document as easy to use as possible.
  • Would it be better to change the group of /usr/local/src/ to admin and give them rwx privleages? Since anyone adding and removing software should be in the admin group.