特殊:Badtitle/NS100:CompilingEasyHowTo
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Compiling things on Ubuntu Linux the Easy Way
Let's say you are a moderately experienced Linux user, and you want to install an application off the Internet but it doesn't have a nice package that works on your system. A lot of users, even quite experienced ones, have issues with going from the tarball to the installed program because they just do not know the fairly easy steps required to get the job done. But it's only easy if you already know how to do it! So, here's a quick guide how to install stuff from developer sites.
Step 1: Prep your system for building packages
By default, Ubuntu does not come with the tools required. You need to install the package build-essential which can be found on the install cd or in the repositories.
sudo apt-get install build-essential
And since you may want to get code from some projects with no released version, you should install the packages cvs and subversion.
sudo apt-get install cvs subversion
- You may find other packages needed for certain packages. Read any available documentation.
You should then build a common directory for yourself where you'll be building these packages. I recommend creating /usr/local/src
, but really you can put it anywhere you want. Make sure this directory is writable by your primary user account, by running
sudo chown username /usr/local/src
and just to be safe
sudo chmod u+rwx /usr/local/src
After you've done this, you're set up to start getting the programs you need.
Step 2: Getting the software you want
Most of the software you'll generally want comes from released
tarballs. These are just compressed archives in the form of .tar.gz or
.tar.bz2 -- they are just like .zip files on Windows or .sit on MacOSX
if that analogy helps you. If the program you want to install comes in
this form, you should download it into the /usr/local/src
directory we made in step one. If your tarballs is a .gz to extract the
files you'll run
tar xzvf tarballname.tar.gz
and for bz2 the similar command.
tar xjvf tarballname.tar.bz2
In the rare case of getting a program from a cvs or subversion
repository, the developers will generally provide instructions on how
to do this on their website. If you already installed the packages
listed on step one, you just need to change to your /usr/local/src
directory (cd /usr/local/src
) and run the commands that are listed. The procedure will vary
from program to program, so I can't help you here but with the given
packages the instructions they prove should work smoothly.
Step 3: Resolving Dependencies.
One nice thing about modern Linux distributions is they take care of dependencies for the
user. That is to say, if you want to install a program, the apt
program will make sure it installs all needed libraries and other
dependant programs so installing a program is never
more difficult then just specifying what you need and it does the rest.
Unfortunately with tarballs this is not the case, and you'll have to do
it manually. It's this stage that trips up even some fairly experienced
users who often give up in frustration for not being able to figure out
what they need to get.
To prepare, install the package apt-file
, and then run sudo apt-file update
.
This will download a list of all the available packages and all of the files those packages contain, which as you might expect can be a very large list. It will not provide any feedback while it loads, so just wait.
The apt-file
program has some interesting functions, the two most useful are apt-file search
which searches for a particular filename, and apt-file list
which lists all the files in a given package. (Two explanations: 1 2)
To check the dependencies of your program, change into the directory
you created in step two (cd /usr/local/src
). Extracting the tarball or downloading from
cvs/subversion will have made a subdirectory under /usr/local/src that
contains the source code. This newly-created directory will contain a
file called "configure", which is a script to make sure that the
program can be compiled on your computer. To run it, run the command ./configure
~-See footnote 1 1-~
This command will check to see if you've got all the programs needed to
install the program -- in most cases you will not, and it will error
out with a message about needing a program.
If this happens, the last line of output will be something like
configure: error: Library requirements (gobbletygook) not met, blah blah blah stuff we don't care about
But right above that it will list a filename that it cannot find, and in my experience, most situations will list a filename ending in ".pc". What you need to do then is to run
apt-file search missingfilename.pc
which will tell you which Ubuntu package the missing file is in. You can then simply install the package using
sudo apt-get install requiredpackage
Then try running ./configure
again, and see if it works. If you get to a bunch of text that finishes with config.status: creating Makefile
followed by no obvious error messages, you're ready for the next steps.
Step 4: Build and install.
If you got this far, you've done the hardest part already. Now all you need to do is run the command
sudo make
which does the actual building (compiling) of the program.
- If it's a large program or if you've got a very slow computer, go and get a cup of coffee or something.
When its done, run
sudo make install
and the final stage of the installation will run. When finished
(it shouldn't take long), your application will be installed to /usr/local/bin
and you should be able to run it without problems.
- If this all seems way too hard for you, don't fret. You're using Ubuntu
Linux after all, and it has all of the programs that you actually need to get your work done already packaged for you. If there isn't a package out there, the odds are that you really don't need the program and within a few months someone will have packaged it for you. The only programs you actually need to build and compile like this are programs that are new and perhaps not yet stable or ready for your destkop. If you think this procedure is too hard well maybe you ought to reconsider why you want to do this and just wait a few months for the next stable release. But it can be a good learning experince for you.
If your desired package is quite important and you think it deserves to be in Ubuntu properly, perhaps contact the Masters of the Universe and see if they can do the hard work for you -- if they package something, anyone can install it without having to go through this procedure. But if you can get through all this, you're well on your way to becoming an expert Linux user -- you'd be surprised how easy all this seems after you've done it just a few times. Good luck!
- Easy meaning "easier than tearing your hair out and then screaming about how much Linux sucks while running around the room". Not actually easy.
Anchor(1)
[1] if you run ./configure
without any options, you will use the default settings for the program.
Most programs have a range of settings that you can enable or disable,
if you are intersted in this check the README
and INSTALL
files found in the directory after decompressing the tar file. You can check the developer documentation and in many cases ./configure --help
will list some of the key configurations you can do. A very common options is to use ./configure --prefix=/usr
which will install your application into /usr
instead of /usr/local
as my instructions do.
Comments
You may find CheckInstall is helpful and easy to use.
For a more advanced yet not so easy Howto, have a look at CompilingSoftware.
- Is there a reason to recommend command line tools instead of tools like file-roller?
- The "easy" tutorial should be the default one (at CompilingSoftware), and the "advanced" tutorial should be at a name like CompilingSoftwareAdvanced. The target audience for a document like this is people who have never done any of this stuff before. Make the default document as easy to use as possible.