Glossary

词汇表

原文出处：http://forum.ubuntu.org.cn/viewtopic.php?p=796

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This is the Ubuntu Glossary. It is based on the Debian GNU/Linux glossary written by the NewbieDoc project. It tries to sum up a few of the words that are usually common in the Ubuntu, Debian and more Linux communities, but not always explained. 本篇是Ubuntu的术语表。它由NewbieDoc项目基于Debian GNU/Linux术语表编写而成。它试图总结一些在Ubuntu、Debian和其他Linux社区中经常出现但并未总是被说明的词汇。

Thanks to Romain Lerallut who authored the original version for NewbieDoc and to all the Newbiedocwriters who've contributed. 感谢NewbieDoc的原作者Romain Lerallut和所有为NewbieDoc作出过贡献的人们。

A

access permissions

A set of permissions associated with every file or directory, (including "special files"), that determines who can Read, Write or Execute the file. Only the owner of the file or the super-user can modify those permissions. 一组与每个文件或目录相关联的权限，（包括“特殊文件”），以决定谁能读，写或执行文件。只有文件的所有者或超级用户才有修改那些权限。

The format of the access permissions, as shown with ls -l, is a list of 10 symbols: 访问权限的格式，就象用ls -l命令显示的那样，是一个十个符号的列表：

drwxr-xr-xdrwxr-xr-x

The first symbol is either - or d, designating whether or not the file in question is actually a directory. After that, there are three sets of three symbols each, telling you whether a file (or directory) is readable, writable, and executable. The three sets represent the owner, group and "everything else" permissions, respectively. For example, the above example represents a file that 第一个符号是-或d，指明当前的文件是否是目录。该符号后面有三组符号，每组由三个符号构成，分别告诉你文件（或目录）是否可读、可写和可执行。这三组符号分别对应所有者，所在组和所有用户的权限。举个例子，上面的例子表明该文件：

Is a directory 是一个目录

Gives the owner read, write and executable permissions 所有者拥有读，写和执行的权限

Gives the group read and execute permissions 所在组拥有读和执行的权限

Gives everyone else read and execute permissions 其他用户也有读和执行的权限

See Also Owner, groups. 参见Owner和groups

AFAIK

As Far As I Know 就我所知

ASCII

American Standard Code for Information Interchange. The standard for representing letters, numbers and control characters on 7-bits (8 bits for accentuated character sets). 美国信息交换标准码。用七位比特来描述字母、数字和控制符的标准（8位是增强字符集）。

An ascii text file is a file that can directly be read by basic text editors, such as (cat, more, joe, ASCII文本文件是可以被基本文本编辑器（如cat,more,joe等）直接阅读的文件。

See Also Filesystem. 参见文件系统

Filesystem

a way of storing files on a medium which can be hard drives, floppies, cdroms etc,etc... 在介质（如硬盘、软盘、CD-ROM等）上保存文件的方式。

ext3 (3nd Extended) is currently the "native" FS for linux. ext3（第三扩展）是Linux当前“自带”的文件系统。

ReiserFS is a recent filesystem, designed for both speed and survivability. ReiserFS是最新的文件系统，主要基于速度和安全性设计的。

fat and vfat are the linux names for the standard Microsoft(r) Windows(r) filesystems: fat16 (fat) and fat32 (vfat). fat和vfat是Linux对微软windows标准文件系统的命名方式：fat16（fat）和fat32（vfat）。

iso9660 is usually the standard for CD-ROMs. iso9660通常是CD-ROM的标准。

smb,nfs,... are network filesystems, that allow computers to share data. 'smb' is Microsoft(r)'s well-known 'Network Neighborhood'. smb，nfs，...是网络文件系统，允许计算机之间共享数据。'smb'就是微软的众所周知的“网上邻居”。

proc,dev,... are also [special] filesystems. proc，dev，...也是（特殊的）文件系统。

Linux supports a great number of other file systems, at least in reading but most of them in read/write. Linux支持大量其他文件系统，至少是可以读取其中内容，但大多数是可以对其进行读写的。

Free software

free is taken in the "freedom" sense. free其实是“自由（freedom）”的意思。

It is a way of creating and distributing software with the source code and with the right to modify, upgrade and (re-)sell it as one sees fit to do, as long as the license (usually the GNU Public License (GPL)) comes along. 这是一种创建和发布软件的方式，软件带源代码，并且只要人们觉得必要，许可证（通常是GNU公共许可证（GPL））许可，他们就拥有修改，更新和（重新）销售的权利。

