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{{From|https://help.ubuntu.com/community/32bit_and_64bit}}
 
{{From|https://help.ubuntu.com/community/32bit_and_64bit}}
 
{{Languages|UbuntuHelp:32bit_and_64bit}}
 
{{Languages|UbuntuHelp:32bit_and_64bit}}
== 32位与64位 ==
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== 32-bit and 64-bit ==
 
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As of 2008 most new consumer desktop PCs being sold contain processors from AMD or Intel which are capable of operating in 32-bit and 64-bit modes. List of processors with 64-bit support:
大多数电脑都运行在32位模式.
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* AMD
 
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* Athlon x64, FX, Athlon X2, Phenom X3, Phenom X4, Phenom II X4
<br>处理器能够运行64位模式的是AMD的双核速龙, FX, X2 型号的处理器,&nbsp;因特尔的 Itanium&nbsp;和 Xeon, Intel Core 2, Pentium D,&nbsp;一些&nbsp;奔腾 4&nbsp;和赛扬 D系统. 对于AMD 处理器,&nbsp;如果这个处理器支持 AMD64和因特尔处理器,&nbsp;如果处理器支持EM64T(这是因特尔 AMD64的一个版本)技术,&nbsp;这种处理器能够运行在64位模式.
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* Intel
 
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* F and 5xx series Pentium 4 using the "Prescott" core
 
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* Pentium D
 
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* Core 2 (Solo, Duo & Quad)
 
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* Core i7 (all)
什么是" G5的" PowerPC芯片? 或者
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* Core i5 (all)
 
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* VIA
 
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* Isiah
SPARC64与 MIPS64等等. (Note: Linux works on EVERYTHING!&nbsp;:) )
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In addition to the above mentioned list, a number of other architectures also support 64-bit processing (Itanium, S/390, PowerPC, SPARC, MIPS, etc); however, as they are not supported by Ubuntu, we will not discuss those further here. For a distribution supporting the named architectures see [http://www.debian.org Debian] on which Ubuntu is based.
 
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Each manufacturer has a different name for 64-bit: AMD's AMD64 and Intel's IA-32e (later EM64T). We will however use AMD64 to refer to all implementations in this page.
=== 32位与64位是什么? ===
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Whilst your processor probably already supports 64-bits, in order to benefit from it you need a 64-bit operating system.
 
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=== What is it? ===
32-bit and 64-bit are really the size (or width) of a chunk of memory (more accurately, the memory registers) in the computer. A 32-bit computer has a word size of 32 bits, this limits the memory to a very very large number (4 GB of physical ram in practice). A 64-bit computer will handle a literally enormous amount of memory (about 128 GB of physical ram). We are moving towards a world where information is stored in a terabyte. A few of these will store all the programs of your favourite TV station for a number of years. When you are moving this amount of data and compressing it to store it more efficiently, then you need the extra power 64-bit allows.
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32-bit and 64-bit refer to the size (or width) of a chunk of memory or more accurately, the memory registers in a computer's CPU - this defines how much data the processor can handle in a single operation.
 
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So what does that mean? Well, the two main characteristics of the AMD64 architecture are:
=== 32位与64位哪一个更好? ===
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==== Memory ====
 
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A 32-bit computer has a word size of 32 bits, this limits the memory theoretically to 4GB. This barrier has been extended through the use of 'Physical Address Extension' (or PAE) which increases the limit to 64GB although the memory access above 4GB will be slightly slower.
A 64-bit processor is the way of the future, and it is worth mentioning that AMD's 64-bit processors function fine in a 32-bit environment. One might still recommend staying with 32-bit software because the 32-bit software has more support, but that is changing. Within 10 years one would expect most computers to be 64-bit, however one might believe that between now and then the average person will have another 2 computers (one every 5 years). The bottom line is that for free software it is not that important. Code can be converted between the two because it is source code so that most things 'just work'. The unfortunate thing is that it is actually a little tricky converting some programs from 32-bit to 64-bit and therefore some programs cannot run in native 64-bit mode. They can run in an emulated mode but this will be a little slower. There is even the case when code that works in 64-bit actually runs slower because of the magic in the processor differences. On processors that support AMD64 or EM64T, performance might be slightly higher in 64-bit mode than in 32-bit mode. The (technical) reason for this is that in 64-bit mode, the processor has more and wider registers available, which means that programs compiled for 64-bit mode can run more efficiently.
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A 64-bit computer will be able to address up to 16.8 million TB (16 exabytes) although constraints are in place that limit this to around 1TB.
 
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==== Registers ====
= 如何使得32位工作在64位的机器上? =
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The AMD64 processors have additional general purpose registers which will allow 64-bit code to run faster (in some cases) than its 32-bit cousins.
 
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=== Which is better? ===
At this time, those with a 64-bit processor have the option of installing the 64-bit version of Ubuntu. Not all software is available in the 64-bit environment. In particular non-free items are usually 32 bit. For example the Flash plugin is a 32-bit program. Some programs can be run in the 64-bit version of Ubuntu by using the 32-bit libraries. You can install ia32-libs by using your favorite package manager. Another option is to create a 32 bit environment with [[UbuntuHelp:DebootstrapChroot|chroot]]
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If you are doing heavy work where you have started to hit the 4GB memory barrier, then 64-bit is for you. Certain intensive tasks such as encoding video or audio also run  significantly faster on 64-bit operating systems (NOTE: this is implementation specific).
 
