Ubuntu Dapper Drake 6.06 Guide

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鸣谢

本指南内的信息部分/全部来自/修改自如下资源，符合GNU自由文档协议证书中的相关规定（版本1.2,2002年11月）

非官方Ubuntu 5.04新手上手指南 作者：Chua Wen Kiat

非官方Ubuntu 6.06 (Dapper Drake) 新手上手指南 作者： 拉脱维亚大学Linux中心社团.

欢迎使用非官方Ubuntu指南 作者：Richard Harvey及其社团.

Gentoo Linix Wiki 作者：wiki贡献者.

Ubuntu桌面使用指南 作者：Ubuntu文档组


如何使用本指南

  • 选择菜单将按如下次序显示：文件->打开（”->”符号表示用鼠标点开一个下拉菜单或者点击一个按钮）
  • 打开一个终端：应用程序->附件->终端
淡蓝色文本框内的文字表示可以在终端内以“复制、粘贴”方式执行的命令
  • * 先点插入之后就会有:
    • : 之后就会有:
一个淡蓝色的文本框，之后可以在文本框内编辑要描述的文件
  • 快捷键将按如下方式表示：“Ctrl-N”。“Control”、“Shift”、“Alternate”键将分别被表示为Ctrl、Shift及Alt，并且这样表示意味着你按下第二个键的时候要保持第一个键在按下的状态。
  • 复制和粘贴：为减少输入错误，使用“复制”和“粘贴”命令在终端执行相应命令（在命令上用鼠标右击，选择“复制”或“粘贴”。您也可以使用Ctrl+C进行复制，并使用Shift+Insert粘贴命令。）
  • “sudo”命令意味着超级用户执行命令。“sundo”命令输入后将会提示您输入密码（”Password:”），请输入用户密码。
  • 如果您想了解任何一个命令的更多信息，可以使用”man”命令查看操作说明。例如，”man sudo”将会显示”sudo”命令的操作说明。
  • 如果您已经厌倦了总是使用”apt-get”命令，阅读一下#如何轻松使用apt-get（Synaptic）
  • 有internet连接方可使用”apt-get”和”wget”命令安装、更新或下载软件。
  • 需要下载文件时，可以在链接上右键单击，选择“保存为…”，要确保文件名及扩展名称正确。
如果您使用的是Kubuntu，您需要使用如下命令安装Gedit：
sudo apt-get install gedit
您也可以使用”kwrite”代替”gedit”，比如使用kwrite来写文件


sudo gedit /etc/apt/sources.list
写文件
sudo kwrite /etc/apt/sources.list
如果您使用64位版本的系统，将”i386”替换成”amd64”



指南目标

  • 为最新版本的Ubuntu创立指南
  • 从其他指南为本指南添加最好的GFDL内容，使得最好的内容在最合适的位置
  • 为新使用者增加命令行指南
  • 尽量避免重复劳动。新内容仅在网络上GFDL授权范围内寻找不到的情况下才会创立
  • 寻找愿意帮助维护本指南或本指南中的一部分的人，以及愿意帮助翻译本指南的人
  • 不断改进指南的内容格式，使本指南更易于阅读，有更强的一致性。



开始Linux之旅

Linux是什么？



什么是发行版(distro)？



在哪可以获得发行版列表？



如何在硬盘上为Linux分区

如何选择分区软件

Ubuntu Dapper Drake已经包含了一个不错的图形界面安装程序Espresso。Espresso内含的分区工具叫做Gparted，这个工具可以在系统安装之前（需要的话也可以在安装之后使用）对硬盘进行分区。事实上在安装Ubuntu之前系统会提示用户分区的相关选项。

Linux每天都有新的版本发行，因此我们推荐您设立多个分区。这样在安装下一个版本之前，并不需要删除运行中的发行版。


Linux分区基础知识

和其他类型的操作系统不同的是，Linux可以读取所有类型的分区。Linux首先给硬盘驱动器起一个名字，然后再给分区编号。第一个硬盘是hda，第二个硬盘是hdb，第三个是hdc，如此类推。所以第二个硬盘上的第三个分区将会是hdb3。系统只允许有4个主分区。如果想要获得更多的分区，主分区中的一个可以被转换为扩展分区。之后扩展分区可以象主分区那样再被分成若干逻辑分区。


什么是“根”（root）分区

/ 分区被称为根（root）分区，是Linux所有目录的开始。它包括所有Linux操作系统运行必须的文件。对大部分Linux发行版来说，5GB的空间足够用了。


什么是Linux交换（Swap）分区

Linux交换分区是一些生成一次之后就会被遗忘的东西。Linux用这些磁盘空间来临时存放从RAM写入的数据，这样可以为其他进程释放内存。交换分区和其他所有类型分区的不同在于它并不是用来储存文件的，因此这里不再赘述。


交换分区应该多大？

交换分区的大小取决于你的用途，一般是内存大小的1~3倍。实际上它确实和您的内存价格、电脑速度及你在电脑上干什么有关系。如果您有256M的内存，将交换分区设置为512M就可以了，如果你的电脑需要经常使用到交换分区，那您最好再去买些内存回来。我的内存是1G的，电脑几乎用不到交换分区，甚至在同时进行10个程序的多任务操作的时候也用不到。交换分区的绝对最小值为256M。


什么是文件系统

文件系统其实就是在磁盘上用来组织数据的“方法”。它可以控制磁盘空间分配，为每个文件设立文件名、目录、权限及其他信息。Ext3系统有日志记录，并且恢复丢失数据更加容易，它是目前Linux下面最常用的、受欢迎的文件系统。另外KrazyPenguin也比较受欢迎。

基本分区设置

编号 分区 类型 名称 大小 目录 描述
1 主 ext3 hda1 5GB / Linux 1 - 给主要Linux发行版.
2 主 ext3 hda2 5GB / Linux 2 - 给第二Linux发行版.
3 主 ext3 hda3 5GB / Linux 3 - 用于测试Linux发行版.
4 扩展 不可用 hda4 剩余空间 无 扩展分区数做为挂载点，但其本身并不挂载.
5 逻辑 swap hda5 1GB Linux-Swap 做为各发行版之间共享的交换分区.
6 逻辑 ext3 hda6 剩余空间 /home 所有Linux发行版共用的home目录..




如何手动挂载分区

  • 阅读 #如何使用本指南
  • 若挂载点不存在，则创建一个:
  • 在这个例子中，第一块硬盘的第三分区将会被挂载到/media，所以我们需要先创建一个目录:
sudo mkdir /media/hda3
/media 可以是任何目录
/media 缺省已经存在
hda3 可以任意命名
a = 代表硬盘，如果是第二块硬盘则为b，第三块硬盘则为c
3 = 分区数，从1开始
  • 使用如下格式挂载分区（fstype=分区类型，mountpoint=挂载点）：
mount -t [fstype] /dev/hdxy /mountpoint
  • 在上例ext3文件系统中，我们执行挂载就需要这样做:
mount -t ext3 /dev/hda3 /media/hda3



Grub引导器

什么是Grub引导器

Grub是Ubuntu（及其他许多Linux发行版）自带的引导管理器。



Grub如何安装

当使用Espresso安装Ubuntu到硬盘的时候，Ubuntu安装程序会自动安装Grub。Grub应该安装到MBR。



什么是MBR

MBR意思是Master Boot Record（主启动引导记录），它是一个在计算机启动的时候执行的小程序。



Grub能否认出我的其他系统

Grub会检测并设置硬盘上已经存在的其他Linux/Ubuntu系统。如果对操作系统的设置不正确或设置失败，还可以对Grub进行修改编辑。



如何修改Grub

很多时候另一个发行版在Grub菜单内会设置不好。出现这种情况的时候，我们需要修改Grub菜单。如果你在硬盘上安装有其他的Linux发行版并且是可以启动的，那你可以直接用这个发行版启动进行编辑修改。否则你需要用Live CD启动计算机，然后再修改Grub菜单。虽然方法不同，但您做的是同样的事。



要修改何种文件

您可以在这里找到需要修改的文件： /boot/grub/menu.lst (注意那不是“一”，是一个小写的“L”)。如果从Ubuntu中修改，打开一个终端并输入'sudo gedit /boot/grub/menu.lst'。这个操作的执行可能因为发行版的不同而不同。



需要编辑菜单的哪个部分

当您查看menu.lst文件的时候，您大概会注意到下面这样的一节内容。为了能启动另一个Linux发行版，我们可能要编辑这样的一节，或者增加这样的一节。

menu.lst文件中一节的示例：
title Ubuntu, kernel 2.6.15-15-386
root (hd0,1)
kernel /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.15-15-386 root=/dev/hda2 ro quiet splash
initrd /boot/initrd.img-2.6.15-15-386
savedefault
boot



如何编辑启动节

title 	< 标题，在这您随便写什么都行 >
root 	(hdx,y) x=(硬盘号-1)and y=(引导分区号-1)
kernel 	< 输入kernel，后面增加'root=dev/hdax ro quiet splash'， 其中x表示分区号 >
initrd 	< 这里输入 initrd 信息 – 注意要和内核相匹配 >
savedefault 	< 只是 savedefault 就够了 --- 简单吧？ ：） >
boot 	< 只是 boot --- 没其他内容了 >



能否从另一个 menu.lst 文件中复制启动节

非常聪明！如果另一个非引导操作系统的引导目录中的menu.lst是可用的，那么直接复制粘贴相应的启动节中的内容过来就可以了。



如何使用Live CD重新安装Grub

sudo grub
  • 一个 grub> 提示符将会出现
find /boot/grub/stage1
  • 系统会将找到的所有的Linux grub列出清单并显示出来。选择与分区相匹配的grub进行修复，例如：(hd0) , (hd0,2)
  • 无论电脑跳出什么东西，下一个命令用这个东西照填就是了。如果是(hd0,2)，那么要执行这样的命令:
root (hd0,2) 
setup (hd0,2)
  • 系统会显示 "Checking..."和 "Running..."这样一些命令行
  • 倒数第二行应该是 "succeeded"，最后一行应该是"Done."
quit
  • 重新启动系统并将可启动光盘取出。



开始Ubuntu之旅

什么是Ubuntu



查看Ubuntu的屏幕截图



与Ubuntu有关的程序和库的清单



下载最新版本的Ubuntu



获取完全免费派送的Ubuntu光盘



寻求Ubuntu帮助



寻找新程序



为桌面风格寻找主题组件



软件仓库

刚安装好的系统内的原始软件仓库文件

  • 您可以打开/etc/apt/sources.list 查看刚安装好的系统中的原始软件仓库文件
deb  dapper main restricted
deb-src  dapper main restricted

deb  dapper-updates main restricted
deb-src  dapper-updates main restricted

# deb  dapper universe
# deb-src  dapper universe

# deb  dapper-backports main restricted universe multiverse
# deb-src  dapper-backports main restricted universe multiverse

deb  dapper-security main restricted
deb-src  dapper-security main restricted
# deb  dapper-security universe
# deb-src  dapper-security universe



如何添加额外软件仓库

  • 阅读 #如何使用本指南
  • 您也可以使用 Synaptic Package Manager （混合软件包管理器）来添加额外软件仓库。新用户可能会发现使用包管理器添加额外软件仓库更容易操作。如果您使用上面的链接，那这一节下面的内容不一定要继续。
sudo cp /etc/apt/sources.list /etc/apt/sources.list_backup
sudo gedit /etc/apt/sources.list
  • 用如下内容替换所有内容

deb  dapper main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src  dapper main restricted universe multiverse

deb  dapper-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src  dapper-updates main restricted universe multiverse

deb  dapper-security main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src  dapper-security main restricted universe multiverse

deb  dapper-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src  dapper-backports main restricted universe multiverse

deb  breezy free non-free
deb-src  breezy free non-free
  • 保存编辑过的文件
sudo apt-get update
  • 您也可以生成您自己的资源列表sources.list: [10]
确保您知道自己在作什么之后再使用您自己的资源列表。



Ubuntu更新（升级）

如何自动更新

Ubuntu有一个叫做Ubuntu更新管理器（Ubuntu Update Manager）的程序自动更新/升级软件包。当有可用更新的时候，启动栏上会出现一个小图标，点击它然后按照提示照做就可以了。



如何手动更新Ubuntu

sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get upgrade
缺省设置：应该保持缺省设置，除非软件包强烈提示您要求配置，当有提示的时候按"N"或者回车键就可以。
  • * 软件包描述
apt-cache show < package >
  • * 移除不使用的软件包
sudo apt-get clean && sudo apt-get autoclean



如何跳跃式升级

跳跃式升级（dist-upgrade） = 更新软件包，可能是增加或者删除需要的软件包，但有可能造成系统被破坏。这应该且应该仅仅在你想测试一个发行版或者你想升级到下一个版本的时候进行。如果升级到下一个版本，软件仓库也有可能要改变，Ubuntu就是这样的。

这是执行的命令: 

sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get dist-upgrade

如果系统出现问题，然后apt-get告诉你不能升级某个软件包，你需要从Ubuntu软件包网站上下载，然后用下面的命令去安装：$sudo dpkg -i --force-overwrite name.deb如果还不能修正您的问题，您可能要重装一下系统。





简单地安装额外地软件

Automatix是什么 ?