The term Open Source is also used to refer to software that is Free not because of ideological beliefs, but because it is a convenient way to develop programs. See http://www.opensource.org>. 术语开放源代码也通常指明软件是自由的，不是因为空想的理念，而是因为它对程序开发而言是一种适合的方式。参见http://www.opensource.org

Open Source software includes but is not restricted to Free Software. It is also easier to convince software companies to release their sources with the term 'Open Source' than with 'Free Software', or so is it thought. 开源软件包括但不仅是自由软件，术语“开放源代码”比“自由软件”也更容易说服软件公司开放它们的源代码或它们的编程思路。

check http://www.gnu.org 请查阅http://www.gnu.org

FWIW

For What It's Worth 不论真假；随便说说

G

GNU

Recursive acronym for "GNU's Not Unix" 递归定义。是“GNU's Not Unix”的首字缩写。

The GNU project was initiated in 1984 by Richard M Stallman, a software developer at MIT's AI Lab. Its goal is to provide high-quality Free Software. GNU项目是于1984年麻省理工AI实验室里的一名软件开发者Richard M Stallman创建的。该项目的目标是提供高质量的自由软件。

groups

User groups are a feature inherited from UNIX. Groups exist mostly so that resources can be shared between users belonging to the same group. For example, while files for our project are generally owned by the authors, they are part of the newbiedoc group so that any of us can work with them. 用户组是从UNIX继承下来的特性。之所以需要组是为了让属于同一组的用户能够共享资源。举个例子，在我们项目中每个文件的所有者通常都是作者本人，它也是Newbiedoc组的成员，因此我们中的任何人都可以工作在它们上面。

See Also access permissions. 参见access permissions

H

Hard link 硬链接

To the contrary of the symlink (symbolic link), here the actual data on disk is pointed to by more than one directory entry. 它是相对于symlink（符号链接，其实也就是我们常说的软链接）而言的，表示超出一个的目录项指向磁盘上同一块真实数据。

A symbolic link is merely a file that refers to another file; a hard link is actually the same exact information, located at the same spot on the disk. 符号链接仅仅只是一个指向另一个文件的文件；而硬链接则实际上是被定位在磁盘相同点上的完全相同的信息。

With a hard link, you can pick any one of the instances of the file, and delete all the rest, and it'll still exist; with symbolic links, you can delete the target file and then all the symbolic links to it will point to a non-existent file! 使用硬链接，你可以选择文件的任何一个实例并删除所有其他的，该仍然存在；而用符号链接，当你删除了目标文件之后，那所有的软链接将指向一个并不存在的文件！

But it's much easier to distinguish between an itty-bitty symbolic link and the target file, than the original doc and any other hard link to it. In fact, it's impossible, since they are the exact same thing! 但是，它也使得区分符号链接和目标文件比起区分原始文件和其他硬链接来得容易。实际上，那是不可能的，因为它们（原始文件和其他硬链接）是完全相同的。

Hard links are becoming more and more obsolete, in favor of soft links. I strongly suggest you use symlinks, unless you know what you are doing. 相对于软链接，硬链接被用得越来越少了。我强烈建议你使用符号链接，除非你知道你正在做什么。

(the reference count , ie the number of hard links can be seen on the second column of an ls -l. （索引计数，也就是说在使用ls -l时可以在第二列看出硬链接数

If you delete a file with a >1 reference count, it means the data is still stored somewhere, and accessible through another hard link, 如果你删除了一个索引计数a >1的文件，那就意味着数据仍然被保存在磁盘的某个地方，并可以通过另一个硬链接进行访问。

if the reference count ==1, and you delete the file, the data will be lost and the space will actually be freed. 如果索引计数等于1，而你又删除了该文件，那么数据将丢失同时数据所占空间将被释放。

Don't mention reference counts smaller than 1 they are bad news Smile 不要说你的索引计数小于1，那将是个坏消息。一笑。

HTH

Hope This Helps 希望得到帮助

I

IIRC

If I (Recall|Remember) Correctly 如果我记得没错的话

IMHO

In My (Honest|Humble) Opinion 据我看来（坦率地说|以我之愚见）

Image

Computer Graphics: an image is a bidimensional array of colored/gray/BW points. It can be stored in a large numbre of formats (gif,png,jpg,tiff,bmp...) and can be displayed with an even larger number of tools. Web browsers, image viewers or image processing tools, such as The Gimp. 计算机绘图：图像是由彩色/灰色/黑白点组成的二维数组。它可以用大量的格式来保存（如gif,png,jpg,tiff,bmp...）同时也可以用更多的工具来显示。网页浏览器，图像观看和处理工具，如Gimp。

