UbuntuHelp:CommonQuestions/zh

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下面是常见问题及答案的选集，如果您是Ubuntu新手可能对你有用。. Choose a topic from the table of contents or search this page by pressing Ctrl+F in your browser and entering a search term.

关于Ubuntu

Releases and Version Numbers

Ubuntu的版本号是如何确定的？ 下一个版本的Ubuntu的版本号将会是多少？

版本号是根据该版本系统发行时间的年和月来确定的；版本名称由UbuntuWiki:Ubuntu/MarkShuttleworth.先生命名。

• Ubuntu 4.10 Warty Warthog 在2004年10月份发布，这是Ubuntu的第一个版本.
• Ubuntu 5.04 Hoary Hedgehog 发布于2005年4月份.
• Ubuntu 5.10 Breezy Badger 发布于2005年10月份.
• Ubuntu 6.06 Dapper Drake 发布于2006年6月; 因技术原因有所推迟.
• Ubuntu 6.10 Edgy Eft 发布于2006年10月.
• Ubuntu 7.04 Feisty Fawn, 目前Ubuntu最新的版本， 它已经在2007年4月份推出..

分支项目: Kubuntu, Edubuntu and Xubuntu

Kubuntu、Edubuntu、Xubuntu是Ubuntu的分支吗？

不。它们都是在典型Ubuntu分发（distribution）的基础上有所修改的官方发行版。它们的所有软件包都在同一个档案里面。

Kubuntu是什么？ 我能在Ubuntu中安装它吗？

Kubuntu 基于Ubuntu的系统核心，但使用 KDE 桌面环境, K 桌面环境; 它易于使用，功能强大，拥有优秀的图形界面。要想在任何的Ubuntu衍生版本中安装Kubutu，只需要安装Kubuntu-desktop软件包即可。对于其他获取并安装KDE的方法，请参看 UbuntuHelp:InstallingKDE.

Xubuntu是什么？ 如何才能在Ubuntu中安装它

Xubuntu 如同Kubuntu一样，Xubuntu也是基于Ubuntu，但它使用的既不是KDE也不是Gnome，而是另外一种桌面环境——Xfce。Xfce是一种非常小巧的桌面环境，因此它非常适合在低端配置的机器上面使用。要在任何一种Ubuntu衍生版本中安装Xubuntu，只需简单地下载并安装xubuntu-desktop软件包即可。 不过要请那些使用Ubuntu5.10的用户注意的是，在安装Xubuntu之前请先设定系统能够使用Universe Repository！参看 AddingRepositoriesHowto。 （译注：Ubuntu将源分成四类 GPL:Universe repository、Main 非GPL:Multiverse、 Restricted，官方对Multiverse、 Restricted提供支持，而社区对 Universe repository、Main 提供支持。后面将会牵涉到Repository（源））

Edubuntu是什么？ 如何才能在Ubuntu中安装它？

Edubuntu 提供了一个基于Ubuntu核心、针对学校（教育）使用特点定制的应用环境；它虽然使用GNOME作为桌面环境，但默认情况下同时包含了GNOME和KDE的应用程序。要在任何的Ubuntu衍生系统中安装Edubuntu，仅仅需要安装edubuntu-desktop软件包即可。

Ubuntu 与 Debian?

Ubuntu与Debian之间的关系是什么？?

Please see http://www.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/relationship, and consider reading some of the UbuntuWiki:Ubuntu/MarkShuttleworth wiki page for more information.

Installing Ubuntu

CDs and DVDs

What is the difference between the Desktop and the Alternate CD?

While Ubuntu 5.10 (Breezy Badger) had a Live CD (an Ubuntu CD that runs directly off your Memory and the Disc, without installing anything to hard-disk) and an Install CD, Ubuntu 6.06 'Dapper Drake' has a "Desktop" and an "Alternate" CD. The Desktop CD contains a Live session with an installer, once started up; it does not have the classical text installer. The Alternate CD has the old text-installer, with no Live session available. If you are trying to upgrade to Dapper by using the CD-rom as a source, then you should use the alternate CD. The Alternate CD also provides you with the option of an Expert install.

See below for more information on upgrading to Dapper.

What does the DVD contain?

The Ubuntu DVD available with Dapper is a conjugation of the Alternate and the Desktop CD. At the boot prompt, you can select to either go into the Live session with a graphical install, or do the old classical install.

Network and Other Installation Methods

Can I do an installation of Ubuntu over the network? What other methods of installation are there?

See UbuntuHelp:Installation for complete guides and instructions on different methods of installation.

Using Ubuntu

Installing software

How do I install things on Ubuntu? Why shouldn't I compile? Why does ./configure give errors?

For the vast majority of applications that you will ever use, you should never need to compile them. Ubuntu provides over 16,000 packages in all of its repositories. Please see the SoftwareManagement (and, specifically the InstallingSoftware sub-category) page for instructions on how to gain those packages, and the CompilingSoftware if you are convinced (after viewing the previous page) that you do indeed need to compile.

Repositories and sources.list

What is a repository? What is the sources.list file?

Repositories are particular locations on the web which contain the thousands of packages (each containing programs, applications, etc) that you would need on your computer. The sources.list file contains the list of all the repositories that will be used to download packages in Synaptic (see SynapticHowto) and APT (see APTPage); it is located in /etc/apt/. Since /etc is the directory for system-wide configurations, you will require root privileges to edit it (see RootSudo).

