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This Howto describes how to add a Ubuntu box in a Active Directory domain and to authenticate the users with AD.
Used software
| Name | Version |
| MS Windows Server | 2003 standard sp1 |
| Linux | Ubuntu Breezy 5.10 |
| Winbind | 3.0.14a-Ubuntu |
| Samba | 3.0.14a-Ubuntu |
| krb5-user | 1.3.6-1 |
| libpam-krb5 | 1.0-12 |
Used terms
| term | definition |
| AD | Active Directory |
| DC | Domain Controller |
| lab.example.com | AD domain |
| win2k3.lab.example.com | DC FQDN |
| 10.0.0.1 | DC IP |
| LAB.EXAMPLE.COM | Kerberos Realm |
| linuxwork | computername of the Ubuntu workstation |
| linuxwork.lab.example.com | FQDN of the Ubuntu workstation |
| ntp.example.com | timeserver (NTP) |
Confirm Connectivity
The first step to configuring an Ubuntu client for participation in an Active Directory (AD) network is to confirm network connectivity and name resolution for the Active Directory domain controller. An easy way to verify both of these is to ping the fully-qualified domain name (FQDN) of the AD DC on your network.
root@linuxwork:~# ping win2k3.lab.example.com PING win2k3.lab.example.com (10.0.0.1) 56(84) bytes of data. 64 bytes from win2k3.lab.example.com (10.0.0.1): icmp_seq=1 ttl=128 time=0.176ms
The output of the ping response shows successful resolution of the FQDN to an IP Address, and the confirmation of connectivity between your Ubuntu workstation and the AD DC.
Time settings
Time is essential for Kerberos, which is used for authentication in Active Directory networks. The easiest way to ensure correct time syncronization is to use a NTP-Server. Every Active Directory Domain Controller is also an NTP server, so for best results, use the FQDN of an AD DC in Ubuntu's default ntpdate application, which syncs time at startup or on demand.
For Kubuntu 7.10 (and likely other versions as well) ntpdate does not pull the servername from any config files, instead it expects the NTP server as an argument on the commandline. Therefore it is simplest to work with the options of adjust date and time of the GUI clock. Choose set date and time automatically, and then enter your AD DC as the NTP server. If it is reading from the config files then set things up in /etc/default/ntpdate as below.
file: /etc/default/ntpdate
# servers to check NTPSERVERS="win2k3.lab.example.com" # additional options for ntpdate NTPOPTIONS="-u"
root@linuxwork:~# /etc/init.d/ntpdate restart * Synchronizing clock to win2k3.lab.example.com... [ ok ]
FQDN
A valid FQDN is essential for Kerberos and Active Directory. Active Directory is heavily dependent upon DNS, and it is likely that your Active Directory Domain Controllers are also running the Microsoft DNS server package. Here, we will edit the local hosts file on your Ubuntu workstation to make sure that your FQDN is resolvable.
file: /etc/hosts
127.0.0.1 linuxwork.lab.example.com localhost linuxwork
You can test your configurating by PINGING your own FQDN. The output should be similar to the PING output above, from the Network Connectivity test (of course, the FQDN will be your own, and the IP address will be 127.0.0.1).
Set up Kerberos
The first step in setting up Kerberos is to install the appropriate client software.
Required software
To properly install the necessary Kerberos packages, you need to install the krb5-user and libpam-krb5 packages from the Universe Repository.
If you do not intend to acquire a Kerberos ticket at login, you need not install the libpam-krb5 package.
This command will also fetch the additional packages krb5-config, libkrb53, and libkadm55.
The krb5-config installation will present a prompt:
What are the Kerberos servers for your realm? win2k3.lab.example.com What is the administrative server for your Kerberos realm? win2k3.lab.example.com
These prompts should be answered according to the Active Directory Domain Controller in charge of your domain. The krb5-config process customize the /etc/krb5.conf file for your installation. In most cases, this config file will work successfully, but if you want a more streamlined config file (e.g., without all the Kerberos 4 cruft), you can use the following as a template:
file: /etc/krb5.conf
[logging]
default = FILE:/var/log/krb5.log
[libdefaults]
ticket_lifetime = 24000
clock_skew = 300
default_realm = LAB.EXAMPLE.COM
# dns_lookup_realm = false
# dns_lookup_kdc = true
[realms]
LAB.EXAMPLE.COM = {
kdc = win2k3.lab.example.com:88
admin_server = win2k3.lab.example.com:464
default_domain = LAB.EXAMPLE.COM
}
[domain_realm]
.lab.example.com = LAB.EXAMPLE.COM
lab.example.com = LAB.EXAMPLE.COM
Notice the two "DNS" directive are commented out. You can elect to use DNS to find Kerberos realm servers, or you can elect to use the krb5.conf file to define Kerberos realm servers. If you elect to use DNS, uncomment the two lines above and instead comment or remove the entire directive for your realm under the [realms] heading.