  • 这是一个图形界面地可以用于安装大部分Ubuntu/Kubuntu/Xubuntu BREEZY (Warty, Hoary 或者 Dapper不行)上面地软件的程序，它可以让你的Ubuntu在节约资源的前提下开足马力安装软件。用Automatix你可以在几分种内搞定本指南内描述的许多主题。
  • Automatix可以帮助您安装好多媒体解码，所有firefox的插件（java,flash等），; RAR, ACE 和 UNRAR 压缩至迟; skype; Acrobat reader 7; Gnomebaker; gftp; DC++ and amule; Frostwire; Audacity; Kino; EasyTag; Mplayer; totem-xine; VLC; Beep Media Player; Opera; Bittornado; Azureus; Enables Numlock on; 编程工具 (Anjuta (C/C++ IDE), Bluefish (HTML editor), (Web Dev)); GnomePPP; MS true type 字体; Streamtuner; 非免费 audio and dvd 解码; ndisgtk (WiFi 图形配置工具); SUN'S JAVA JRE v1.5; SUN'S JAVA JDK v1.5; wine; gdesklets; 探测Nvidia系列的显卡以及安装驱动，还可以做很多其他很有用的事情。
  • 想了解更多的话可以看这里: [11]
  • 如果您在美国请不要安装非免费的音频和DVD解码，那是非法的事情。



如何安装Automatix

目前还没有专为Dapper开发的版本。Dapper发布后专为Dapper设计的Automix才会发布。 Arnieboy 不会加入这个项目，但其他人会。



附属应用程序

如何为Mozilla Firefox安装Adobe Reader (PDF Reader)插件

sudo apt-get install acroread
sudo apt-get install mozilla-acroread
sudo apt-get install acroread-plugins



如何安装 Amorak (多媒体播放器)

sudo apt-get install amarok
  • Applications -> Sound & Video -> amaroK



如何安装 aMule (P2P eMule客户端)

sudo apt-get install amule



如何安装 Anjuta (综合开发环境)

sudo apt-get install anjuta
  • Applications -> Programming -> Anjuta IDE



如何安装Audacity (音频编辑器)

sudo apt-get install audacity



如何安装 Azureus 非软件仓库来源，但看起来表现得更好 (P2P BT客户端)

wget -c 
sudo tar jxvf Azureus_2.4.0.2_linux.tar.bz2 -C /opt
sudo gedit /usr/share/applications/azureus.desktop
  • 在新文件内插入如下几行:
[Desktop Entry] 
Name=Azureus
Comment=A Bittorrent client
Exec=/opt/azureus/azureus
Icon=/opt/azureus/Azureus.png
Terminal=false
Type=Application
Categories=Application;Network;
  • Save the edited file
  • Applications -> Internet -> Azureus
当Azureus试着升级的时候似乎总是会有些权限问题
想避免上述情况出现，改变如下权限设置:
提示：把username改成你的用户名。
sudo chown -R username:username /opt/azureus/plugins
您可能要重新启动一下Azureus来使应用生效。



如何安装Blender 3d (3D 建模工具)

sudo apt-get install blender
  • Applications -> Graphics -> Blender 3D modeller



如何安装Bluefish (html编辑器)

sudo apt-get install bluefish
  • Applications -> Programming -> Bluefish Editor
  • * Bluefish -> Edit -> Preferences -> External Programs
    • 右键单击把"Mozilla"移动到浏览器列表的最顶端。



如何安装build-essential (基本编译器)

sudo apt-get install build-essential



如何安装 BUM (启动管理器)

sudo apt-get install bum



如何安装Clipboard Daemon for GNOME（GNOME剪贴板服务）

wget -c 
sudo tar jxvf gnome-clipboard-daemon-1.0.bin.tar.bz2 -C /usr/bin/
sudo chown root:root /usr/bin/gnome-clipboard-daemon
sudo chmod 755 /usr/bin/gnome-clipboard-daemon
sudo gnome-clipboard-daemon &
export EDITOR=gedit && crontab -e
  • 在文件结尾增加如下一行
@reboot gnome-clipboard-daemon
  • 保存编辑过的文件



如何安装 Cowbell (音乐组织管理器)

sudo apt-get install cowbell
  • Applications -> Sound & Video -> Cowbell Music Organizer



如何安装DC++ (文件共享工具)

wget -c  
sudo tar zxvf linuxdcpp.tar.gz -C /opt
sudo gedit /usr/share/applications/dcpp.desktop
  • 在新文件中插入如下几行
[Desktop Entry]
Encoding=UTF-8
Name=DC++
Exec=/opt/linuxdcpp/dcpp
Terminal=false
Type=Application
StartupNotify=true
Icon=eyes.png
Categories=Application;Network;
  • 保存编辑过的文件
  • Applications -> Internet -> DC++



如何安装 Dia (图表编辑器)

sudo apt-get install dia-gnome



如何安装digiKam (图片浏览器)

sudo apt-get install digikam
  • Applications -> Graphics -> digikam



如何安装Download Manager (X的下载管理器)

sudo apt-get install d4x



如何安装 DVD 回放功能

Note: gstreamer dvd plugin not ported to dapper yet. following instructions will not work properly
sudo apt-get install libdvdcss2



如何安装 dvd::rip (DVD 压缩工具)

sudo apt-get install dvdrip
sudo apt-get install vcdimager
sudo apt-get install cdrdao
sudo apt-get install subtitleripper
sudo ln -fs /usr/bin/rar /usr/bin/rar-2.80
sudo gedit /usr/share/applications/dvdrip.desktop
  • 在新文件内插入如下几行
[Desktop Entry]
Name=dvd::rip 
Comment=dvd::rip
Exec=dvdrip
Icon=/usr/share/perl5/Video/DVDRip/icon.xpm
Terminal=false
Type=Application
Categories=Application;AudioVideo;



如何安装 EasyTAG (ID3 标签编辑器)

sudo apt-get install easytag



如何安装 Ethereal (网络阻塞分析工具)

sudo apt-get install ethereal
  • Applications -> Internet -> Ethereal



如何安装额外的字体

sudo apt-get install xfonts-intl-arabic
sudo apt-get install xfonts-intl-asian
sudo apt-get install xfonts-intl-chinese
sudo apt-get install xfonts-intl-chinese-big
sudo apt-get install xfonts-intl-european
sudo apt-get install xfonts-intl-japanese
sudo apt-get install xfonts-intl-japanese-big
sudo apt-get install xfonts-intl-phonetic
sudo apt-get install gsfonts-x11
sudo apt-get install msttcorefonts
sudo fc-cache -f -v
提示：Ubuntu Dapper自带了DejaVu字体（源自Bitstream Vera）并且对拉丁，希腊，Cyrillic等语系的语言提供了足够支持。



如何安装Firestarter (防火墙)

sudo apt-get install firestarter



如何为Mozilla Firefox安装flash Player (Macromedia Flash)插件

sudo apt-get install flashplugin-nonfree
sudo update-flashplugin
  • 重新启动Mozilla Firefox



How to install FrostWire (P2P Gnutella Client that is better than LimeWire)

wget -c 
sudo dpkg -i FrostWire-4.10*
  • Applications -> Internet -> FrostWire
  • The current package cannot run due to an error in the encoding of the run script. The solution is simple though
sudo nano /usr/lib/frostwire/runFrost.sh
  • Hit the following keys
CTRL+O
ALT+D
Enter
CTRL+X
  • Applications -> Internet -> FrostWire



How to install game Frozen-Bubble

sudo apt-get install frozen-bubble
  • Applications -> Games -> Frozen-Bubble



How to install game Scorched3D

sudo apt-get install scorched3d
sudo gedit /usr/share/applications/scorched3d.desktop
  • Insert the following lines into the new file
[Desktop Entry]
Name=Scorched 3D
Comment=A 3D Remake Of Scorched Earth
Exec=scorched3d
Icon=
Terminal=false
Type=Application
Categories=Application;Game;ArcadeGame;



How to install game Tuxracer

sudo apt-get install planetpenguin-racer planetpenguin-racer-data planetpenguin-racer-extras
  • Applications -> Games -> planetpenguin-racer



How to install gDesklets (Desktop Applets)

sudo apt-get install gdesklets
sudo apt-get install gdesklets-data



How to install gFTP (FTP Client)

sudo apt-get install gftp



How to install GNOME PPP (Dialup PPP Client)

sudo apt-get install gnome-ppp



How to install GnomeBaker (CD/DVD Burning Application)

sudo apt-get install gnomebaker
  • Applications -> Accessories -> GnomeBaker CD/DVD Creator



How to install GnuCash (Accounting Application)

sudo apt-get install gnucash
sudo rm -fr /usr/share/gnome/apps/Applications/
sudo gedit /usr/share/applications/GnuCash.desktop
  • Insert the following lines into the new file
[Desktop Entry]
Name=GnuCash
Comment=GnuCash Personal Finance
Exec=gnucash
Icon=/usr/share/pixmaps/gnucash/gnucash-icon.png
Terminal=false
Type=Application
Categories=Application;Office;



How to install Goobox (CD Ripper)

sudo apt-get install goobox
sudo rm -f /usr/share/applications/goobox.desktop
sudo gedit /usr/share/applications/goobox.desktop
  • Insert the following lines into the new file
[Desktop Entry]
Name=CD Player & Ripper
Comment=Play and extract CDs
Exec=goobox
Icon=goobox.png
Terminal=false
Type=Application
Categories=Application;AudioVideo;



How to install GParted (Partition Editor)

sudo apt-get install gparted



How to install J2SE Runtime Environment (JRE) with Plug-in for Mozilla Firefox

sudo apt-get install sun-j2re1.5
echo 3 | sudo update-alternatives --config java
  • Restart Mozilla Firefox



How to install K3b (CD/DVD Burning Application)

sudo apt-get install k3b k3b-mp3
  • Applications -> Sound & Video -> K3b



How to install KDE Edutainment applications

sudo apt-get install kdeedu
  • Applications -> Education -> ...



How to install Kino (Video Editor)

sudo apt-get install kino
sudo apt-get install kinoplus
sudo apt-get install kino-timfx
sudo apt-get install kino-dvtitler



How to install LinPopUp (GTK port of Winpopup)

sudo apt-get install linpopup
sudo gedit /usr/share/applications/linpopup.desktop
  • Insert the following lines into the new file
[Desktop Entry]
Name=LinPopUp
Comment=LinPopUp
Exec=linpopup
Icon=/usr/share/pixmaps/linpopup.xpm
Terminal=false
Type=Application
Categories=Application;Utility;



How to install Multimedia Codecs

Note: All known codecs work except for wmv
sudo apt-get install gstreamer0.10-ffmpeg
sudo apt-get install gstreamer0.10-gl
sudo apt-get install gstreamer0.10-plugins-base
sudo apt-get install gstreamer0.10-plugins-good
sudo apt-get install gstreamer0.10-plugins-bad
sudo apt-get install gstreamer0.10-plugins-bad-multiverse
sudo apt-get install gstreamer0.10-plugins-ugly
sudo apt-get install gstreamer0.10-plugins-ugly-multiverse



How to install Nessus (Vulnerability Scanner)

sudo apt-get install nessus
sudo apt-get install nessusd
sudo nessus-adduser
sudo ln -fs /etc/init.d/nessusd /etc/rc2.d/S20nessusd
sudo /etc/init.d/nessusd start
sudo gedit /usr/share/applications/Nessus.desktop
  • Insert the following lines into the new file
[Desktop Entry]
Name=Nessus
Comment=Nessus
Exec=nessus
Icon=/usr/share/pixmaps/nessus.xpm
Terminal=false
Type=Application
Categories=Application;System;



How to install Nvu (Web Authoring System)

sudo apt-get install nvu
sudo rm -f /usr/share/applications/nvu.desktop
sudo gedit /usr/share/applications/nvu.desktop
  • Insert the following lines into the new file
[Desktop Entry]
Name=Nvu
Comment=Web Development Editor
Exec=nvu
Icon=nvu.xpm
Terminal=false
Type=Application
Categories=Application;Network;



How to install Pan (Newsreader)

wget -c 
sudo apt-get install libgmime2.1
sudo dpkg -i pan_0.96_i386.deb



How to install Quanta Plus (Web Development Environment)

sudo apt-get install quanta
  • Applications -> Programming -> Quanta Plus



How to install rar (RAR Archiver)

sudo apt-get install rar
sudo ln -fs /usr/bin/rar /usr/bin/unrar
  • Applications -> Accessories -> Archive Manager



How to install RealPlayer 10 (Multimedia Player)

sudo apt-get install realplay
Note: 'realplay' installs RealPlayer 10 from PLF repo. 'realplayer' installs RealPlayer 8 from multiverse.