For a full walk-through on how to add extra repositories please see AddingRepositoriesHowto. For an explanation on the methodology between the different repository components (main, universe etc) please see http://www.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/components.

Can I browse and search the Ubuntu repositories?

You can access the source code of all Ubuntu packages, as well as view which ones are available for a particular release of Ubuntu at http://packages.ubuntu.com.

Upgrading

How can I upgrade to the latest version of Ubuntu?

• For instructions on upgrading to Breezy (Ubuntu 5.10) from Hoary (Ubuntu 5.04), see BreezyUpgrade.
• For instructions on how to upgrade to Dapper (Ubuntu 6.06) from Breezy, see DapperUpgrades.
• For instructions on upgrading to Edgy (Ubuntu 6.10) from Dapper (Ubuntu 6.06), see EdgyUpgrades.
• For instructions on upgrading to Feisty (Ubuntu 7.04) from Edgy (Ubuntu 6.10), see FeistyUpgrades.
• Skipping a release while trying to upgrade (i.e. trying to upgrade to Dapper from Hoary, or from Warty (Ubuntu 4.10) to Breezy), is not supported.

Administration: Root vs Sudo

I didn't set a root password, what is it? What is sudo?

Ubuntu uses the sudo model for administrator and user actions, in contrast to the traditional user/root bifurcation. Check out the RootSudo page for all the information.

MP3/Divx/DVDs/Quicktime/Realmedia/Flash/Java

How can I play MP3/Divx/DVDs/Quicktime/Realmedia files or view Flash/Java web pages

See the RestrictedFormats page.

Meta-packages: ubuntu-desktop

What is a meta-package? Is it safe to remove the ubuntu-desktop package?

A meta-package is a package that doesn't contain applications within itself, but simply depends upon particular versions of other packages, so that when it is installed, it drags all of them in too. The package manager uses it to know which particular packages to install. For example, the ubuntu-desktop metapackage installs the full GNOME desktop environment, with all the other packages that are in a default Ubuntu install. The existence of meta-packages makes it very easy to install other Ubuntu derivatives on your desktop; see below for more information.

It is technically just fine to remove a meta-package, if required, and this shouldn't necessarily cause any problems. However, it is strongly recommended that you reinstall that package if you decide to manually upgrade to another version of Ubuntu. The package manager requires those packages to be installed for it to successfully perform the upgrade.

Updating programs

A new version of a package I want has been released, but it's not in the repositories. How can I get it?

The stable versions of Ubuntu will only get security updates. This means no new versions of packages. The current development version will get updates until 2 months before release. The last two months are spent solely on improving stability. You may however, be able to find the new package in backports or in 3rd party repositories. Details can be found at UbuntuBackports.

Xgl/Compiz

Where can I find out more information on Xgl/Compiz? Can I install Xgl/Compiz on Ubuntu?

Please see CompositeManager for more information and installation instructions.

Problems Booting Ubuntu

I installed Windows (or another Operating System) and now I can't get into Ubuntu!

See the RecoveringUbuntuAfterInstallingWindows page.

Kubuntu

Are Kubuntu CDs available from Ship``It?

Yes, you can order them from http://shipit.kubuntu.org

How do I change Konqueror back to the default KDE profiles?

Please see http://kubuntu.org/faq.php#konqueror

Hardware

Supported Hardware

What hardware is supported/works on Ubuntu?

See HardwareSupport.

Other Partitions

How can I view my Windows/Mac partitions from Ubuntu?

Please see AutomaticallyMountPartitions.

Wireless

How can I get my wireless set up on Ubuntu?

Check UbuntuWiki:Ubuntu/HardwareSupportComponentsWirelessNetworkCards first. If your card is not supported out-of-the-box, then consider reading the WifiDocs for guides.

Screen Resolution

The resolution of my monitor was not detected appropriately, what should I do?

See the FixVideoResolutionHowto page.

AMD64 Processors

I have an AMD64 processor, should I install the i386 ISO or the amd64 one? What are the drawbacks of having an amd64 install?

AMD64 is an officially supported architecture with its respective ISO for Ubuntu and all major Ubuntu derivatives. By installing the amd64 ISO, rather than the i386 (32-bit) ISO, there will be some enhancement in performance.

The drawbacks are that Ubuntu, with APT (the package manager for Ubuntu), currently does not support Bi``Arch, which means you likely won't be able to install and run 32bit packages on your AMD64 install. This is a problem for users who wish to use Flash, w32 codecs, and WINE (for example), as they are only available for 32-bit. There are possible methods of getting it running, but they involve creating a chroot (see DebootstrapChroot), for example.

ATI/nVidia

How do I install ATI/nVidia drivers for my video card?

Please see the BinaryDriverHowto page.

The Ubuntu Community

Getting More Help

Where can I get support from?

• The official documentation is at http://help.ubuntu.com
• This wiki start page is here: UserDocumentation.
• The forums are at http://ubuntuforums.org
• The mailing lists are here for Ubuntu users, here for Kubuntu users, and here for Edubuntu users.
• #ubuntu IRC channel on Freenode. See InternetRelayChat.
• See also http://www.ubuntu.com/support

Reporting Bugs

I think I found a bug, where can I report it?

The Ubuntu bugtracker is at http://www.launchpad.net/distros/ubuntu/+bugs.

Contributing to Ubuntu

How can I contribute to Ubuntu?

Please see http://www.ubuntu.com/community/participate, UbuntuWiki:Ubuntu/HelpingUbuntu or UbuntuWiki:Ubuntu/EasyWaysToHelpUbuntu.