定制Ubuntu安装CD

定制Ubuntu安装CD

原文出处：https://wiki.ubuntu.com/InstallCDCustomizationHowTo

原文作者：未知

授权许可：创作共用协议

翻译人员：ctqucl

校对人员：无

适用版本：

文章状态：

定制Ubuntu CD的过程并不复杂，但是她有一些繁琐和过分的讲究。我对这过程的所知并不完美，因此，希望有人可以作适当修改。

安装CD有三个主要部分：

   * 启动引导器：(如ISOLINUX用于amd64/i386,yaboot用于powerpc)开机时内核映象的选择与配置;
   * Debian安装程序(d-i)：其实就是一个特殊的微Ubuntu系统;
   * Debian软件库：放在"pool"和"dists"目录,它将占据光盘的大部分空间。 

建立这个新的CD就包涵了这三部分的修改。

用"Presseed"文件修改安装行为

当CD 启动时，Linux内核就被装载且开始安装任务。安装程序的行为可以用一个"preseed"文件来修改，这些文件给Debian安装程序(d-i)回答如何配置软件包或其它相关的问题。如果您仔细看你的安装CD，您会找到这些选项(例如server,expert,oem)都有对应的preseed文件。

所以，假设您想在一群的相同配置电脑上安装breezy，并且您已经知道安装时必问问题的答案(您所在的国家和时区，您你的键盘布局，您的网络设置，您需要如何分区等等)。您可以通过"preseed"在一简单的配置文件里回答这些问题.

改变isolinux.cfg确定您的preseed

首先，您必须告诉"d-i"找到您的preseed文件的正确位置。在标准的光盘上有个/preseed目录；您可以把您的这些文件放这里。您要修改启动引导器的配置文件/isolinux/isolinux.cfg中的相关内核参数，来告诉"d-i"找到这个文件。我的文件里有下列行：

DEFAULT /install/vmlinuz APPEND preseed/file=/cdrom/preseed/learnexchange.seed kbd-chooser/method=us debian-installer/locale=en_CA vga=normal initrd=/install/initrd.gz ramdisk_size=16384 root=/dev/rd/0 DEBCONF_PRIORITY=critical debconf/priority=critical rw --

"DEFAULT" 是指我在boot提示符下直接按回车键装载的内核。APPEND 包涵了要传给内核的参数。preseed/file 是这儿最重要的参数；接着的那两个指出我的键盘布局用及本地为加拿大；DEBCONF_PRIORITY 用来确定我不想看到不必要的配置软件包提问。

根据你的情况小心修改这文件.

写preseed文件

这里有很多实例；看看这个在安装盘里的--server.seed：

1. Don't install usplash.

d-i base-installer/kernel/linux/extra-packages-2.6 string

1. Desktop system not installed; don't waste time and disk space copying it.

d-i archive-copier/desktop-task string ubuntu-standard d-i archive-copier/ship-task string

1. Only install the standard system and language packs in the second stage.

base-config base-config/package-selection string ~t^ubuntu-standard$ base-config base-config/language-pack-patterns string language-pack-$LL

1. No language support packages.

base-config base-config/install-language-support boolean false

(Note that the version of this file on breezy CD images was buggy: it set base-config/package-selection to "~tubuntu-standard" rather than "~t^ubuntu-standard$". Use the new version in preference; the old one will break with Ubuntu 6.04.)

首先注意格式，有 4 个部分：

  1. 取得变量的程序名称
  2. 答案的变量名
  3. 变量类型
  4. 变量值 

两个要注意的地方：现在，d-i 期望有精确的类型和值；在breezy这个版本不支持用 \ 来处理多行(新的版本支持)。

我建议您从一些现有的 preseed 来修改--这儿有一个可以用的 点击。 如果您没能在这儿找到，那就试着执行这些命令：

debconf-get-selections --installer > somefile.txt debconf-get-selections >> somefile.txt

这会输出一个您在安装时候作出的选择的列表；这文件相当地长，并且实际上不那么适合用在安装盘里。特别是，NOTE: debconf-get-selections 会在类型和只之间放 2 个空格。您得在把她放在安装盘上以前修改他们。