How to install RP-PPPoE (Broadband ADSL/PPPoE Client)

wget -c 
sudo tar zxvf rp-pppoe-3.6.tar.gz -C /opt/
sudo chown -R root:root /opt/rp-pppoe-3.6/
sudo gedit /usr/share/applications/RP-PPPoE.desktop
  • Insert the following lines into the new file
[Desktop Entry]
Name=RP-PPPoE
Comment=RP-PPPoE
Exec=gksudo /opt/rp-pppoe-3.6/go-gui
Icon=
Terminal=false
Type=Application
Categories=Application;Network;



How to install RSSOwl (RSS/RDF/Atom Newsreader)

wget -c 
sudo tar zxvf rssowl_linux_1_1_3_bin.tar.gz -C /opt/
sudo chown -R root:root /opt/rssowl_linux_1_1_3_bin/
sudo gedit /usr/bin/runRSSOwl.sh
  • Insert the following lines into the new file
export MOZILLA_FIVE_HOME=/usr/lib/mozilla-firefox
export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$LD_LIBRARY_PATH:${MOZILLA_FIVE_HOME}:${LD_LIBRARY_PATH}
cd /opt/rssowl_linux_1_1_3_bin/
./run.sh
  • Save the edited file
sudo chmod +x /usr/bin/runRSSOwl.sh
sudo gedit /usr/share/applications/RSSOwl.desktop
  • Insert the following lines into the new file
[Desktop Entry]
Name=RSSOwl
Comment=RSSOwl
Exec=runRSSOwl.sh
Icon=/opt/rssowl_linux_1_1_3_bin/rssowl.xpm
Terminal=false
Type=Application
Categories=Application;Network;
  • Save the edited file
  • Applications -> Internet -> RSSOwl



How to install SCIM (Chinese Input Method)

sudo apt-get install scim
sudo apt-get install scim-chinese
sudo apt-get install scim-config-socket
sudo apt-get install scim-gtk2-immodule
sudo apt-get install scim-tables-zh
wget -c 
sudo tar zxvf fireflysung-1.3.0.tar.gz -C /usr/share/fonts/truetype/
sudo chown -R root:root /usr/share/fonts/truetype/fireflysung-1.3.0/ 
sudo fc-cache -f -v
  • System -> Preferences -> SCIM Input Method Setup
  • To activate SCIM
Press 'Ctrl + Space'



How to install Scribus (Desktop Publishing Application)

sudo apt-get install scribus



How to install Skype (Messenger)

wget -c 
sudo tar jxvf skype_staticQT-1.2.0.18.tar.bz2 -C /opt/
sudo ln -s /opt/skype-1.2.0.18/skype /usr/bin/skype
sudo cp /opt/skype-1.2.0.18/skype.desktop /usr/share/applications/skype.desktop
sudo cp /opt/skype-1.2.0.18/icons/skype_32_32.png /usr/share/icons/hicolor/32x32/apps/skype.png
rm skype_staticQT-1.2.0.18.tar.bz2



How to install Stellarium (virtual planetarium)

sudo apt-get install stellarium
sudo gedit /usr/share/applications/stellarium.desktop
  • Insert the following lines into the new file
[Desktop Entry]
Name=Stellarium
Comment=Virtual planetarium
Exec=stellarium
Terminal=false
Type=Application
Categories=Application;Education;
  • Applications -> Education -> Stellarium



How to install Streamtuner (Stream Directory Browser)

sudo apt-get install streamtuner
sudo apt-get install streamripper



How to install Thunderbird (Mozilla Email Client)

sudo apt-get install mozilla-thunderbird



How to install Totem (Multimedia Player) with Plug-in for Mozilla Firefox

sudo apt-get install totem-gstreamer-firefox-plugin
  • Restart Mozilla Firefox



How to install Wine

sudo gedit /etc/apt/sources.list
  • insert these lines on the end of the file
deb  binary/
deb-src  source/
  • save the file
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install wine 
sudo apt-get install msttcorefonts
  • run winecfg to configure Wine for your software
winecfg
The configuration will vary between applications
Search the Wine Applications Database at http://appdb.winehq.org/
Also try doing a Google search with 'wine + <Windows Softare Application Name> + linux



How to install Xine-ui (Multimedia Player)

sudo apt-get install xine-ui
  • Associate xine-ui to play multimedia files
gconftool-2 --type string --set /desktop/gnome/volume_manager/autoplay_dvd_command "xine dvd://"
sudo rm -f /usr/share/applnk/Multimedia/xine.desktop
sudo ln -fs /usr/share/xine/desktop/xine.desktop /usr/share/applications/
sudo cp /usr/share/applications/defaults.list /usr/share/applications/defaults.list_backup
sudo sed -e 's/totem.desktop/xine.desktop/g' /usr/share/applications/defaults.list_backup > /tmp/defaults.list
sudo mv /tmp/defaults.list /usr/share/applications/defaults.list



How to install XMMS (Multimedia Player)

  • Install XMMS with docker-applet (xmms-status-plugin) and XMMS skins.
sudo apt-get install xmms xmms-status-plugin xmms-skins
  • Enable 'Status Docklet Plugin 1.0'
Ctrl-P -> General Plugins tab-> Choose'Status Docklet Plugin' and click 'Enable' near bottom-right -> OK
  • Choose a Skin
Alt-S -> look in the 'Directiories' on bottom-half and make sure '/usr/share/xmms/Skins' is highlighted 
Toggle through the skins in the top-half using the up/down arrow keys -> click 'Close' when done
  • * Search for XMMS/BMP/Winamp skins on the internet -> download and copy them to /home/username/.xmms/skins. To use them, open XMMS and Alt-S. Just click on the folder and select a skin.


XMMS Equalizer Presets Installation
  • You've probably noticed that XMMS doesn't come with any Equalizer presets. But, importing the Winamp equalizer presets is possible with the following lines (note that this will wipe your own equalizer settings):
wget 
gunzip  winamp_presets.gz
mv winamp_presets ~/.xmms/eq.preset
XMMS must be restarted in order for the 'Presets' to load


Associate XMMS to play MP3/M3U/WAV files (default player for those extensions)
sudo cp /usr/share/applications/defaults.list /usr/share/applications/defaults.list_backup
sudo cp /usr/share/applications/defaults.list /tmp/defaults.list_tmp
sudo sed -e 's/audio\/mpeg=.*/audio\/mpeg=XMMS.desktop/g' /tmp/defaults.list_tmp > /tmp/defaults.mp3
sudo sed -e 's/audio\/x-mpegurl=.*/audio\/x-mpegurl=XMMS.desktop/g' /tmp/defaults.mp3 > /tmp/defaults.m3u
sudo sed -e 's/audio\/x-wav=.*/audio\/x-wav=XMMS.desktop/g' /tmp/defaults.m3u > /tmp/defaults.list
sudo mv /tmp/defaults.list /usr/share/applications/defaults.list
sudo rm -f /tmp/defaults.*



Pre-Installed Application Setup and Tweaks

How to setup and tweak Evolution (email/calendar/addressbook)

  • Get the Evolution User Manual Here



How to setup and tweak Firefox? (web browser)

  • Import Bookmarks: Firefox needs to be running to import bookmarks. The place where Firefox stores it's bookmarks is /home/username/.mozilla/firefox/xxxxxxxx.default/bookmarks.html
  • Import Bookmarks -> Bookmarks -> Manage Bookmarks -> File -> Import -> (From File) Next -> (choose location of file) Open
  • * http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Using_Firefox



How to setup and tweak Nautilus for ftp (file manager)

  • Open Nautilus -> Places -> Home Folder
  • Nautilus -> File -> Connect to Server...
Service Type: (choose 'Custom Location')
Location (URI): '
Name to use for connection: 'name_of_connection'
  • -> Connect
  • Open new connection -> Places -> 'name_of_connection'
'Authentication Required' screen -> Connect as user: enter Username and Password
-> click 'Remember password for this session' -> Connect



Other Desktop Environments

How to install KDE

sudo apt-get install kubuntu-desktop
Note: This installation will require ~400MB of disk space
  • System -> Log Out -> Log Out
  • To log in to KDE click on Sessions and choose KDE



How to install XFCE

sudo apt-get install xubuntu-desktop
  • System -> Log Out -> Log Out
  • To log in to XFCE click on Sessions and choose XFCE



Eye Candy

How to install Xgl/Compiz (Nvidia)

sudo cp /etc/X11/xorg.conf /etc/X11/xorg.conf_backup
sudo gedit /etc/X11/xorg.conf
  • Find this section
Section "Module"
	Load	"i2c"
	Load	"bitmap"
	...
	Load	"type1"
	Load	"vbe"
EndSection
  • Comment out dri and GLcore (if present)
#	Load	"dri"
#	Load	"GLcore"
  • Make sure the glx module is loaded
	Load	"glx"
  • Find this section (your values may vary)
Section "Device"
	Identifier	"NVIDIA Corporation NV18 [GeForce4 MX 4000 AGP 8x]"
	Driver		"nv"
	BusID		"PCI:1:0:0"
EndSection
Note: The 'Identifier' tag above will display the information of the Nvidia card installed on your computer.
  • Replace with the following lines, leaving the Identifier and BusID as it is
Section "Device"
	...
	Driver		"nvidia"
	...
	Option		"RenderAccel"		"true"
	Option		"AllowGLXWithComposite" "true"
EndSection
  • Find this section
Section "Screen"
	Identifier	"Default Screen"
	Device		"NVIDIA Corporation NV34M [GeForce FX Go5200]"
	Monitor		"Generic Monitor"
	DefaultDepth	16
  • Make sure DefaultDepth is set to 24, if it isn't already
	DefaultDepth	24
  • Save the edited file
  • Install Xgl/Compiz
sudo apt-get install compiz xserver-xgl libgl1-mesa xserver-xorg libglitz-glx1 compiz-gnome
sudo cp /etc/gdm/gdm.conf-custom /etc/gdm/gdm.conf-custom-backup
sudo gedit /etc/gdm/gdm.conf-custom
  • Replace everything with the following lines
# GDM Configuration Customization file.
#
# This file is the appropriate place for specifying your customizations to the
# GDM configuration.   If you run gdmsetup, it will automatically edit this
# file for you and will cause the daemon and any running GDM GUI programs to
# automatically update with the new configuration.  Not all configuration
# options are supported by gdmsetup, so to modify some values it may be
# necessary to modify this file directly by hand.
# 
# To hand-edit this file, simply add or modify the key=value combination in
# the appropriate section in the template below.  Refer to the comments in the
# gdm.conf file for information about each option.  Also refer to the reference
# documentation.
# 
# If you hand edit a GDM configuration file, you should run the following
# command to get the GDM daemon to notice the change.  Any running GDM GUI
# programs will also be notified to update with the new configuration.
# 
# gdmflexiserver --command="UPDATE_CONFIG <configuration key>"
#
# For example, the "Enable" key in the "[debug]" section would be specified by
# "debug/Enable".
# 
# You can also run gdm-restart or gdm-safe-restart to cause GDM to restart and
# re-read the new configuration settings.  You can also restart GDM by sending
# a HUP or USR1 signal to the daemon.  HUP behaves like gdm-restart and causes
# any user session started by GDM to exit immediately while USR1 behaves like
# gdm-safe-restart and will wait until all users log out before restarting GDM.
# 
# For full reference documentation see the gnome help browser under
# GNOME|System category.  You can also find the docs in HTML form on
# 
# 
# NOTE: Lines that begin with "#" are considered comments.
# 
# Have fun!