+
Early 64-bit adopters were plagued by incompatibility problems (most noticeably Java and Flash), however most issues have now been resolved.
 +
Some applications such as Flash do run slower in 64-bit mode, however work continues to improve on this.
 +
Other platforms (like Windows) which also come in 32 and 64-bit flavours are experiencing significantly more problems especially due to a lack of 64-bit device drivers as incompatible user application. As Ubuntu is entirely open source, this is not the case as all hardware supported by Ubuntu works equally well in 32-bit and 64-bit environments. The same applies to open source user applications as well.
 +
=== What should I choose - 32 or 64 bit? ===
 +
Unless you have specific reasons to choose 32-bit, we recommend 64-bit.
 +
=== How to make 32-bit application work on a 64-bit Operating System ===
 +
It is possible to install and use 32-bit software on a 64-bit computer in different ways:
 +
* Installation of 32-bit compatibility libraries (ia32-libs)
 +
* A 32-bit [[UbuntuHelp:DebootstrapChroot|chroot]]
 +
* Full virtualization through [[UbuntuHelp:KVM|KVM]] or [[UbuntuHelp:VirtualBox|VirtualBox]]
 +
* Another option in a pinch is getlibs [http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=474790 getlibs]
 +
A use case for getlibs was installing the Amazon MP3 Downloader software, it is written for 32 bit only and without their software downloading mp3s would otherwise be incredibly time consuming.
 +
Applications found in the Ubuntu archives should however all work out of the box in 64-bit mode.
 +
Happy 64-bitting!
 
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类别:Ubuntu帮助&nbsp;
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[[category:UbuntuHelp]]

2010年5月19日 (三) 17:13的最新版本


32-bit and 64-bit

As of 2008 most new consumer desktop PCs being sold contain processors from AMD or Intel which are capable of operating in 32-bit and 64-bit modes. List of processors with 64-bit support:

  • AMD
  • Athlon x64, FX, Athlon X2, Phenom X3, Phenom X4, Phenom II X4
  • Intel
  • F and 5xx series Pentium 4 using the "Prescott" core
  • Pentium D
  • Core 2 (Solo, Duo & Quad)
  • Core i7 (all)
  • Core i5 (all)
  • VIA
  • Isiah

In addition to the above mentioned list, a number of other architectures also support 64-bit processing (Itanium, S/390, PowerPC, SPARC, MIPS, etc); however, as they are not supported by Ubuntu, we will not discuss those further here. For a distribution supporting the named architectures see Debian on which Ubuntu is based. Each manufacturer has a different name for 64-bit: AMD's AMD64 and Intel's IA-32e (later EM64T). We will however use AMD64 to refer to all implementations in this page. Whilst your processor probably already supports 64-bits, in order to benefit from it you need a 64-bit operating system.

What is it?

32-bit and 64-bit refer to the size (or width) of a chunk of memory or more accurately, the memory registers in a computer's CPU - this defines how much data the processor can handle in a single operation. So what does that mean? Well, the two main characteristics of the AMD64 architecture are:

Memory

A 32-bit computer has a word size of 32 bits, this limits the memory theoretically to 4GB. This barrier has been extended through the use of 'Physical Address Extension' (or PAE) which increases the limit to 64GB although the memory access above 4GB will be slightly slower. A 64-bit computer will be able to address up to 16.8 million TB (16 exabytes) although constraints are in place that limit this to around 1TB.

Registers

The AMD64 processors have additional general purpose registers which will allow 64-bit code to run faster (in some cases) than its 32-bit cousins.

Which is better?

If you are doing heavy work where you have started to hit the 4GB memory barrier, then 64-bit is for you. Certain intensive tasks such as encoding video or audio also run significantly faster on 64-bit operating systems (NOTE: this is implementation specific). Early 64-bit adopters were plagued by incompatibility problems (most noticeably Java and Flash), however most issues have now been resolved. Some applications such as Flash do run slower in 64-bit mode, however work continues to improve on this. Other platforms (like Windows) which also come in 32 and 64-bit flavours are experiencing significantly more problems especially due to a lack of 64-bit device drivers as incompatible user application. As Ubuntu is entirely open source, this is not the case as all hardware supported by Ubuntu works equally well in 32-bit and 64-bit environments. The same applies to open source user applications as well.

What should I choose - 32 or 64 bit?

Unless you have specific reasons to choose 32-bit, we recommend 64-bit.

How to make 32-bit application work on a 64-bit Operating System

It is possible to install and use 32-bit software on a 64-bit computer in different ways:

  • Installation of 32-bit compatibility libraries (ia32-libs)
  • A 32-bit chroot
  • Full virtualization through KVM or VirtualBox
  • Another option in a pinch is getlibs getlibs

A use case for getlibs was installing the Amazon MP3 Downloader software, it is written for 32 bit only and without their software downloading mp3s would otherwise be incredibly time consuming. Applications found in the Ubuntu archives should however all work out of the box in 64-bit mode. Happy 64-bitting!