Files: an image is an exact copy of a chunk of data. Usually, images are used when creating bootable CDs or floppies, by copying an image of a linux kernel on them. Another use is when burning CDs: you first create a hard disk image of whatever you want to copy (files or raw audio data) and then you copy this image to the CDR. 文件：映像是大块数据的精确拷贝。映像通常在创建可引导光盘或软盘时使用，为了能在它们上面拷贝一个Linux内核映像。另一个用法应试是在烧录CD时：你首先创建一个你要拷贝的（文件或未加式的音频数据）的硬盘映像，然后将该映像拷到CDR上。

Interpreters

a program that can executes commands read from a text file. 能从文本文件中读取并执行命令的程序

The shell is an interpreter, so are perl, tcl/tk, python, scheme, and to some extent, Java. Shell就是一个解释程序，因此象perl, tcl/tk, python, scheme和java（在某些程序上）也都是。

A shell (or perl, or any other) script does not need to be compiled, so it is very portable. However interpreted languages are usually not as fast as compiled languages such as C, and they depend on the presence of the interpreter. 一个Shell（或是perl和其他）脚本不需要被编译，因此它极易移植。然而解释语言通常不如编译语言如C语言那么快，并且它们依赖解释程序的存在。

J

Java

"A highly portable object-oriented language whose syntax is based on C++'s" “一个基于C++语法的高可移植性的面向对象语言”

Java is currently a very popular language. It is object-oriented and was originally designed by Sun Microsystems to provide developers with a very portable language for use on a multitude of devices. Java是当前非常流行的语言。它是面向对象的，最初被Sun Microsystems设计用来为开发者提供可以在多种设备上使用的高可移植性语言。

Traditionally, a Java program is interpreted by a Java Virtual Machine: a software emulation of a standard processing environment (processor, memory, stack, etc.). Java程序一般是被Java虚拟机解释执行的。Java虚拟机是一个提供标准处理环境的仿真软件

The JVM is different on every architecture, but the Java program doesn't need any modification or compilation when switching from one architecture to another. This makes some Java programs exceptionally slow on some occasions, compared to equivalent programs in C++. However, its very high degree of portability make it ideal to expand the client-server software concept. JVM（Java虚拟机）在不同体系结构上都是不同的，但Java程序在一个体系结构切换到另一个时却不需要经过任何的修改或编译。这也使得某些Java程序在某些环境下相对于实现相同功能的C++程序而言显得异常缓慢。然而，它的高可移植性使之成为扩展client-server（客户端-服务器，即我们常说的CS结构）概念的规范。

The latest advances in the development of Java now include direct compilation, making the programs much faster, and expansion in the computer graphics area. 当前Java开发中的最新进展是包含了直接编译功能，以便程序运行的更快，同时扩展了在计算机图形领域方面的功能

joe

A text editor. ( Actually, it's "Joe's Own Editor" ). joe is based primarily on WordStar, a formerly very popular program for MS-DOS. 一种文本编辑器。（实际上，它是“Joe自己的编辑器”）。Joe主要基于WordStar（一个以前在MS-DOS下非常流行的程序）开发的。

See Also Emacs, Recursive. 参见Emacs, Recursive

K

Kernel

The core of a linux system, the kernel is loaded right after your bootloader starts booting linux, and starts the system according to your configuration. Linux系统的核心部分，内核在你的引导程序开始引导Linux之后被引导，然后按照你的配置开始运行系统。

It is the "conductor" of the linux orchestra. 它是Linux系统的“指挥”

Versions of the Kernel: 内核的版本号：

First (major) number: the "Great Number", that changes once every so often.
第一（主）版本号：“重要版本号”，常常会改变。

Second (minor)number: the release number.It is even for stable releases and odd for development ones.
第二（次）版本号：发行版本号，偶数为稳定版本，奇数为开发版本。

Third number (patch): the update number, usually bug-fixes, or small upgrades.
第三版本号（补丁）：更新版本号，通常是Bug修复或小的升级。

[ Do NOT (as I once did Smile install a kernel with an odd minor number (i.e. 2.3 and hope it will work completely as you expect. Being odd means means this is a development kernel, paving the road for the next even, stable release. (i.e. 2.4). 请不要（我就曾经做过）安装次版本号为奇数的内核（如：2.3），并期望它能按你所希望的那样完美地工作。奇数版本号意味着那是正在开发的内核，是为下一个稳定版本作好铺垫（如：2.4版）。