[daemon]

[security]

[xdmcp]

[gui]

[greeter]

[chooser]

[debug]

[servers]# Override display 1 to use Xgl
0=Xgl 

[server-Xgl] 
name=Xgl server 
command=/usr/bin/Xgl :0 -fullscreen -ac -accel glx:pbuffer -accel xv:fbo 
flexible=true
  • Create a script that runs Xgl/Compiz on startup
sudo gedit /usr/bin/thefuture
  • Insert the following lines into the new file. Replace .us with appropriate keyboard binding for region. Eg .uk for United Kingdom. If unsure, leave as .us
#!/bin/bash
gnome-window-decorator & compiz --replace gconf decoration wobbly fade minimize cube rotate zoom scale move resize place switcher &
xmodmap /usr/share/xmodmap/xmodmap.us
  • Save the file
sudo chmod 755 /usr/bin/thefuture
  • To run compiz for this session
thefuture
  • * System -> Preferences -> Sessions 
/usr/bin/thefuture
  • * Switch windows = Alt + Tab
    • Arrange and View All Windows = F12 turns on or off; clicking a window will zoom it to the front
    • Switch desktops on cube = Ctrl + Alt + Left/Right Arrow
    • Switch desktops on cube - with active window following = Ctrl + Shift + Alt + Left/Right Arrow
    • Rotate cube manually = Ctrl + Alt + left-click
    • Make window translucent/opaque = currently only possible with the "transset" utility
    • Zoom-in once = Super-key right-click
    • Zoom-in manually = Super-key + wheel mouse up
    • Zoom-out manually = Super-key + wheel mouse down
    • Move window = Alt + left-click
    • Snap Move window (will stick to borders) = Ctrl + Alt + left-click
    • Resize window = Alt + right-click



Commercial Applications

How to install Windows 9X/ME/2000/XP (Win4Lin)



How to install Windows Applications (CrossOver Office)

  • The crossover version being used in this example is install-crossover-standard-demo-4.2.sh
  • Read #How to use this Guide
  • Goto http://www.codweavers.com and download the latest version.
  • Change to the directory where the install-crossover-standard-demo-X.X.sh is located using a terminal.
cd /home/username
sh install-crossover-standard-demo-4.2.sh

License Agreement Screen-> OK
CrossOver Office Standard Setup Screen -> Begin Install
CrossOver Office Standard Setup Screen -> Configure Now
  • Start Application: -> Applications -> CrossOver -> Office Setup
  • Remove Application: -> Applications -> Crossover -> Uninstall Office



How to install Windows Games (Cedega)



User Administration

How to set/change/enable root user password

sudo passwd root



How to disable root user account

sudo passwd -l root



How to allow root user to login into GNOME

Security Tab -> Security -> Allow local system administrator login (Checked)



How to switch to root user in Console mode

sudo -s -H
Password: <specify user password>



How to add/edit/delete system users

Users Tab -> Add User.../Properties/Delete
or
sudo useradd jim
sudo userdel jim
  • For more info read
man usermod



How to add/edit/delete system groups

Groups Tab -> Add Group.../Properties/Delete



How to automatic login into GNOME (not secure)

Security -> Automatic Login ->
Enable Automatic Login (Checked)
User: (type_in_username) or (click on arrow to see list)



How to allow more sudoers

export EDITOR=gedit && sudo visudo
  • Append the following line at the end of file
system_username	ALL=(ALL) ALL
  • Save the edited file



How to use "sudo" without prompt for password (not secure)

export EDITOR=gedit && sudo visudo
  • Find this line
...
system_username	ALL=(ALL) ALL
...
  • Replace with the following line
system_username	ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD: ALL
  • Save the edited file



How to explicitly destroy the "sudo" session

sudo -K



How to change files/folders permissions

Right click on files/folders -> Properties 
Permissions Tab -> Read/Write/Execute (Checked the permissions for Owner/Group/Others)



How to change files/folders ownership

sudo chown system_username /location_of_files_or_folders



How to change files/folders group ownership

sudo chgrp system_groupname /location_of_files_or_folders



Hardware

How to install Graphics Driver (NVIDIA)

sudo apt-get install nvidia-glx
sudo cp /etc/X11/xorg.conf /etc/X11/xorg.conf_backup
sudo nvidia-glx-config enable
if an error occurs and are unable to enable nvidia-glx then it must be done manually
  • To enable nvidia-glx manually
sudo gedit /etc/X11/xorg.conf
  • find this line
Section "Device"
	Identifier	"NVIDIA Corporation xxxx [xxxxx xx xxxx xxx xx]"
	Driver		"nv"
	BusID		"PCI:1:0:0"
EndSection
  • and replace "nv" with "nvidia" so it looks like this
Section "Device"
	Identifier	"NVIDIA Corporation xxxx [xxxxx xx xxxx xxx xx]"
	Driver		"nvidia"
	BusID		"PCI:1:0:0"
EndSection
enable nvidia-settings -- optional
sudo gedit /usr/share/applications/NVIDIA-Settings.desktop
  • Insert the following lines into the new file:
[Desktop Entry]
Name=NVIDIA Settings
Comment=NVIDIA Settings
Exec=nvidia-settings
Icon=
Terminal=false
Type=Application
Categories=Application;System;
  • Save the edited file



How to disable NVIDIA graphics logo on GNOME startup

sudo cp /etc/X11/xorg.conf /etc/X11/xorg.conf_backup
sudo gedit /etc/X11/xorg.conf
  • Find this section
...
Section "Device"
	Identifier	"NVIDIA Corporation NV11 [GeForce2 MX/MX 400]"
	Driver		"nvidia"
	BusID		"PCI:1:0:0"
...
  • Add the following line below it
Option		"NoLogo"



How to install Graphics Driver (ATI)



How to identify Modem chipset

wget -c 
gunzip -c scanModem.gz > scanModem
chmod +x scanModem
sudo cp scanModem /usr/bin/
  • To identify Modem chipset
sudo scanModem
gedit Modem/ModemData.txt



How to install Modem Driver (SmartLink)

uname -r (must be 2.6.10-5-386)
wget -c 
sudo dpkg -i sl-modem-modules-*.deb
sudo apt-get install sl-modem-daemon



How to configure PalmOS Devices

sudo gedit /etc/udev/rules.d/10-custom.rules
  • Insert the following line into the new file
BUS="usb", SYSFS{product}="Palm Handheld*", KERNEL="ttyUSB*", NAME{ignore_remove}="pilot", MODE="666"
  • Save the edited file
  • System -> Preferences -> PalmOS Devices
  • Follow the instructions on screen



How to list partition tables

sudo fdisk -l
  • You can also use System -> Administration -> Disks



How to list filesystem disk space usage

df -T -h
  • You can also use System -> Administration -> Disks



How to list mounted devices

mount



How to list PCI devices

lspci



How to list USB devices

lsusb



How to speed up CD/DVD-ROM

e.g. Assumed that /dev/cdrom is the location of CD/DVD-ROM
sudo hdparm -d1 /dev/cdrom
sudo cp /etc/hdparm.conf /etc/hdparm.conf_backup
sudo gedit /etc/hdparm.conf
  • Append the following lines at the end of file
/dev/cdrom {
dma = on
}
  • Save the edited file



How to mount/unmount CD/DVD-ROM manually, and show all hidden and associated files/folders

e.g. Assumed that /media/cdrom0/ is the location of CD/DVD-ROM
  • To mount CD/DVD-ROM
sudo mount /media/cdrom0/ -o unhide
  • To unmount CD/DVD-ROM
sudo umount /media/cdrom0/



How to forcefully unmount CD/DVD-ROM manually

e.g. Assumed that /media/cdrom0/ is the location of CD/DVD-ROM
sudo umount /media/cdrom0/ -l



How to remount /etc/fstab without rebooting

sudo mount -a



CD/DVD Burning

How to blank CD-RW/DVD-RW

e.g. Assumed that /dev/cdrom is the location of CD/DVD-ROM
sudo umount /dev/cdrom
cdrecord dev=/dev/cdrom blank=fast



How to burn files/folders into CD/DVD

nautilus burn:///
  • File Browser: CD/DVD Creator
  • Drag files/folders into window
File Menu -> Write to Disc... -> Write



How to burn Image (ISO) files into CD/DVD

Right click on Image (ISO) file -> Write to Disc... -> Write



How to duplicate CD/DVD



How to create Image (ISO) files from CD/DVD

e.g. Assumed that /dev/cdrom is the location of CD/DVD-ROM
sudo umount /dev/cdrom
dd if=/dev/cdrom of=file.iso bs=1024



How to create Image (ISO) files from folders

mkisofs -o file.iso /location_of_folder/



How to generate MD5 checksum files

md5sum file.iso > file.iso.md5



How to check MD5 checksum of files

e.g. Assumed that file.iso and file.iso.md5 are in the same folder
md5sum -c file.iso.md5



How to mount/unmount Image (ISO) files without burning

sudo mkdir /media/iso
sudo modprobe loop
sudo mount file.iso /media/iso/ -t iso9660 -o loop
  • To unmount Image (ISO) file
sudo umount /media/iso/



How to set/change the burn speed for CD/DVD Burner

/ -> apps -> nautilus-cd-burner -> default_speed (set/change the burn speed)



How to enable burnproof for CD/DVD Burner

/ -> apps -> nautilus-cd-burner -> burnproof (Checked)



How to enable overburn for CD/DVD Burner

/ -> apps -> nautilus-cd-burner -> overburn (Checked)



Networking

How to configure Google Talk



How to activate/deactivate network connections

Connections Tab -> Select "Ethernet connection" -> Activate/Deactivate



How to configure network connections

Connections Tab -> Select "Ethernet connection" -> Properties
Connection -> Enable this connection (Checked)
Connection Settings -> Configuration: Select "DHCP/Static IP address"

DNS Tab -> DNS Servers -> Add/Delete



How to configure dialup connections

sudo pppconfig
  • To connect dialup
sudo pon provider_name
  • To disconnect dialup
sudo poff



How to configure broadband connections

sudo pppoeconf



How to change computer name

General Tab -> Host Settings -> Hostname: Specify the computer name
  • Save and close all opened applications, Reboot computer



How to change computer descriptions

sudo cp /etc/samba/smb.conf /etc/samba/smb.conf_backup
sudo gedit /etc/samba/smb.conf
  • Find this line
...
server string = %h server (Samba, Ubuntu)
...
  • Replace with the following line
server string = new_computer_descriptions
  • Save the edited file
sudo testparm
sudo /etc/init.d/samba restart



How to change computer Domain/Workgroup

sudo cp /etc/samba/smb.conf /etc/samba/smb.conf_backup
sudo gedit /etc/samba/smb.conf
  • Find this line
...
workgroup = MSHOME
...
  • Replace with the following line
workgroup = new_domain_or_workgroup
  • Save the edited file
sudo testparm
sudo /etc/init.d/samba restart



How to assign Hostname to local machine with dynamic IP using free DynDNS service

sudo apt-get install ipcheck
sudo gedit /etc/ppp/ip-up.d/dyndns_update.sh
  • Insert the following lines into the new file
#!/bin/sh

USERNAME=myusername
PASSWORD=mypassword
HOSTNAME=myhostname.dyndns.org

cd /root/
if [ -f /root/ipcheck.dat ]; then
ipcheck -r checkip.dyndns.org:8245 $USERNAME $PASSWORD $HOSTNAME
else
ipcheck --makedat -r checkip.dyndns.org:8245 $USERNAME $PASSWORD $HOSTNAME
fi
  • Save the edited file
sudo chmod 700 /etc/ppp/ip-up.d/dyndns_update.sh
sudo sh /etc/ppp/ip-up.d/dyndns_update.sh



How to share folders the easy way

Right click on folder -> Share folder

Shared folder -> Share with: Select "SMB"
Share properties -> Name: Specify the share name



How to browse network computers

e.g. Assumed that network connections have been configured properly
If computers or network folders could not be found, try access them directly
Read #How to access network folders without mounting
  • Places -> Network Servers



How to access network folders without mounting

e.g. Assumed that network connections have been configured properly
Network computer's IP: 192.168.0.1
Shared folder's name: linux
  • Open Run Application -> Alt+F2
  • Insert the following line into the Run Application box:
smb://192.168.0.1/linux
  • Click "Run"



How to mount/unmount network folders manually, and allow all users to read

e.g. Assumed that network connections have been configured properly
Network computer's IP: 192.168.0.1
Network computer's Username: myusername
Network computer's Password: mypassword
Shared folder's name: linux
Local mount folder: /media/sharename
  • To mount network folder
sudo mkdir /media/sharename
sudo mount //192.168.0.1/linux /media/sharename/ -o username=myusername,password=mypassword
  • To unmount network folder
sudo umount /media/sharename/