如果您想让 d-i 安装额外的软件包，或者一个最小的系统，您需要在preseed里修改 "base-config base-config/package-selection"。This should be set to an aptitude pattern; see the aptitude documentation for more information on these. 例如，标准安装一个SSH服务，用这一行：

base-config base-config/package-selection string ~t^ubuntu-standard$|~t^ubuntu-desktop$|~n^openssh-server$

To install support for additional languages, a different mechanism is available, namely to preseed the detailed locale question asked by the installer in expert mode. See the first column of /usr/share/i18n/SUPPORTED for the locale names you can use here. 例如, 增加孟加拉语和泰米尔语的支持，用这一行：

d-i localechooser/supported-locales multiselect ba_IN, ta_IN

修改pool目录，增加或删除软件包

也许制定您自己的安装CD的主要原因是想改变所安装软件包；特别是您想增加一些包到CD里。这有好几个方法来做到，不需要完全地理解。最容易的事情是建立一个最小的仓库放您想要增加的包，再在制作光盘镜像文件之前合并到光盘文件体系里。这儿棘手的地方是：制作让Debian软件包管理系统知道这个仓库的相关文件；写一个更高版本的Release文件；并签上 GPG 。下面是我所做的。

   * . 选定一个文件目录作为您的工作空间；在这个目录里， 

mkdir -p dists/breezy/extras/binary-i386 pool/extras/ isolinux preseed

把您修改过的isolinux.cfg放在目录isolinux/，把您的preseed文件放在目录preseed里。 Put your modified isolinux.cfg in isolinux/, and your preseed file in preseed/.

   * . 把您需要的所有额外的包放在目录 pool/extras/ 里。您还需要包括一个新版本的 ubuntu-keyring 包，我将马上解释一下
   * . 创建并编辑文件dists/breezy/extras/binary-i386/Release，写入下面的内容: 

Archive: breezy Version: 5.10 Component: extras Origin: Ubuntu Label: Ubuntu Architecture: i386

   * . 把您做的修改这样合并到CD里:
        1.

           挂载您下载的官方ISO文件：mount /path/to/iso /some/mountpoint/ -o loop

           b. 把光盘里的全部文件拷贝到某个目录(您会需要1到2G的空间)；我用rsync：sudo rsync -azvb --delete --backup-dir=/yeowe/usr/cdbuilder/old/ $MOUNT $BUILD ( 这儿的 $MOUNT 是挂载点，$BUILD 是额外的包的目录)

           c. 最重要的地方. 我们将用apt-ftparchive工具来产生软件包相关和更高版本的Release文件。我们还要用GPG来签这个Release文件。安装程序会用包ubuntu-keyring 的公匙来检测签名。但是您的签名不一样。所以您得建立一个新版本的 ubuntu-keyring 包。这做起来很容易，但是要确保正确无误。下面是执行的命令：

           apt-get source ubuntu-keyring
           cd ubuntu-keyring--2005.01.11/keyring
           gpg --import < ubuntu-archive-keyring.gpg
           gpg --list-keys "Your Name"
           gpg --export  FBB75451 437D05B5 YOURKEYID > ubuntu-archive-keyring.gpg
           cd ..
           dpkg-buildpackage -rfakeroot -m"Your Name <[email protected]> -k"Your Name <[email protected]>"
           cp ubuntu-keyring*deb $BUILD/pool/extras/

           OK -- what we've done here is import the 2 Ubuntu keys into your main keyring, then exported them along with your own key into a replacement keyring. "YOURKEYID" should be replaced with the 8-digit hexadecimal code that gpg tells you when you do the --list-keys command above. And really, the best policy would be to do all that first, and copy a version into your $STAGE file structure so that you have it permanently available. 

Note: If you do not have an existing gpg signing key, use the following code:

   *

     gpg --gen-key 
        

Accept all defaults, select "No expiry", and enter an appropriate passphrase.

