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启动选项

什么时候使用，如何使用

主要有那么两种情况下，你会用得着启动参数。一、当你安装 Ubuntu 时机器死掉了；二、安装完后系统启动不了，或者需要调整。

安装过程中调整启动选项

当你的安装程序加载完，或者从 LiveCD 启动时，你会看到如下画面：

按下 F6 键。然后画面如下所示：

你只要在它的后面添加一些参数即可。也就是说你可以通过添加参数来调整 Ubuntu 的启动方式。下面是一个添加参数的例子：

对已安装的系统进行调整

本段说明如何对 GRUB 的启动菜单进行临时(非永久性的)调整。这里假设你已经安装了 GRUB，它是 Ubuntu 缺省的引导装载程序(本文不考虑其他类似程序，比如 LILO)。机器启动后你会看到一个 GRUB 消息。按下 ESC 键，你会进入一个文本菜单。通过键盘上的上下方向键选择要启动的项之后，按下‘e’键，进入编辑界面。其中第一行为“root”，你需要按下下方向键移至“kernel”行，再按一下‘e’键，进入该行的编辑界面。将光标移至行尾(Ctrl-E)，将下面介绍的参数加进去。完成之后按下回车键，然后按下‘b’键启动。这样你的机器就应该能正常启动了。

启动命令行的参数

This list is not comprehensive but it contains some of the common options. When presented with the text on the screen "boot:" then the options below can be given. They must have the kernel name before the option. Example: Adding the vga=771 option boot: /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.15-26-k7 root=/dev/hda1 ro quiet splash boot: /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.15-26-k7 root=/dev/hda1 ro quiet splash vga=771 Options can be used together such as in this example: /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.15-26-k7 root=/dev/hda1 ro quiet splash noapic nolapic

内核参数

These options are used by the kernel, and will apply to any system at any time.

参数: vga=xxx

说明: Set your framebuffer resolution to VESA mode xxx. Check here for a list of possible modes.

参数: acpi=off OR noacpi

说明: This parameter disables the whole ACPI system. This may prove very useful, for example, if your computer does not support ACPI or if you think the ACPI implementation might cause some problems (for instance random reboots or system lockups).

参数: acpi=force

说明: Activates the ACPI system even if your computer BIOS date is older than 2000. This parameter overwrites acpi=off and can also be used with current hardware if the ACPI support is not activated despite apm=off.

参数: pci=noacpi 或 acpi=noirq

说明: These parameters disable the PCI IRQ routing

参数: pci=acpi

说明: This parameter activates the PCI IRQ routing

参数: acpi_irq_balance

说明: ACPI is allowed to use PIC interrupts to minimize the common use of IRQs.

参数: acpi_irq_nobalance

说明: ACPI is not allowed to use PIC interrupts.

参数: acpi=oldboot

说明: Deactivates the ACPI system almost completely; only the components required for the boot process will be used.

参数: acpi=ht

说明: Deactivates the ACPI system almost completely; only the components required for hyper threading will be used.

参数: noapic

说明: Disable the "Advanced Programmable Interrupt Controller (APIC)".

参数: nolapic

说明: Disable the "local APIC".

参数: apm=off OR noapm

说明: Disable the Advanced Power Management.

参数: irqpoll

说明: Changes the way the kernel handles interrupt calls (set it to polling). Can be useful in case of hardware interrupt issues.

安装程序选项 (user-land)

These options are usually used when installing a system, and are picked up by the installer program or start-up scripts, and not by the kernel.

参数: debian-installer/framebuffer=false

说明: Disable framebuffer.

参数: hw-detect/start_pcmcia=false

说明: Don't start PCMCIA. Personal Computer Memory Card International Association, one of the stranger names for a piece of hardware. :-) Your hardware is an association.

参数: netcfg/disable_dhcp=true

说明: Force static network config.

参数: bootkbd=uk

说明: Set keyboard map. Use a two letter ISO country code to get the right letters on the right keys. This option can help with password problems. (This list is far from complete, please feel free to add some options.)

永久变更

Once you know you need to boot with a special option on your installed system, you'll have to edit the file /boot/grub/menu.lst to make the boot option permanent. To to this please do the following:

sudo nano /boot/grub/menu.lst

Add the option to the line that starts with "# kopt=". Then run

sudo update-grub

to have the menu entries updated. NB! If you instead edit the menu entries directly, your changes will magically disappear the next time update-grub is run, for instance when system packages are updated.