How to mount/unmount network folders manually, and allow all users to read/write

e.g. Assumed that network connections have been configured properly
Network computer's IP: 192.168.0.1
Network computer's Username: myusername
Network computer's Password: mypassword
Shared folder's name: linux
Local mount folder: /media/sharename
  • To mount network folder
sudo mkdir /media/sharename
sudo mount //192.168.0.1/linux /media/sharename/ -o username=myusername,password=mypassword,dmask=777,fmask=777
  • To unmount network folder
sudo umount /media/sharename/



How to mount network folders on boot-up, and allow all users to read

e.g. Assumed that network connections have been configured properly
Network computer's IP: 192.168.0.1
Network computer's Username: myusername
Network computer's Password: mypassword
Shared folder's name: linux
Local mount folder: /media/sharename
sudo mkdir /media/sharename
sudo gedit /root/.smbcredentials
  • Insert the following lines into the new file
username=myusername
password=mypassword
  • Save the edited file
sudo chmod 700 /root/.smbcredentials
sudo cp /etc/fstab /etc/fstab_backup
sudo gedit /etc/fstab
  • Append the following line at the end of file
//192.168.0.1/linux    /media/sharename smbfs  credentials=/root/.smbcredentials    0    0



How to mount network folders on boot-up, and allow all users to read/write

e.g. Assumed that network connections have been configured properly
Network computer's IP: 192.168.0.1
Network computer's Username: myusername
Network computer's Password: mypassword
Shared folder's name: linux
Local mount folder: /media/sharename
sudo mkdir /media/sharename
sudo gedit /root/.smbcredentials
  • Insert the following lines into the new file
username=myusername
password=mypassword
  • Save the edited file
sudo chmod 700 /root/.smbcredentials
sudo cp /etc/fstab /etc/fstab_backup
sudo gedit /etc/fstab
  • Append the following line at the end of file
//192.168.0.1/linux    /media/sharename smbfs  credentials=/root/.smbcredentials,dmask=777,fmask=777  0    0



How to get ipw2200 and wpa to work



How to Configure and start PPTP tunnels (VPN)

OR
  • Install manually
wget -c 
tar zxvf pptp.tar.gz
sudo sh ./pptp/install
  • To configure PPTP Client
sudo gedit /usr/share/applications/pptpconfig.desktop
  • Replace content of this file with the following lines
[Desktop Entry]
Name=PPTP Client
Comment=Configure and start PPTP tunnels (VPN)
Categories=Application;Network
Encoding=UTF-8
Exec=gksudo pptpconfig
Icon=gnome-remote-desktop.png
StartupNotify=true
Terminal=false
Type=Application
  • The above lines change the default file in three ways: the application is placed in the Application/Internet category, gksudo will make the application run as superuser and we put a nice icon that appears in the menu.
  • Start the client with Applications -> Internet -> PPTP Client



Remote Desktop

How to configure remote desktop (not secure)

Warning! Remote Desktop will only work if there's a GNOME login session
Leaving computer with an unattended GNOME login session is not secure
Use (System -> Lock Screen) and switch off the monitor when computer is left unattended
  • System -> Preferences -> Remote Desktop
  • Remote Desktop Preferences
Sharing ->
Allow other users to view your desktop (Checked)
Allow other users to control your desktop (Checked)

Security ->
Ask you for confirmation (Un-Checked)
Require the user to enter this password: (Checked)
Password: Specify the password



How to connect into remote Ubuntu desktop

e.g. Assumed that remote Ubuntu machine have configured Remote Desktop
Read #How to configure remote desktop (not secure)
Remote Ubuntu machine: 192.168.0.1
vncviewer -fullscreen 192.168.0.1:0
  • To quit vncviewer
Press 'F8' -> Quit viewer



How to connect into remote Ubuntu desktop via Windows machine

e.g. Assumed that remote Ubuntu machine have configured Remote Desktop
Read #How to configure remote desktop (not secure)
Remote Ubuntu machine: 192.168.0.1
  • Download VNC Viewer: Here



Windows

How to mount/unmount Windows partitions (NTFS) manually, and allow all users to read only

e.g. Assumed that /dev/hda1 is the location of Windows partition (NTFS)
Local mount folder: /media/windows
  • To mount Windows partition
sudo mkdir /media/windows
sudo mount /dev/hda1 /media/windows/ -t ntfs -o nls=utf8,umask=0222
  • To unmount Windows partition
sudo umount /media/windows/



How to mount/unmount Windows partitions (FAT) manually, and allow all users to read/write

e.g. Assumed that /dev/hda1 is the location of Windows partition (FAT)
Local mount folder: /media/windows
  • To mount Windows partition
sudo mkdir /media/windows
sudo mount /dev/hda1 /media/windows/ -t vfat -o iocharset=utf8,umask=000
  • To unmount Windows partition
sudo umount /media/windows/



How to mount Windows partitions (NTFS) on boot-up, and allow all users to read only

e.g. Assumed that /dev/hda1 is the location of Windows partition (NTFS)
Local mount folder: /media/windows
sudo mkdir /media/windows
sudo cp /etc/fstab /etc/fstab_backup
sudo gedit /etc/fstab
  • Append the following line at the end of file
/dev/hda1    /media/windows ntfs  nls=utf8,umask=0222 0    0



How to mount Windows partitions (FAT) on boot-up, and allow all users to read/write

e.g. Assumed that /dev/hda1 is the location of Windows partition (FAT)
Local mount folder: /media/windows
sudo mkdir /media/windows
sudo cp /etc/fstab /etc/fstab_backup
sudo gedit /etc/fstab
  • Append the following line at the end of file
/dev/hda1    /media/windows vfat  iocharset=utf8,umask=000  0    0




Security

What are the basic things I need to know about securing my Ubuntu



How to disable all interactive editing control for GRUB menu

grub

grub> md5crypt
Password: ****** (ubuntu)
Encrypted: $1$ZWnke0$1fzDBVjUcT1Mpdd4u/T961 (encrypted password)
grub> quit

sudo cp /boot/grub/menu.lst /boot/grub/menu.lst_backup
sudo gedit /boot/grub/menu.lst
  • Find this section
...
# If used in the first section of a menu file, disable all interactive editing
# control (menu entry editor and command-line) and entries protected by the
# command 'lock'
# e.g. password topsecret
#   password --md5 $1$gLhU0/$aW78kHK1QfV3P2b2znUoe/
# password topsecret
...
  • Add the following line below it
password --md5 $1$ZWnke0$1fzDBVjUcT1Mpdd4u/T961 (encrypted password above)
  • Find this section
...
title		Ubuntu, kernel 2.6.10-5-386 (recovery mode)
root		(hd0,1)
kernel		/boot/vmlinuz-2.6.10-5-386 root=/dev/hda2 ro single
initrd		/boot/initrd.img-2.6.10-5-386
savedefault
boot
...
  • Replace with the following lines
#title		Ubuntu, kernel 2.6.10-5-386 (recovery mode)
#root		(hd0,1)
#kernel		/boot/vmlinuz-2.6.10-5-386 root=/dev/hda2 ro single
#initrd		/boot/initrd.img-2.6.10-5-386
#savedefault
#boot
  • Save the edited file



How to disable history listing in Console mode

rm -f $HOME/.bash_history
touch $HOME/.bash_history
chmod 000 $HOME/.bash_history



How to disable Ctrl+Alt+Del from restarting computer in Console mode

sudo cp /etc/inittab /etc/inittab_backup
sudo gedit /etc/inittab
  • Find this line
...
ca:12345:ctrlaltdel:/sbin/shutdown -t1 -a -r now
...
  • Replace with the following line
#ca:12345:ctrlaltdel:/sbin/shutdown -t1 -a -r now
  • Save the edited file
sudo telinit q



How to enable prompt before removal/overwritten of files/folders in Console mode

sudo cp /etc/bash.bashrc /etc/bash.bashrc_backup
sudo gedit /etc/bash.bashrc
  • Append the following lines at the end of file
alias rm='rm -i'
alias cp='cp -i'
alias mv='mv -i'
  • Save the edited file



Rescue Mode

How to gain root user access without login

Ubuntu, kernel 2.6.10-5-386 (recovery mode)



How to modify kernel boot-up arguments, to gain root user access

  • Read #How to use this Guide
  • Boot-up computer
  • If GRUB menu is hidden, press 'Esc' to enter the GRUB menu
  • If GRUB password is set, press 'p' to unlock the GRUB menu
  • Select
Ubuntu, kernel 2.6.10-5-386
  • Press 'e' to edit the commands before booting
  • Select
kernel /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.10-5-386 root=/dev/hda2 ro quiet splash
  • Press 'e' to edit the selected command in the boot sequence
  • Add "rw init=/bin/bash" to the end of the arguments
grub edit> kernel /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.10-5-386 root=/dev/hda2 ro quiet splash rw init=/bin/bash
  • Press 'b' to boot



How to use Ubuntu Installation CD, to gain root user access

  • Read #How to use this Guide
  • Boot-up computer into Ubuntu Installation CD
  • At "boot:" prompt, add "rescue" to the argument
boot: rescue
  • Follow the instructions on screen



How to change root user/main user password if forgotten

# passwd root
  • To change main user password
# passwd system_main_username



How to change GRUB menu password if forgotten

grub

grub> md5crypt
Password: ****** (ubuntu)
Encrypted: $1$ZWnke0$1fzDBVjUcT1Mpdd4u/T961 (encrypted password)
grub> quit

sudo cp /boot/grub/menu.lst /boot/grub/menu.lst_backup
sudo gedit /boot/grub/menu.lst
  • Find this line
...
password --md5 $1$gLhU0/$aW78kHK1QfV3P2b2znUoe/
...
  • Replace with the following line
password --md5 $1$ZWnke0$1fzDBVjUcT1Mpdd4u/T961 (encrypted password above)
  • Save the edited file



How to restore GRUB menu after Windows installation

e.g. Assumed that /dev/hda is the location of /boot partition
# grub-install /dev/hda



How to add Windows entry into GRUB menu

e.g. Assumed that /dev/hda1 is the location of Windows partition
sudo cp /boot/grub/menu.lst /boot/grub/menu.lst_backup
sudo gedit /boot/grub/menu.lst
  • Append the following lines at the end of file
title		Microsoft Windows
root		(hd0,0)
savedefault
makeactive
chainloader	+1
  • Save the edited file



How to read Linux partitions (ext2, ext3) in Windows machine

OR



Tips & Tricks

How to restart GNOME without rebooting computer

Press 'Ctrl + Alt + Backspace'
or
sudo /etc/init.d/gdm restart



How to turn on Num Lock on GNOME startup

sudo apt-get install numlockx
sudo cp /etc/X11/gdm/Init/Default /etc/X11/gdm/Init/Default_backup
sudo gedit /etc/X11/gdm/Init/Default
  • Find this line
...
exit 0
  • Add the following lines above it
if [ -x /usr/bin/numlockx ]; then
/usr/bin/numlockx on
fi



How to run programs on startup when login into GNOME

Startup Programs Tab -> Add/Edit/Delete



How to switch to Console mode in GNOME

Press 'Ctrl + Alt + F1' (F2 - F6)
  • To switch between consles in Console mode
Press 'Alt + F1' (F2 - F6)
  • To switch back to GNOME mode
Press 'Alt + F7'



How to disable Ctrl+Alt+Backspace from restarting X in GNOME

sudo cp /etc/X11/xorg.conf /etc/X11/xorg.conf_backup
sudo gedit /etc/X11/xorg.conf
  • Append the following lines at the end of file
Section "ServerFlags"
	Option		"DontZap"		"yes"
EndSection



How to enable Ctrl+Alt+Del to open System Monitor in GNOME

gconftool-2 -t str --set /apps/metacity/global_keybindings/run_command_9 "<Control><Alt>Delete"
gconftool-2 -t str --set /apps/metacity/keybinding_commands/command_9 "gnome-system-monitor"



How to refresh GNOME desktop

killall nautilus



How to refresh GNOME panel

killall gnome-panel



How to add icons to the panel? (GNOME)

  • By default the Firefox and Evolution icons are in the panel.
  • To add more icons
left-click mouse on icon from one of the menus -> drag the icon to the panel (top or bottom panel)
-> release left button
Example of icons to put in panel: Terminal, OpenOffice, Home Folder, Synaptic, Calculator, XMMS
Basically whatever programs you use the most.