Testing
Request a Ticket-Granting Ticket (TGT) by issuing the kinit command, as shown (you can use any valid domain account; it doesn't have to be Administrator. You can also omit the domain name from the command if the "default_realm" directive is properly applied in the /etc/krb5.conf file.
root@linuxwork:~# kinit [email protected] Password for [email protected]: ****
Check if ticket request was valid using the klist command.
root@linuxwork:~# klist Ticket cache: FILE:/tmp/krb5cc_0 Default principal: [email protected] Valid starting Expires Service principal 01/21/05 10:28:51 01/21/05 20:27:43 krbtgt/[email protected] renew until 01/21/05 20:28:51
At this point, your Kerberos installation and configuration is operating correctly. You can release your test ticket by issuing the kdestroy command.
Join AD domain
Required software
You need to install the winbind and samba packages. You can also install the smbfs and smbclient packages too.
For Windows 2003 Server SP1 Winbind version 3.0.14a is necessary. In Hoary is only version 3.0.10, but you can find 3.0.14a in Breezy.
The package smbfs is optional, but includes useful client utilities, including the smbmount command. Also useful is the smbclient package, which includes an FTP-like client for SMB shares.
Join
file: /etc/samba/smb.conf
[global] security = ads realm = LAB.EXAMPLE.COM password server = 10.0.0.1 # note that workgroup is the 'short' domain name workgroup = LAB # winbind separator = + idmap uid = 10000-20000 idmap gid = 10000-20000 winbind enum users = yes winbind enum groups = yes template homedir = /home/%D/%U template shell = /bin/bash client use spnego = yes client ntlmv2 auth = yes encrypt passwords = yes winbind use default domain = yes restrict anonymous = 2 # to avoid the workstation from # trying to become a master browser # on your windows network add the # following lines domain master = no local master = no preferred master = no os level = 0
The "winbind use default domain" parameter is useful in single-domain enterprises and makes winbind assume that all user authentications should be performed in the domain to which winbind is joined. Omit this parameter if your environment includes multiple domains or if your account domain differs from the resource domain. The "winbind separator" directive is optional, and the default value is the usual backslash "\" Domain and User separator. You can use "+" if you know of a specific reason "\" will not work in your environment.
Be sure to restart the Samba and Winbind services after changing the /etc/samba/smb.conf file:
root@linuxwork:~# /etc/init.d/winbind stop root@linuxwork:~# /etc/init.d/samba restart root@linuxwork:~# /etc/init.d/winbind start
Request a valid Kerberos TGT for an account using kinit, which is allowed to join a workstation into the AD domain. Now join to the domain, if the ticket was valid you should not need to supply a password - even if prompted you should be able to leave it blank.
root@linuxwork:~# net ads join Using short domain name – LAB Joined 'linuxwork' to realm 'LAB.EXAMPLE.COM'
If the Kerberos auth was valid, you should not get asked for a password. However, if you are not working as root and are instead using sudo to perform the necessary tasks, use the command sudo net ads join -U username and supply your password when prompted. Otherwise, you will be asked to authenticate as [email protected] instead of a valid account name.
Testing
# wbinfo -u
You should get a list of the users of the domain.
And a list of the groups. Be patient these queries can take time.
# wbinfo -g
Setup Authentication
nsswitch
file: /etc/nsswitch.conf
passwd: compat winbind group: compat winbind shadow: compat
Testing
Check Winbind nsswitch module with getent.
root@linuxwork:~# getent passwd root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash ... LAB+administrator:x:10000:10000:Administrator:/home/LAB/administrator:/bin/bash LAB+gast:x:10001:10001:Gast:/home/LAB/gast:/bin/bash ...
root@linuxwork:~# getent group root:x:0: daemon:x:1: bin:x:2: ... LAB+organisations-admins:x:10005:administrator LAB+domänen-admins:x:10006:manuel,administrator LAB+domänen-benutzer:x:10000: LAB+domänen-gäste:x:10001: LAB+linux-admins:x:10004:manuel ...