In order to use apt-ftparchive, we will need to provide it with some defaults. Create the files "apt-ftparchive-deb.conf, "apt-ftparchive-udeb.conf", and "apt-ftparchive-extras.conf" as follows (substitude $BUILD for the absolute path to your BUILD directory, and /path/to/indices to the location of the indices files, which you can download from http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/indices/ ):

   *

     apt-ftparchive-deb.conf:
     Dir {
       ArchiveDir "$BUILD";
     };

     TreeDefault {
       Directory "pool/";
     };

     BinDirectory "pool/main" {
       Packages "dists/breezy/main/binary-i386/Packages";
       BinOverride "/path/to/indices/override.breezy.main";
       ExtraOverride "path/to/indices/override.breezy.extra.main";
     };

     Default {
       Packages {
         Extensions ".deb";
         Compress ". gzip";
       };
     };

     Contents {
       Compress "gzip";
     };

     apt-ftparchive-udeb.conf:
     Dir {
       ArchiveDir "$BUILD";
     };

     TreeDefault {
       Directory "pool/";
     };

     BinDirectory "pool/main" {
       Packages "dists/breezy/main/debian-installer/binary-i386/Packages";
       BinOverride "/path/to/indices/override.breezy.main.debian-installer";
     };

     Default {
       Packages {
         Extensions ".udeb";
         Compress ". gzip";
       };
     };

     Contents {
       Compress "gzip";
     };
        

     apt-ftparchive-extras.conf:
     Dir {
       ArchiveDir "$BUILD";
     };

     TreeDefault {
       Directory "pool/";
     };

     BinDirectory "pool/extras" {
       Packages "dists/breezy/extras/binary-i386/Packages";
     };

     Default {
       Packages {
         Extensions ".deb";
         Compress ". gzip";
       };
     };

     Contents {
       Compress "gzip";
     };
        

   * . 现在就用apt-ftparchive来创建Packages和Release文件：
         o

           cd $BUILD
           sudo apt-ftparchive -c $APTCONF generate /path/to/apt-ftparchive-deb.conf
           sudo apt-ftparchive -c $APTCONF generate /path/to/apt-ftparchive-udeb.conf
           sudo apt-ftparchive -c $APTCONF generate /path/to/apt-ftparchive-extras.conf

           $APTCONF is a file somewhere that looks about like this: 

APT::FTPArchive::Release::Origin "Ubuntu"; APT::FTPArchive::Release::Label "Ubuntu"; APT::FTPArchive::Release::Suite "breezy"; APT::FTPArchive::Release::Version "5.10"; APT::FTPArchive::Release::Codename "breezy"; APT::FTPArchive::Release::Architectures "i386"; APT::FTPArchive::Release::Components "main restricted extras"; APT::FTPArchive::Release::Description "Ubuntu Breezy";

  1.

     给Release文件签gpg:

     sudo gpg --default-key "MY GPG KEY ID" --output $BUILD/dists/breezy/Release.gpg -ba $BUILD/dists/breezy/Release

• . Regenerate the md5 checksums:

cd $BUILD find . -type f -print0 | xargs -0 md5sum > md5sum.txt

   * . 现在可以来生成光盘镜像文件： 

sudo mkisofs -b isolinux/isolinux.bin -c isolinux/boot.cat -no-emul-boot -boot-load-size 4 -boot-info-table -J -hide-rr-moved -o $IMAGE -R $BUILD/

   * ‘$IMAGE’表示您的光盘镜像文件. 

   * . 最后，可以用cdrecord或其它刻录工具来刻录您的CD了： 

sudo nice -18 cdrecord dev=ATA:1,1,0 speed=12 --blank=fast -v -gracetime=2 -tao $IMAGE

that will burn the image on the second cd drive; if your cd-burner is the first or only cd-drive, change dev argument to ATA:1,0,0. I strongly recommend using rewritable media -- I've burned a LOT of coasters on this project.