How to enable autosave in Gedit and disable creation of some_file~ files

/ -> apps -> gedit-2 -> preferences -> editor -> save -> create_backup_copy (Unchecked)
/ -> apps -> gedit-2 -> preferences -> editor -> save -> auto_save (Checked)



How to show all hidden files/folders in Nautilus

Press 'Ctrl + H'
  • To permanently show all hidden files/folders in Nautilus
Edit Menu -> Preferences

Views Tab -> Default View -> Show hidden and backup files (Checked)



How to browse files/folders as root user in Nautilus

sudo gedit /usr/share/applications/Nautilus-root.desktop
  • Insert the following lines into the new file
[Desktop Entry]
Name=File Browser (Root)
Comment=Browse the filesystem with the file manager
Exec=gksudo "nautilus --browser %U"
Icon=file-manager
Terminal=false
Type=Application
Categories=Application;System;

Applications -> System Tools -> File Browser (Root)





How to change default file type "Open with" program

Right click on file -> Properties 
Open With Tab -> Add
Select "Open with" program

Select "Open with" program (Checked)



How to change preferred email client to Mozilla Thunderbird

Mail Reader Tab -> Default Mail Reader -> Command: mozilla-thunderbird %s



How to open files as root user via right click

gedit $HOME/.gnome2/nautilus-scripts/Open\ as\ root
  • Insert the following lines into the new file:
for uri in $NAUTILUS_SCRIPT_SELECTED_URIS; do
	gksudo "gnome-open $uri" &
done
  • Save and close the edited file.
chmod +x $HOME/.gnome2/nautilus-scripts/Open\ as\ root
  • Right click on a file -> Scripts -> Open as root



How to load Web site faster in Mozilla Firefox

Address Bar -> about:config

Filter: ->
network.dns.disableIPv6 -> true
network.http.pipelining -> true
network.http.pipelining.maxrequests -> 8
network.http.proxy.pipelining -> true
  • Restart Mozilla Firefox



How to disable beep sound for link find function in Mozilla Firefox

Address Bar -> about:config

Filter: -> accessibility.typeaheadfind.enablesound -> false
  • Restart Mozilla Firefox



How to apt-get the easy way (Synaptic)

  • Read #How to use this Guide
  • System -> Administration -> Synaptic Package Manager
  • To enable the extra Universe and Multiverse repositories
1. Settings -> Repositories
    • In the Installation Media tab, click Add. There are three separate repositories; Dapper Drake, Security Updates and Updates. Select each repository and check Officially supported, Restricted copyright, Community maintained (Universe) and Non-free (Multiverse). Ensure you click OK between each repository to save your changes
    • You should now see those three repositories under Channels. Make sure Officially supported, Restricted copyright, Community maintained (Universe) and Non-free (Multiverse) appears under each repository
  • To add backports and PLF (new versions of many applications. Unsupported. May contain illegal packages. Use at own risk.)
1. Settings -> Repositories
    • Click on Add and then Custom
    • Paste the following four lines into the box and click Add Repository, one line at a time:
deb  dapper-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src  dapper-backports main restricted universe multiverse

deb  breezy free non-free
deb-src  breezy free non-free
  • To refresh the list of known packages (equivalent to apt-get update)
Edit Menu -> Reload Package Information
  • To install all possible upgrades (equivalent to apt-get upgrade)
Edit Menu -> Mark All Upgrades... -> Default Upgrade
Edit Menu -> Apply Marked Changes
  • To search for a package (equivalent to apt-cache search package_name)
Edit Menu -> Search... Specify the package name
  • To install the selected package (equivalent to apt-get install package_name)
Select "package_name"
Package Menu -> Mark for Installation
Edit Menu -> Apply Marked Changes
  • To remove installed package (equivalent to apt-get remove package_name)
Select "package_name"
Package Menu -> Mark for Removal
Edit Menu -> Apply Marked Changes



What packages do the extra repositories provide

1. DVD playback support (libdvdcss2)
    • Skype
    • Sun Java SDK (Software Development Kit) and JRE (Java Runtime Environment)
    • Opera Web browser
    • RealPlayer 10
    • Win32 binary multimedia codecs



How to install/uninstall .deb files

sudo dpkg -i package_file.deb
  • To uninstall .deb file
sudo dpkg -r package_name



How to convert .rpm files to .deb files

sudo alien package_file.rpm



How to rename all files in directory at once

wget -c 
sudo tar zxvf mvb_1.6.tgz -C /usr/share/
sudo chown -R root:root /usr/share/mvb_1.6/
sudo ln -fs /usr/share/mvb_1.6/mvb /usr/bin/mvb
  • To rename all files in directory at once
mvb NEW_NAME



How to manipulate all image files in directory at once

sudo apt-get install imagemagick 
wget -c http://easylinux.info/uploads/bbips.0.3.2.sh 
sudo cp bbips.0.3.2.sh /usr/bin/bbips 
sudo chmod 755 /usr/bin/bbips
  • To manipulate all image files in directory at once
bbips



How to set System-wide Environment Variables

sudo cp /etc/bash.bashrc /etc/bash.bashrc_backup
sudo gedit /etc/bash.bashrc
  • Append the System-wide Environment Variables at the end of file
  • Save the edited file



How to save "man" outputs into files

man command | col -b > file.txt



How to hide GRUB menu on boot-up

sudo cp /boot/grub/menu.lst /boot/grub/menu.lst_backup
sudo gedit /boot/grub/menu.lst



  • Find this line
...
#hiddenmenu
...
  • Replace with the following line
hiddenmenu
  • Save the edited file



How to change the timeout seconds for GRUB menu on boot-up

sudo cp /boot/grub/menu.lst /boot/grub/menu.lst_backup
sudo gedit /boot/grub/menu.lst
  • Find this line
...
timeout     3
...
  • Replace with the following line
timeout     X_seconds
  • Save the edited file



How to change default Operating System boot-up for GRUB menu

sudo cp /boot/grub/menu.lst /boot/grub/menu.lst_backup
sudo gedit /boot/grub/menu.lst
  • Find this line
...
default     0
...
  • Replace with the following line
default     X_sequence
  • Save the edited file



How to display Splash Image for GRUB menu on boot-up

e.g. Assumed that hd0,1 is the location of Ubuntu boot partition
wget -c 
chmod 644 ubuntu.xpm.gz
sudo mkdir /boot/grub/images
sudo cp ubuntu.xpm.gz /boot/grub/images/
sudo cp /boot/grub/menu.lst /boot/grub/menu.lst_backup
sudo gedit /boot/grub/menu.lst
  • Find this section
# menu.lst - See: grub(8), info grub, update-grub(8)
#      grub-install(8), grub-floppy(8),
#      grub-md5-crypt, /usr/share/doc/grub
#      and /usr/share/doc/grub-doc/.
...
  • Add the following line below it
splashimage (hd0,1)/boot/grub/images/ubuntu.xpm.gz
  • Save the edited file



How to convert Wallpaper to Splash Image for GRUB menu

e.g. Assumed that wallpaper.png is the Wallpaper to be converted to Splash Image
splashimage.xpm.gz is the Splash Image for GRUB menu
convert -resize 640x480 -colors 14 wallpaper.png splashimage.xpm && gzip splashimage.xpm



How to temporary skip boot-up services

Press 'Ctrl + C'



How to permanently disable/enable boot-up services



How to clean /tmp/ folder contents on shutdown

sudo cp /etc/init.d/sysklogd /etc/init.d/sysklogd_backup
sudo gedit /etc/init.d/sysklogd
  • Find this section
...
stop)
log_begin_msg "Stopping system log daemon..."
start-stop-daemon --stop --quiet --oknodo --exec $binpath --pidfile $pidfile
log_end_msg $?
...
  • Add the following line below it
rm -fr /tmp/* /tmp/.??*
  • Save the edited file



How to scroll up and down to view previous outputs in Console mode

Press 'Shift + Page Up'
  • To scroll down to view previously outputs
Press 'Shift + Page Down'



How to find out which version of Ubuntu I am using

cat /etc/issue



How to set up automatic background change (GNOME)

mkdir ~/.backgrounds
cd ~/.backgrounds
wget -c 
chmod +x change_background.py
  • To change desktop background every time you reboot your computer
export EDITOR=gedit && crontab -e
  • Add the following line at the end of file
@reboot ~/.backgrounds/change_background.py
For more information about periodic processes see
man 5 crontab



How to set up automatic background change (KDE)

  • Go to K-menu -> System Settings -> Desktop -> Background
  • Choose Slide Show
  • Press Setup...
  • Press Add... to add pictures you wish to see as desktop background
  • Set 'Change picture after' to desired picture rotation interval.
  • Press 'OK'



How to add keyboard layouts for other languages

  • Read #How to use this Guide
  • Go to System -> Preferences -> Keyboard
  • Choose Layouts
  • Press Add... to add the secondary keyboard layout. It is simpler to have two layouts; the maximum is currently four for Xorg.
  • Choose Layout Options
  • Expand option Group Shift/Lock behaviour
  • Choose the key combination that enables you to switch between keyboard layouts. The default is by pressing both Alt keys at the same time. A common alternative is to use Alt+Shift.
  • Press Close.
See #How to add the Keyboard (Layout) Indicator applet to add the Keyboard Indicator applet



How to add the Keyboard (Layout) Indicator applet

  • Right-click on empty space on the top panel so that you see the pop-up menu.
  • Click Add to Panel...
  • Choose Keyboard Indicator (it is under the Utilities section, at the end)
The Keyboard Indicator applet appears on the panel. The default language should be USA for U.S. English. You can either right-click on this applet for more options or see above on how to configure.



How to type extended characters

  • Add the keyboard layout US English International (with dead keys)
  • Make US English International (with dead keys) the default keyboard layout.
The key marked ['"] is now a dead key. When you press it, nothing happens. However if you press a consonant immediately afterwards, the consonant appears with an accent.
  • ' + a = á
  • ' + e = é
  • and so on for i-í, o-ó, y-ý, c-ć, z-ź, n-Å???, l-ĺ, u-ú, r-Å•
  • " + a = ä
  • " + e = ë
  • and so on for y-ÿ, u-ü, i-ï, o-ö

Similarly, ` and a consonant generates à , è, ù, ì, ò. Similarly, ~ and a consonant generates ã, ũ, ĩ, õ, ñ.

To type ' and ", press RightAlt+' and RightAlt+" respectively. To type ' and ", you may also press '+<space> and "+<space> respectively.

There are more characters available by keeping RightAlt pressed and typing a character. Therefore,

  • RightAlt+q = ä
  • RightAlt+w = Ã¥
  • RightAlt+e = é
  • RightAlt+r = ®
  • RightAlt+t = þ
  • RightAlt+y = ü
  • RightAlt+u = ú
  • RightAlt+i = í
  • RightAlt+o = ó
  • RightAlt+p = ö
  • RightAlt+[ and ] for « and » respectively.
  • RightAlt+a = á
  • RightAlt+s = ß
  • RightAlt+d = ð
  • RightAlt+l = ø
  • RightAlt+; = ¶
  • RightAlt+: = °
  • RightAlt+z = æ
  • RightAlt+c = ©
  • RightAlt+n = ñ
  • RightAlt+m = µ
  • RightAlt+, = ç
  • RightAlt+/ = ¿
  • RightAlt+1 = ¡
  • RightAlt+2 = ²
  • RightAlt+3 = ³
  • RightAlt+4 = ¤
  • RightAlt+5 = â???¬
  • RightAlt+6 = ¼
  • RightAlt+7 = ½
  • RightAlt+8 = ¾
  • RightAlt+9 = ‘
  • RightAlt+0 = ’
  • RightAlt+- = Â¥
  • RightAlt+= = ×
  • RightAlt+! = ¹
  • RightAlt+@, then o = Å‘ (and Ő).
  • RightAlt+#, then a = ā (and Ä€). Similarly for Ä“Ä’, ūŪ, īĪ, ōŌ.
  • RightAlt+$ = £
  • RightAlt+% =
  • RightAlt+^ =
  • RightAlt+& =
  • RightAlt+*, then a = Ä… (and Ä???). Similarly for ęĘ, įĮ.
  • RightAlt+(, then a = ă (and Ä???)
  • RightAlt+(, then g = ÄŸ (and Äž)
  • RightAlt+), then a = Ã¥ (and Ã…)
  • RightAlt+_ =
  • RightAlt++ = ÷



How to set the Compose key to type special characters

Now you can type extended characters using the RightWin key (next to AltGr), according to this keyboard settings file. Specifically, the lines that start with GDK_Multi_key are those that we can use here. The Compose key is actually GDK_Multi_key.