L

Linux

in the truest sense of the word, "Linux" refers only to the kernel. 从单词确切的意义来说，“Linux”仅仅是指内核。

What most people people call "Linux" is in fact usually "GNU/Linux", at least according to the Free Software Foundation. 大多数人通常所说的“Linux”实际上是指“GNU/Linux”，起码是按照自由软件基金会的说法。

"Linux" comes from UNIX (of course) and Linus Torvalds, who wrote one of the first free Unix-based kernel. It was used by the GNU project as a kernel for their system while the HURD kernel was|is in development. “Linux”来源于UNIX（当然）和Linus Torvalds，编写了第一个自由的类UNIX内核的人。它被GNU项目组用来当作他们系统的内核，因为那时他们的HURD内核正在开发中。

[By the way, some people are still fighting over whether to say lie nucks , or lee nux. Make up your mind but choose swiftly , this battle is a bloody mess Wink. Linus Torvalds had to issue a recording of how HE said it!] [顺便说一句，一些人一直在争论它是读成lie nucks还是lee nux。下决心快速地选一个。这场论战导致了相当的混乱，以致于Linus Torvalds不得有发布他是如何读它的录音。

M

Mailing lists

There are many (hundreds at least) of user lists, but first browse the archives. Some of those gurus don't like answering the same question fifty times. 现在有很多（至少有几百个）用户列表，但是请首先浏览存档。这些邮件列表中的一些专家不想五十多次都回答同一个问题。

They are the closest thing you may find to a "Hot-Line". 这些都是最近出现的，你也许可以找到一条“热线”

Manpage

A specially-formatted file that offers information about a specific command or topic. 一种特定格式的文件，主要提供指定命令或主题的相关信息。

man ls

calls the manpage for the command ls, showing syntax, options,etc. 调用命令ls的在线手册，以显示语法，可选项等等。

Most programs install their own manual in the same place (usually /usr/share/man, though that may vary. A variable MANPATH exists and should point to all the directories containing manpages). 大多数程序都在同一个地方安装他们自己的手册（通常是/usr/share/man，尽管也许有可能不同。变量MANPATH会指向所有包括在线手册的目录）

Mount

A file system is organized in a tree-form, with subdirectories.In order to access another filesystem (other partitions, disks,etc) one needs to mount it. That is, specify the type of the filesystem (ext3,fat...) and the directory where to put the root of the new filesystem in the directory tree. 文件系统是用带子目录的树形结构组织的。为了访问其他文件系统（另一个分区，磁盘等）而需要挂载它。那需要指定文件系统的类型（Ext3，Fat．．．）和目录树中放置新文件系统根的目录所在。

If you have a dos disk called C in which there are the files autoexec.bat and config.sys, then the command 如果你有一个被称为C的Dos磁盘，其中包括着autoexec.bat和config.sys文件，然后命令： mount -t msdos /dev/hda1 /mnt/dos

will link C:\ to directory /mnt/dos. So 将C:\链接到/mnt/dos目录。于是 ls /mnt/dos

will give: 将得到：

autoexec.bat config.sys

Linux filesystems are usually automatically mounted during the boot phase,starting with the root filesystem, and then the others: /usr, /home, etc. Linux的文件系统通常能在引导阶段自动被挂载，开始是根文件系统，然后是/usr，/home等等。

check your /etc/fstab for more info 查看/etc/fstab以得到更多信息。

Be careful when changing /etc/fstab, don't mount /usr/local before having mounted /usr, it does not make sense... 当改变/etc/fstab时要小心，不要在挂载/usr之前挂载/usr/local，那是不合理的。

WARNING: The directory called the mount point MUST exist and it MUST ABSOLUTELY be EMPTY prior to the mounting operation, or else you will hide files possibly needed for the system's stability. 警告：被称为挂载点的目录必须存在，并且它绝对必须在挂载操作前为空，否则为了系统的稳定你也必须将文件尽可能的隐藏起来。

So do NOT mount ANYTHING over / unless you really know what you are doing. 因此不要挂载任何东西在/目录上，除非你确实知道你在干什么。

If you think you feel the need for such a stunt, take a look at the chroot command. 如果你认为你觉得确实需要那样的话，看一看chroot命令。