PAM
With this config you can access the workstation with local accounts or with domain accounts. On the first login of a domain user a home directory will be created. This PAM configuration assumes that the system will be used primarily with domain accounts. If the opposite is true (i.e., the system will be used primarily with local accounts), the order of pam_winbind.so and pam_unix.so should be reversed. When used with local accounts, the configuration shown here will result in a failed authentication to the Windows/Samba DC for each login and sudo use. This can litter the DC's event log. Likewise, if local accounts are checked first, the /var/log/auth.log will be littered with failed logon attempts each time a domain account is accessed.
This PAM configuration does not acquire a Kerberos TGT at login. To acquire a ticket, use kinit after logging in, and consider using kdestroy in a logout script.
file: /etc/pam.d/common-account
account sufficient pam_winbind.so account required pam_unix.so
file: /etc/pam.d/common-auth
auth sufficient pam_winbind.so auth sufficient pam_unix.so nullok_secure use_first_pass auth required pam_deny.so
file: /etc/pam.d/common-session
session required pam_unix.so session required pam_mkhomedir.so umask=0022 skel=/etc/skel
file: /etc/pam.d/sudo
auth sufficient pam_winbind.so auth sufficient pam_unix.so use_first_pass auth required pam_deny.so @include common-account
Final configuration
Each domain needs a directory in /home/.
root@linuxwork:~# mkdir /home/LAB
One last thing
If you want to be able to use an active directory account, to manage your ubuntu box, you need to add it to the sudoers file. For that, you will need to edit the file /etc/group an add your username to the admin group, and whatever other group you need(plugdev,audio,cdrom just to mention a few). it will be like:
....... admin:x:117:olduser,ActiveDirectoryUser .......
Where olduser, is your current linux user, and ActiveDirectoryUser, is the new administrator. Another way to make a Domain Group, a sudoer in your ubuntu, is to edit the file /etc/sudoers (using the command 'visudo') and add the following line
%adgroup ALL=(ALL) ALL
Where adgroup, it's a group from your active directory. take in mind, that spaces in the group name are not allowed, maybe you can use '%Domain\ admins' but i haven't tested.
Usage
Logon with DOMAIN+USERNAME, unless you included "winbind use default domain" in your smb.conf, in which case you may log in using only USERNAME.
login: LAB+manuel Password: ***** ... LAB+manuel@linuxwork:~$
Automatic Kerberos Ticket Refresh
To have pam_winbind automatically refresh the kerberos ticket
Add the winbind refresh tickets line to smb.conf :
file: /etc/samba/smb.conf
# winbind separator = + winbind refresh tickets = yes idmap uid = 10000-20000
And modify /etc/pam.d/common-auth:
file: /etc/pam.d/common-auth
auth sufficient pam_winbind.so krb5_auth krb5_ccache_type=FILE auth sufficient pam_unix.so nullok_secure use_first_pass auth required pam_deny.so
Troubleshooting
If the Winbind PAM module in /var/log/auth.log says, that the AD-user is not existing, restart winbind. Probably it's best to restart the whole workstation.
root@linuxwork:~# /etc/init.d/winbind start
If when logging into the machine one gets a "no logon servers" error winbind\samba may not be starting properly. Try restarting them manually, and then logging in.
-If a manual restart works, then to fix this issue one needs to change scripts S20samba and S20winbind to S25samba and S25winbind in the /etc/rc2.d, rc3.d, rc4.d, rc5.d folders. The understanding is that this causes samba and winbind to startup later in the boot order for each runlevel. So that they start after S24avahi-daemon. If you then find that you must wait a bit before you can log in, you need to set "winbind enum users" and "winbind enum groups" in /etc/samba/smb.conf to 'no'.
name service cache daemon
The name service cache daemon (nscd) can interfere with winbind, as winbind maintains its own cache. Remove it.
sudo apt-get remove nscd
Some names or groups are not resolved with getent, but others are The range of your idmap parameter is not wide enough to encompass all the users or groups
idmap uid = 16777216-33554431 idmap gid = 16777216-33554431
External Docs
Also see Using Samba on Debian Linux to authenticate against Active Directory on randompage.org. It largely mirrors this page but has a little more detail.
Automated Methods
The SADMS package allows for automated joining to Active Directory through a GUI interface. [1]