Some examples,

  • RightWin + C + = produces â???¬
  • RightWin + = + C produces â???¬
  • RightWin + C + O produces ©
  • RightWin + O + C produces ©
  • RightWin + a + ' produces á
  • RightWin + a + " produces ä
  • RightWin + a + ` produces Ã
  • RightWin + a + ~ produces ã
  • RightWin + a + * produces Ã¥
  • RightWin + a + ^ produces â
  • RightWin + a + > produces â
  • RightWin + a + , produces Ä…
  • RightWin + e + - produces Ä“
  • RightWin + S + 1 produces ¹
  • RightWin + S + 2 produces ²
  • RightWin + S + 3 produces ³



Servers

AntiVirus Server

How to install ClamAV AntiVirus Server

sudo apt-get install clamav



How to manually update virus databases

sudo freshclam



How to manually scan files/folders for viruses

sudo clamscan -r /location_of_files_or_folders



How to automatically scan files/folders for viruses

e.g. Automatically scan files/folders for viruses at midnight everyday
* * * * * means minute hour date month year
export EDITOR=gedit &&  sudo crontab -e
  • Append the following line at the end of file
00 00 * * *  sudo clamscan -r /location_of_files_or_folders
  • Save the edited file



Print Server (cupsd)



How to install cupsd

Cupsd should be automatically installed during standard installation.
  • See if there is a file located at "/etc/init.d/cupsys".
  • Otherwise to manually install it:
sudo apt-get install cupsys*



How to add a printer

In gnome click on "System/Administration/Printing. And choose "Add printer". A "add printer wizard" should start and tell you what to do.



How to print on remote Ubuntu machine from another Ubuntu machine

  • Make sure your local printer is well configured.
  • Server ip address: 192.168.0.1
  • * Server configuration
sudo cp /etc/cups/cupd.conf /etc/cups/cupd.conf.backup
sudo gedit /etc/cups/cupsd.conf
find the block
<Location />
...
Allow localhost
...
</Location>
and add the following line into it.
Allow 192.168.0.23
Restart cups.
sudo /etc/init.d/cupsys restart
  • * Client configuration
sudo cp /etc/cups/client.conf /etc/cups/client.conf.backup
sudo gedit /etc/cups/client.conf
And add the following line into it.
ServerName 192.168.0.1
Restart cups.
sudo /etc/init.d/cupsys restart
Now try "lpq" and you should see something like
vitek@lightfox:~$ lpq
HPLJ6P is ready
no entries



How to print on remote Ubuntu machine from a Windows machine



Samba Server

How to install Samba Server for files/folders sharing service

sudo apt-get install samba
sudo apt-get install smbfs



How to add/edit/delete network users

sudo smbpasswd -a system_username
sudo gedit /etc/samba/smbusers

system_username = "network username"
    • Save the edited file
  • To edit network user
sudo smbpasswd -a system_username
  • To delete network user
sudo smbpasswd -x system_username



How to share home folders with read only permission (Authentication=Yes)

sudo cp /etc/samba/smb.conf /etc/samba/smb.conf_backup
sudo gedit /etc/samba/smb.conf
  • Find this line
...
;  security = user
...
  • Replace with the following lines
security = user
username map = /etc/samba/smbusers

sudo testparm
sudo /etc/init.d/samba restart



How to share home folders with read/write permissions (Authentication=Yes)

sudo cp /etc/samba/smb.conf /etc/samba/smb.conf_backup
sudo gedit /etc/samba/smb.conf
  • Find this line
...
;  security = user
...
  • Replace with the following lines
security = user
username map = /etc/samba/smbusers
  • Find this section
...
# By default, the home directories are exported read-only. Change next
# parameter to 'yes' if you want to be able to write to them.
writable = no
...
  • Replace with the following lines
# By default, the home directories are exported read-only. Change next
# parameter to 'yes' if you want to be able to write to them.
writable = yes

sudo testparm
sudo /etc/init.d/samba restart



How to share group folders with read only permission (Authentication=Yes)

sudo mkdir /home/group
sudo chmod 777 /home/group/
sudo cp /etc/samba/smb.conf /etc/samba/smb.conf_backup
sudo gedit /etc/samba/smb.conf
  • Find this line
...
;  security = user
...
  • Replace with the following lines
security = user
username map = /etc/samba/smbusers
  • Append the following lines at the end of file
[Group]
comment = Group Folder
path = /home/group
public = yes
writable = no
valid users = system_username1 system_username2
create mask = 0700
directory mask = 0700
force user = nobody
force group = nogroup

sudo testparm
sudo /etc/init.d/samba restart



How to share group folders with read/write permissions (Authentication=Yes)

sudo mkdir /home/group
sudo chmod 777 /home/group/
sudo cp /etc/samba/smb.conf /etc/samba/smb.conf_backup
sudo gedit /etc/samba/smb.conf
  • Find this line
...
;  security = user
...
  • Replace with the following lines
security = user
username map = /etc/samba/smbusers
  • Append the following lines at the end of file
[Group]
comment = Group Folder
path = /home/group
public = yes
writable = yes
valid users = system_username1 system_username2
create mask = 0700
directory mask = 0700
force user = nobody
force group = nogroup

sudo testparm
sudo /etc/init.d/samba restart



How to share public folders with read only permission (Authentication=Yes)

sudo mkdir /home/public
sudo chmod 777 /home/public/
sudo cp /etc/samba/smb.conf /etc/samba/smb.conf_backup
sudo gedit /etc/samba/smb.conf
  • Find this line
...
;  security = user
...
  • Replace with the following lines
security = user 
username map = /etc/samba/smbusers
  • Append the following lines at the end of file
[public]
comment = Public Folder
path = /home/public
public = yes
writable = no
create mask = 0777
directory mask = 0777
force user = nobody
force group = nogroup

sudo testparm
sudo /etc/init.d/samba restart



How to share public folders with read/write permissions (Authentication=Yes)

sudo mkdir /home/public
sudo chmod 777 /home/public/
sudo cp /etc/samba/smb.conf /etc/samba/smb.conf_backup
sudo gedit /etc/samba/smb.conf
  • Find this line
...
;  security = user
...
  • Replace with the following lines
security = user
username map = /etc/samba/smbusers
  • Append the following lines at the end of file
[public]
comment = Public Folder
path = /home/public
public = yes
writable = yes
create mask = 0777
directory mask = 0777
force user = nobody 
force group = nogroup

sudo testparm
sudo /etc/init.d/samba restart



How to share public folders with read only permission (Authentication=No)

sudo mkdir /home/public
sudo chmod 777 /home/public/
sudo cp /etc/samba/smb.conf /etc/samba/smb.conf_backup
sudo gedit /etc/samba/smb.conf
  • Find this line
...
;  security = user
...
  • Replace with the following line
security = share
  • Append the following lines at the end of file
[public]
comment = Public Folder
path = /home/public
public = yes
writable = no
create mask = 0777
directory mask = 0777
force user = nobody
force group = nogroup
  • Save the edited file
sudo testparm
sudo /etc/init.d/samba restart



How to share public folders with read/write permissions (Authentication=No)

sudo mkdir /home/public
sudo chmod 777 /home/public/
sudo cp /etc/samba/smb.conf /etc/samba/smb.conf_backup
sudo gedit /etc/samba/smb.conf
  • Find this line
...
;  security = user
...
  • Replace with the following line
security = share
  • Append the following lines at the end of file
[public]
comment = Public Folder
path = /home/public
public = yes
writable = yes
create mask = 0777
directory mask = 0777
force user = nobody
force group = nogroup
  • Save the edited file
sudo testparm
sudo /etc/init.d/samba restart



How to print on remote Ubuntu machine via samba

sudo cp /etc/samba/smb.conf /etc/samba/smb.conf.backup
gedit /etc/samba/smb.conf
Find the following lines
# printing = cups
# printcap name = cups
and uncomment them.
printing = cups
printcap name = cups
Restart cups server
sudo /etc/init.d/cupsys restart
Now printers working on your Ubuntu machine should be acessible via samba.



SSH Server

How to install SSH Server for remote administration service

sudo apt-get install ssh



How to SSH into remote Ubuntu machine

e.g. Assumed that remote Ubuntu machine have installed SSH Server service
Read #How to install SSH Server for remote administration service
Remote Ubuntu machine: 192.168.0.1
ssh [email protected]



How to copy files/folders from remote Ubuntu machine into local machine (scp)

e.g. Assumed that remote Ubuntu machine have installed SSH Server service
Read #How to install SSH Server for remote administration service
Remote Ubuntu machine: 192.168.0.1
Remote files/folders location: /home/username/remotefile.txt
Local machine save location: . (current directory)
scp -r [email protected]:/home/username/remotefile.txt .



How to copy files/folders from local machine into remote Ubuntu machine (scp)

e.g. Assumed that remote Ubuntu machine have installed SSH Server service
Read #How to install SSH Server for remote administration service
Local files/folders location: localfile.txt
Remote Ubuntu machine: 192.168.0.1
Remote Ubuntu machine save location: /home/username/
scp -r localfile.txt [email protected]:/home/username/



How to copy files/folders from remote Ubuntu machine into local machine (rsync)

e.g. Assumed that remote Ubuntu machine have installed SSH Server service
Read #How to install SSH Server for remote administration service
Remote Ubuntu machine: 192.168.0.1
Remote files/folders location: /home/username/remotefile.txt
Local machine save location: . (current directory)
rsync -v -u -a --delete --rsh=ssh --stats [email protected]:/home/username/remotefile.txt .



How to copy files/folders from local machine into remote Ubuntu machine (rsync)

e.g. Assumed that remote Ubuntu machine have installed SSH Server service
Read #How to install SSH Server for remote administration service
Local files/folders location: localfile.txt
Remote Ubuntu machine: 192.168.0.1
Remote Ubuntu machine save location: /home/username/
rsync -v -u -a --delete --rsh=ssh --stats localfile.txt [email protected]:/home/username/



How to mount remote folders into local Ubuntu machine (sshfs)

e.g. Assumed that remote machine has installed SSH Server service
Read #How to install SSH Server for remote administration service
Remote machine: 192.168.0.1
Remote machine folder location: /media/music
  • Install sshfs
sudo apt-get install sshfs
  • Load kernel driver for sshfs
sudo modprobe fuse
  • For permanent use add 'fuse' at the end of /etc/modules
sudo gedit /etc/modules
  • Join the 'fuse' user group
sudo adduser your_user_name fuse
  • Create local mountpoint in your home directory
mkdir ~/remote_music
  • Mount the remote folder into ~/remote_music
sshfs 192.168.0.1:/meida/music ~/remote_music



How to SSH into remote Ubuntu machine via Windows machine

e.g. Assumed that remote Ubuntu machine have installed SSH Server service
Read #How to install SSH Server for remote administration service
  • Download PuTTY: Here




How to copy files/folders from/into remote Ubuntu machine via Windows machine

e.g. Assumed that remote Ubuntu machine have installed SSH Server service
Read #How to install SSH Server for remote administration service
  • Download FileZilla: Here



How to limit the user accounts that can connect through ssh remotely

e.g. If you enable the SSH server, then any user with a valid account can connect remotely
This can lead to security risks, as there exist remote password cracking tools that
try common username/password pairs.
  • Keep a backup of the ssh server configuration file with
sudo cp /etc/ssh/sshd_config /etc/ssh/sshd_config.ORIGINAL
  • Edit the configuration file
sudo gedit /etc/ssh/sshd_config
  • Change the parameter PermitRootLogin from yes to no. The superuser must not be able to connect directly from remote.
  • Add the parameter AllowUsers and specify the usernames (space separated) that can connect remotely.
  • You can also use DenyUsers for fine-grained selection of users.
  • If you enable the openssh server and you have no intention for now to enable remote connections, you may add AllowUsers nosuchuserhere to disable anyone connecting.