好了，搞定！ 如果谁感兴趣，我写了一个小脚本(很简单)来自动完成这个步骤。我想我正好可以放在这儿

1. !/bin/bash
2. usage
3. update-learningexchange.sh kubuntu|ubuntu|xubuntu

1. a very primitive script with no structure of controls etc
2. no default behaviour, etc etc
3. all ofthis should be trivial to implement but my
4. bash syntax sucks
5. obvious thing to do would be to convert to python
6. & add a simple gtk front end too
7. but I'm rushed at the moment

1. Notes;Bugs:
2. REMEMBER: this absolutely will not work if you haven't built a new version of ubuntu-keyring
3. package & included that in $STAGE/pool/extras/! You do that thusly:
4. apt-get source ubuntu-keyring
5. cd ubuntu-keyring-version-info/keyring
6. gpg --import < ubuntu-server-keyring.gpg
7. gpg --output=ubuntu-server-keyring.gpg --export "ubuntu" "Your Name"
8. dpkg-buildpackage -rfakeroot -m"My Name <[email protected]>"
9. cp ../ubuntu-keyring*deb $BUILD/pool/extras/

1. VARIABLES
2. this script relies on the existence of several files and directories:

1. Original = $ORIG: location of the "clean", unmodified CD .iso
2. CD mount point = $MOUNT: mount point of clean CD
3. Staging area = $STAGE: where you keep all your files
4. this area should include main dirs isolinux/, pool/, and dists/ at a minimum
5. as written the script assumes you have a directory pool/extras with your
6. extra debs, and that dists/breezy/extras/binary-i386/Release exists (copy it over
7. from dists/breezy/main/binary-i386, and replace "main" with "extras")
8. There is no doubt a better way to do this but it involves work...
9. Building Area = $BUILD: location where your changes are merged into the "clean" directory \
10. structure.
11. Image location = $IMAGE: name of the new .iso file you want to build
12. apt.conf file = $APTCONF: location of the file used to feed instructions to apt-ftparchive

ORIG="/var/www/jigdo/$1-breezy-install-i386.iso" STAGE="/home/matt/LearningExchangeCD/$1/" MOUNT=/mnt/iso/ BUILD="/yeowe/usr/cdbuilder/$1" IMAGE="/yeowe/usr/cdbuilder/$1-learningexchange.iso" APTCONF=/home/matt/LearningExchangeCD/apt.conf

1. sync with latest image

sudo umount $MOUNT sudo mount $ORIG $MOUNT -o loop

1. sudo rsync -azvb --delete --exclude="language-pack*" --backup-dir=/yeowe/usr/cdbuilder/old/ $MOUNT $BUILD

sudo rsync -azvb --delete $MOUNT $BUILD

1. now get rid of the old ubuntu-keyring package

sudo rm -r $BUILD/pool/u/ubuntu-keyring/

1. note I've excluded a few files, shouldn't matter much for you I reckon

sudo rsync -avzb --exclude='*~' --exclude='INSTRUCTIONS.txt' --backup-dir=/yeowe/usr/cdbuilder/old/ --exclude='example-preseed.txt' $STAGE $BUILD

1. generate Packages, Release, Release.gpg
2. first thing to realize is, that we only need to generate the Packages files,
3. the top-level Release file, and top-level Release.gpg.
4. everything else should be in your $STAGE file structure or usable unchanged
5. in the original form

1. remove Release file otherwise you'll have trouble writing to it.

sudo rm $BUILD/dists/breezy/Release*

1. ubuntu-keyring must be included in main/, so main NEEDS to be rebuilt!

for component in main extras; do

   sudo apt-ftparchive packages "$BUILD/pool/$component/" > "$BUILD/dists/breezy/$component/binary-i386/Packages"
   gzip -c "$BUILD/dists/breezy/$component/binary-i386/Packages" | \
       sudo tee "$BUILD/dists/breezy/$component/binary-i386/Packages.gz" > /dev/null

done sudo apt-ftparchive -c $APTCONF release $BUILD/dists/breezy > $BUILD/dists/breezy/Release

1. gpg options: -ba = armored, detached-sig

sudo gpg --output $BUILD/dists/breezy/Release.gpg -ba $BUILD/dists/breezy/Release

1. build the actual image. Note the options to mkisofs, which make the image bootable

sudo chown -R root:root $BUILD/isolinux $BUILD/preseed sudo mkisofs -b isolinux/isolinux.bin -c isolinux/boot.cat -no-emul-boot -boot-load-size 4 -boot-info-table -J -hide-rr-moved -o $IMAGE -R $BUILD/

1. burn the image to 2nd cd drive on most setups

sudo nice -18 cdrecord dev=ATA:1,1,0 speed=12 --blank=fast -v -gracetime=2 -tao $IMAGE