O

Open Source

A general term that refers to software that has its source code included so that the consumer can modify the software if required. It is usually used as a synonym for Free Software. 一个常用名词是指软件包括其源代码，以便客户可以在需要时修改该软件。它通常是自由软件的同义词。

P

/proc/*

Pseudo-directory structure acting as gateway to communicate with processes and other 'behind-the-scenes' bowels such as networking, memory, etc. 伪目录结构作为网关与进程和其他后台内部程序如网络、内存等进行通讯。

Those files don't really exist; when read, the system reports info, and some items, when written to, change system behavior. Pretty cool! 哪些文件并不真正存在；当被读时，系统报告信息和其他项，当被写时，改变系统行为。相当的酷！

/proc/$$ = info about current shell (aka $$) including commandline, present directory, environment vars, etc
/proc/$$ = 当前Shell（aka $$)的相关信息，包括命令行，当前目录和环境变量等

/proc/self/ = symlink to current process info
/proc/self/ = 到当前进程信息的软连接

/proc/sys/net/* = ...

/proc/pci: info about PCI devices
/proc/pci: PCI设备相关信息

/proc/interrupts: for IRQ monitoring
/proc/interrupts: 中断监视

...

Packages

Linux software typically come either in tarballs or in packages. 通常Linux软件是以Tarballs或包的形式出现的。

Most distributions prefer the package form for two reasons: 大多数发行版都喜欢用包，原因有两点：

It is easier to track what is installed, if it only means checking which packages (and versions).
如果它只表示着哪个软件（和版本）的话，能更容易跟踪安装了什么。

(This is very important because, in the Linux world, software changes often) （这是非常重要的，因为在Linux世界里软件经常改变。）

It is a very convenient way to check that dependencies are met.
它提供了更方便检查合适依赖关系的途径。

Package management

On Ubuntu systems, use synaptic, aptitude, apt-get or dpkg. 在Ubuntu系统中，使用synaptic, aptitude, apt-get或dpkg。

Ubuntu and Debian packages have the extension .deb , and RedHat 's have .rpm. Ubuntu和Debian包有着.deb的扩展名，而RedHat则是.rpm。

Partition

A partition is a chunk of hard disk on which a filesystem can be built. 分区是硬盘上可以创建文件系统的一块区域。

A hard disk can have many partitions , each with its own filesystem. This makes it possible to have two or more operating systems coexist on the same hard disk drive, each one living in its own partition(s). 一个硬盘可能有许多的分区，每个都可以有自己的文件系统。这使得同一个硬盘上可能拥有两个或两个以上的操作系统，且每个都在它自己的分区里。

"Partitioning a hard drive" means separating it into partitions. There are a number of tools to do this, among them the native Linux tools"fdisk" and "cfdisk", as well as the controversial "Partition Magic" for Windows. “硬盘分区”意味着将它分成几个分区。有很多工具可以做到这一点，在它们中Linux自带的工具是"fdisk"和"cfdisk"，类似于Windows环境中的"Partition Magic"。

Linux requires at least two partitions: one is the linux swap partition, (usually twice the size of the RAM) and the other is the ext3 root filesystem. However it is sometimes recommended to mount /usr, /home, and other directories on other partitions than the one containing the root FS. Linux要求至少有两个分区：一个是Linux的交换分区（通常是RAM的两倍），另一个是Ext3格式的根文件系统。然而，相对于一个根文件系统而言，人们常常会被建议在其他分区中挂载/usr、/home和其他目录。

path

The list of directories from the root directory (absolute path) or from any directory (relative path) to a given file: /usr/bin/vi is the absolute path of vi. When the current directory is /usr the relative path of vi is ./bin/vi. 从根目录（绝对路径）或从任何目录（相对路径）到给定文件的目录列表：/usr/bin/vi就是一个到vi相对路径。如果当前目录是/usr，那么vi的相对路径就是./bin/vi了。

People also refer to the PATH, which is a list of directories in which commands will run without needing to use the full, absolute path above. For example, if /usr/bin wasn't listed in your PATH, you would need to use the command /usr/bin/vi instead of simply vi. Your PATH is an environment variable for your shell, and changing it depends on the shell you are using. 人们也指定PATH变量，包括着命令的目录列表，以便不必使用完全绝对路径。举个例子，如果/usr/bin目录没有列在你的PATH变量中，那么你将需要使用/usr/bin/vi来代替简单的vi命令。你的PATH变量是你SHELL中的一个环境变量，对它的改变取决于你所使用Shell。

Glossary

词汇表

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