DHCP Server

How to install DHCP Server for automatic IP addresses assignment

e.g. Assumed that "eth0" is the interface for network card
IP Address Range: 192.168.0.100 to 192.168.0.200
Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.0
DNS Servers: 202.188.0.133, 202.188.1.5
Domains: tm.net.my
Gateway Address: 192.168.0.1
sudo apt-get install dhcp3-server
sudo cp /etc/default/dhcp3-server /etc/default/dhcp3-server_backup
sudo gedit /etc/default/dhcp3-server
  • Find this line
...
INTERFACES=""
  • Replace with the following line
INTERFACES="eth0"
  • Save the edited file
sudo cp /etc/dhcp3/dhcpd.conf /etc/dhcp3/dhcpd.conf_backup
sudo gedit /etc/dhcp3/dhcpd.conf
  • Find this section
...
# option definitions common to all supported networks...
option domain-name "example.org";
option domain-name-servers ns1.example.org, ns2.example.org;

default-lease-time 600;
max-lease-time 7200;
...
  • Replace with the following lines
# option definitions common to all supported networks...
#option domain-name "example.org";
#option domain-name-servers ns1.example.org, ns2.example.org;

#default-lease-time 600;
#max-lease-time 7200;
  • Find this section
...
# A slightly different configuration for an internal subnet.
#subnet 10.5.5.0 netmask 255.255.255.224 {
# range 10.5.5.26 10.5.5.30;
# option domain-name-servers ns1.internal.example.org;
# option domain-name "internal.example.org";
# option routers 10.5.5.1;
# option broadcast-address 10.5.5.31;
# default-lease-time 600;
# max-lease-time 7200;
#}
...
  • Replace with the following lines
# A slightly different configuration for an internal subnet.
subnet 192.168.0.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 {
range 192.168.0.100 192.168.0.200;
option domain-name-servers 202.188.0.133, 202.188.1.5;
option domain-name "tm.net.my";
option routers 192.168.0.1;
option broadcast-address 192.168.0.255;
default-lease-time 600;
max-lease-time 7200;
}
  • Save the edited file
sudo /etc/init.d/dhcp3-server restart



Database Server

How to install MYSQL Database Server

sudo apt-get install mysql-server
mysqladmin -u root password db_user_password



How to install MYSQL Administrator

sudo apt-get install mysql-admin



Apache HTTP Server

How to install Apache HTTP Server for HTTP (Web) Server service

sudo apt-get install apache2



How to install PHP for Apache HTTP Server

sudo apt-get install php4
sudo /etc/init.d/apache2 restart
sudo gedit /var/www/testphp.php
  • Insert the following line into the new file
<?php phpinfo(); ?>



How to install MYSQL for Apache HTTP Server

sudo apt-get install libapache2-mod-auth-mysql
sudo apt-get install php4-mysql
sudo /etc/init.d/apache2 restart



How to map URLs to folders outside /var/www/

sudo gedit /etc/apache2/conf.d/alias
  • Insert the following lines into the new file
Alias /URL-path /location_of_folder/

<Directory /location_of_folder/>
Options Indexes FollowSymLinks
AllowOverride All
Order allow,deny
Allow from all
</Directory>
  • Save the edited file
sudo /etc/init.d/apache2 restart



How to change the default port number for Apache HTTP Server

e.g. Assumed that new port number is 78
sudo cp /etc/apache2/ports.conf /etc/apache2/ports.conf_backup
sudo gedit /etc/apache2/ports.conf
  • Find this line
Listen 80
  • Replace with the following line
Listen 78
  • Save the edited file
sudo /etc/init.d/apache2 restart



How to parse RSS into PHP for Apache HTTP Server

e.g. Assumed that RSS is DistroWatch.com - News
wget -c 
sudo mkdir /var/www/feeds
sudo tar zxvf magpierss-0.71.1.tar.gz -C /var/www/feeds/
sudo mv /var/www/feeds/magpierss-0.71.1/* /var/www/feeds/
sudo rm -fr /var/www/feeds/magpierss-0.71.1/
sudo chown -R www-data:root /var/www/feeds/
sudo gedit /var/www/feeds/index.php
  • Insert the following lines into the new file
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">

<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en" xml:lang="en">

<head>

<title>DistroWatch.com - News</title>

<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1"/>

<style type="text/css">
/*<![CDATA[*/
/* 
DEFAULT TAG STYLES
*/

body {
background: #ffffff;
margin-left: 20px;
font-family: bitstream vera sans,sans-serif;
font-size: 9pt;
}

h1 {
font-family: luxi sans,sans-serif;
font-size: 15pt;
}

/*]]>*/
</style>

</head>

<body>

<?php

require_once 'rss_fetch.inc';
error_reporting(E_ERROR);

$url = 'http://distrowatch.com/news/dw.xml';
$rss = fetch_rss($url);

if ($rss) {

echo "<h1>";
echo "<a href=$url>", _fcksavedurl="$url>"," _fcksavedurl="$url>"," $rss->channel[title], "</a><br/>";
echo "</h1>";

foreach ($rss->items as $item ) {
$url = $item[link];
$title = $item[title];
$description = $item[description];
echo "<li>";
echo "<b>Topic:</b> <a href=$url><b><u>$title</u></b></a><br/><br/>";
echo "$description<br/><br/>";
echo "</li>";
}

} 
else {
echo "<a href=$url>", $url, "</a> - Server Down!<br/>";
}

?>

</body>

</html>



FTP Server

How to install FTP Server for File Transfer service

sudo apt-get install proftpd



How to configure FTP user to be "jailed" (chrooted) into their home directory

sudo cp /etc/proftpd.conf /etc/proftpd.conf_backup
sudo gedit /etc/proftpd.conf
  • Find this section
...
DenyFilter           \*.*/
...
  • Add the following line below it
DefaultRoot           ~
  • Save the edited file
sudo /etc/init.d/proftpd restart



How to configure FTP Server to allow anonymous FTP user to read only

sudo cp /etc/proftpd.conf /etc/proftpd.conf_backup
sudo gedit /etc/proftpd.conf
  • Append the following lines at the end of file
<Anonymous ~ftp>
User            ftp
Group            nogroup
UserAlias          anonymous ftp
DirFakeUser on ftp
DirFakeGroup on ftp
RequireValidShell      off
MaxClients         10
DisplayLogin        welcome.msg
DisplayFirstChdir      .message
<Directory *>
<Limit WRITE>
DenyAll
</Limit>
</Directory>
</Anonymous>
  • Save the edited file
sudo /etc/init.d/proftpd restart



How to configure FTP Server to allow anonymous FTP user to read/write

sudo cp /etc/proftpd.conf /etc/proftpd.conf_backup
sudo gedit /etc/proftpd.conf
  • Append the following lines at the end of file
<Anonymous ~ftp>
User            ftp
Group            nogroup
UserAlias          anonymous ftp
DirFakeUser on ftp
DirFakeGroup on ftp
RequireValidShell      off
MaxClients         10
DisplayLogin        welcome.msg
DisplayFirstChdir      .message
</Anonymous>
  • Save the edited file
sudo /etc/init.d/proftpd restart



How to map anonymous FTP user to folders outside /home/ftp/

sudo cp /etc/proftpd.conf /etc/proftpd.conf_backup
sudo gedit /etc/proftpd.conf
  • Append the following lines at the end of file
<Anonymous /location_of_folder/>
User            ftp
Group            nogroup
UserAlias          anonymous ftp
DirFakeUser on ftp
DirFakeGroup on ftp
RequireValidShell      off
MaxClients         10
DisplayLogin        welcome.msg
DisplayFirstChdir      .message
<Directory *>
<Limit WRITE>
DenyAll
</Limit>
</Directory>
</Anonymous>
  • Save the edited file
sudo /etc/init.d/proftpd restart



How to change the default port number for FTP Server

e.g. Assumed that new port number is 77
sudo cp /etc/proftpd.conf /etc/proftpd.conf_backup
sudo gedit /etc/proftpd.conf
  • Find this line
Port              21
  • Replace with the following line
Port              77
  • Save the edited file
sudo /etc/init.d/proftpd restart



How to ftp into remote Ubuntu machine via Windows machine

e.g. Assumed that remote Ubuntu machine have installed FTP Server service
Read #How to install FTP Server for File Transfer service
  • Download FileZilla: Here



Streaming Media Server

How to install GNUMP3d for Streaming Media Server service

e.g. /var/music/ is the directory containing multimedia files
sudo apt-get install gnump3d



How to change the default directory containing multimedia files for GNUMP3d

e.g. Assumed that new directory containing multimedia files is /home/music/
sudo cp /etc/gnump3d/gnump3d.conf /etc/gnump3d/gnump3d.conf_backup
sudo gedit /etc/gnump3d/gnump3d.conf
  • Find this line
root = /var/music
  • Replace with the following line
root = /home/music
  • Find this line
user = gnump3d
  • Replace with the following line
user = root
  • Save the edited file
sudo /etc/init.d/gnump3d restart



How to change the default port number for GNUMP3d

e.g. Assumed that new port number is 7878
sudo cp /etc/gnump3d/gnump3d.conf /etc/gnump3d/gnump3d.conf_backup
sudo gedit /etc/gnump3d/gnump3d.conf
  • Find this line
port = 8888
  • Replace with the following line
port = 7878
  • Save the edited file
sudo /etc/init.d/gnump3d restart



Image Gallery Server

How to install Gallery for Image Gallery Server service

sudo apt-get install gallery (when prompted to restart Apache, choose No or Cancel)
sudo apt-get install imagemagick
sudo apt-get install jhead
sudo apt-get install libjpeg-progs
sudo /etc/init.d/apache2 restart
sudo sh /usr/share/gallery/configure.sh

Gallery Configuration Wizard: Step 1
Next Step ->

Gallery Configuration Wizard: Step 2
General settings Tab ->
Admin password: Specify the password

Locations and URLs Tab ->
Album directory: /var/www/albums/
Temporary directory: /tmp/
Gallery URL: 
Albums URL: 
Next Step -->

Gallery Configuration Wizard: Step 3
Next Step -->

Gallery Configuration Wizard: Step 4
Save Config ->



How to configure Gallery to be accessible via Internet (Hostname or fix IP) or LAN (fix IP)

e.g. Assumed that network and internet connections have been configured properly
Internet (Hostname or fix IP) or LAN (fix IP): http://www.url.com
sudo cp /etc/gallery/config.php /etc/gallery/config.php_backup
sudo gedit /etc/gallery/config.php
  • Find this section
...
$gallery->app->photoAlbumURL = "";
$gallery->app->albumDirURL = "";
...
  • Replace with the following lines
$gallery->app->photoAlbumURL = "";
$gallery->app->albumDirURL = "";



How to configure Gallery to be accessible via LAN (dynamic IP)

e.g. Assumed that network connections have been configured properly
LAN (dynamic IP): 192.168.0.1
sudo cp /etc/gallery/config.php /etc/gallery/config.php_backup
sudo gedit /etc/gallery/config.php
  • Find this section
...
$gallery->app->photoAlbumURL = "";
$gallery->app->albumDirURL = "";
...
  • Replace with the following lines
$gallery->app->photoAlbumURL = "/gallery";
$gallery->app->albumDirURL = "/albums";



How to backup/restore Gallery data

sudo tar zcvf gallery.tgz /var/www/albums/ /etc/gallery/
  • To restore Gallery data
sudo tar zxvf gallery.tgz -C /



Troubleshooting

Configuring network interfaces... (taking too long to load)



Synchronizing clock to ntp.ubuntulinux.org... (taking too long to load)

service_name = ntpdate



How to disable system time/date from being reset to UTC (GMT)

sudo cp /etc/default/rcS /etc/default/rcS_backup
sudo gedit /etc/default/rcS
  • Find this line
...
UTC=yes
...
  • Replace with the following line
UTC=no
  • Save the edited file
  • System -> Administration -> Time and Date
Set the correct time/date

sudo /etc/init.d/hwclock.sh restart



How to configure sound to work properly in GNOME

sudo killall esd
sudo cp /etc/esound/esd.conf /etc/esound/esd.conf_backup
sudo gedit /etc/esound/esd.conf
  • Find this section
...
auto_spawn=0
spawn_options=-terminate -nobeeps -as 5
...
  • Replace with the following lines
auto_spawn=1
spawn_options=-terminate -nobeeps -as 2 -d default
  • Save the edited file
sudo apt-get install libesd-alsa0
sudo gedit /etc/asound.conf
  • Insert the following lines into the new file
pcm.card0 {
type hw
card 0
}

pcm.!default {
type plug
slave.pcm "dmixer"
} 

pcm.dmixer {
type dmix
ipc_key 1025
slave {
pcm "hw:0,0"
period_time 0
period_size 2048
buffer_size 32768
rate 48000
} 
bindings {
0 0
1 1
}
}
  • Save the edited file
sudo ln -fs /usr/lib/libesd.so.0 /usr/lib/libesd.so.1

System -> Preferences -> Sound
Sound preferences

General Tab -> Sounds for events (Un-Checked)
  • Save and close all opened applications, Reboot computer



How to forcefully empty Trash in GNOME

sudo rm -fr $HOME/.Trash/



How to remove duplicate menu/menu items in GNOME

rm -f $HOME/.config/menus/applications.menu



How to refresh Places menu in GNOME (if mounts to /media/ in /etc/fstab does not show up)

sudo /etc/init.d/dbus-1 restart



Upgrading Ubuntu

How to upgrade from Dapper Drake to Edgy Eft (experimental)

  • coming - more info after release of Dapper


文章来源：[12]
其它镜像：[13]
翻译人员：DaiDee
校对人员：
文章状态：等待翻译

取自“https://wiki.ubuntu.org.cn/index.php?title=Ubuntu_Dapper_Drake_6.06_Guide&oldid=21177”