Quick HOWTO : Ch02 : Introduction to Networking/zh
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目录
- 1 介绍
*2 OSI网络模型
**2.1 表 2-1: OSI模型的七个层
*3 TCP/IP协议简介
**3.1 TCP是个面向连接的协议
**3.2 TCP是如何建立一个连接
**3.3 UDP,TCP的"无连接"堂兄
**3.4 TCP和UDP端口
**3.5 TCP/IP "生存期"特性
**3.6 ICMP协议以及他和TCP/UDP的关系
*4 IP地址如何用来接入网络设备
**4.1 私有IP地址
**4.2 localhost IP地址
**4.3 网络地址转换使私有IP地址变为共有
**4.4 基于端口的NAT促进个人网站
**4.5 DHCP
**4.6 How DNS Links Your IP Address To Your Web Domain
**4.7 IP Version 6 (IPv6)
*5 How Subnet Masks Group IP Addresses into Networks
*5.1 Calculating The Number of Addresses Assigned to a Subnet
***5.1.1 Table 2-2: The "Dotted Decimal" And "Slash" Subnet Mask Notations
**5.2 Calculating the Range of Addresses on Your Network
***5.2.1 Manual Calculation
***5.2.2 Calculation Using a Script
**5.3 Subnet Masks for the Typical Business DSL Line
*6 The Physical and Link Layers
*7 Networking Equipment Terminology
**7.1 Network Interface Cards
***7.1.1 The Meaning of the NIC Link Light
***7.1.2 Duplex Explained
***7.1.3 The MAC Address
***7.1.4 How ARP Maps the MAC Address to Your IP Address
***7.1.5 Common ARP Problems When Changing A NIC
**7.2 The Two Broad Types Of Networking Equipment
***7.2.1 Data Terminal Equipment
***7.2.2 Data Communications Equipment
***7.2.3 Using Straight-Through/Crossover Cables to Connect DTEs And DCEs
***7.2.4 Table 2-3: Cabling Rules of Thumb
**7.3 Connectivity Using Hubs
**7.4 Using Switches as a Faster Alternative to Hubs
**7.5 Local Area Networks
**7.6 How Routers Interconnect LANs
**7.7 How Simple Routing Works
**7.8 Default Gateways, The Routers Of Last Resort
**7.9 Firewalls Help Provide a Secure Routing Environment
* 8 Additional Introductory Topics
**8.1 The File Transfer Protocol
**8.2 Linux Help
* 9 Conclusion
介绍
安装 linux操作系统只是向建立一个功能完善的服务器或网站迈出了第一步。几乎每一台电脑都通过某种方式通过网络连接到各种设备上， 所以当使用linux 服务器时，最好要对网络以及相关的知识有一定的了解，这样使用起来才会比较方便。
这篇介绍性的章节中的内容为以後的网络配置以及其他的问题解决方案打下了基础。这些章节会向大家介绍如何安装以及配置一些在公司 或是在家办公时要用到的一些流行的软件。
接下来的部分的一些概念会解决一些日常的问题，通常是你的同事，朋友，甚至是你自己会提出的问题。它会让这条走向linux的道路更加 的容易，而且让你开始逐步了解OSI网络模型和TCP/IP的知识。
TCP/IP协议简介
TCP/IP协议是一个通用标准胡协议簇，提供设备间的连接。基于冗馀的OSI模型，OSI是一个主要基于数据通信的。
TCP/IP协议的一个重要组成部分就是因特网协议（IP），IP协议的责任就是确定数据在两个地址之间传输，防止数据被修改。
为了方便传输，数据一般被分成很多包或者分片，每个都有自己的错误检测字节，这些字节位于包以及分片的控制字段或头部。当远端的计算机接受到这些包，重组这些数据，校验数据，如果正确则传递给期待接收这些数据的程序。
计算机是如何知道什么程序需要这些数据的呢？每个IP包都包含了一点信息在包的头部，叫做类型字段。这个字段告诉接受数据的计算机第四层所使用的传输机制。
有两种非常流行的传输机制在互联网上应用。就是传输控制协议（TCP）和用户数据报协议（UDP）。
当传输层的协议类型被确定出来，于TCP/UDP头部接着检查端口值。端口是用来确定计算机上的哪个网络程序可以处理这些数据。这些将在后面详细解释。
TCP是一个面向连接的协议
TCP在运行客户端和运行服务器的不同主机之间建立一个虚连接，这样，众多或者零星的数据流可以不定期得在服务器和客户端之间传输。TCP指定每个包的序列号来追踪发送出去的包，并且接收远端主机发送回来的ACK号来确定包的正确投递，使用TCP协议的程序因此有方法可以检测失败的连接，以及请求重传丢失的数据。TCP是面向连接协议的好例子。
