新立得使用指南

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Oneleaf（留言 | 贡献）2007年5月22日 (二) 18:11的版本
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新立得使用指南

原文出处：http://wiki.ubuntu.com/SynapticHowto

原文作者：UbuntuWIKI

授权许可：

翻译人员：robinjmmj

校正人员：purewind

贡献人员：

适用版本： 文章状态：UbuntuHelp:翻译完成


What is Synaptic ?（新立得是什么？）

Synaptic is graphical front-end to apt, the package management system of Ubuntu. It combines the point-and-click simplicity of the graphical user interface with the power of the apt-get command line tool. You can install, remove, configure or upgrade software packages, browse, sort and search the list of available software packages, manage repositories, or upgrade the whole system. You can queue up a number of actions before you execute them. Synaptic will inform you about dependencies (additional packages required by the software package you have chosen) as well as conflicts with other packages that are already installed on your system.

新立得是Ubuntu的包管理工具apt的图形化前端。它结合了图形界面的简单操作和 apt-get 命令行工具的强大功能。您可以使用新立得安装、删除、配置、升级软件包，对软件包列表进行浏览、排序、搜索以及管理软件仓库或者升级整个系统。您可以进行一些系列操作形成操作队列，并一起执行它们。新立得会提示您可能的依赖关系（您所选择的软件包所需的额外软件包）以及您所选择的软件包与系统中已经安装了的软件包的冲突。

IconsPage?action=AttachFile&do=get&target=eyes.png Synaptic's sibling on the Kubuntu desktop is Adept. For more on how to manage software with adept, see the Adept wiki page. If you prefer to use the command line instead of a graphical user interface, see the guide to apt-get instead.

IconsPage?action=AttachFile&do=get&target=eyes.png 新立得在Kubuntu中的同类是Adept.需要获得关于使用adept管理软件的信息，请参考Adept wiki page.如果你更喜欢命令行的工具，请看考apt-get的指南。

Getting Started（启动）

To launch Synaptic, choose System > Administration > Synaptic Package Manager.

要运行新立得，点击系统 > 系统管理 > 新立得软件包管理器（System > Administration > Synaptic Package Manager）。

UbuntuManual?action=AttachFile&do=get&target=synaptic-sm.png

The main window is divided into three sections: a package browser on the left, the package list on the upper right, and package details on the lower right. The status bar shows you the system state at a glance.

新立得的主窗口分为三个部分：左边是一个包浏览器，右上方是包列表以及右下方的包详细信息。状态栏显示您的系统的总体状态。

Browsing the package database（浏览软件包数据库）

To browse the (very large) list of available packages by category, section, package status, custom filters, or recent searches. Click on the corresponding button at the bottom of the left window pane. You can also create your own filters. See the filters Filters section for details.

如果要按分类、类别、状态、自定义过滤器或者最近搜索来浏览软件包列表（巨大）。点击窗口左下角相应的按钮。您也可以自定义过滤器。关于过滤器的详细信息，请参考filters Filters一节。

To search for packages by name or description, click on the Search button in the toolbar:

点击工具栏上的搜索（Search）以名称或者描述来搜索软件包：

  • UbuntuManual?action=AttachFile&do=get&target=synaptic-find.png

You can examine a number of package details in the lower right window pane such as its size, its dependencies, recommended or suggested additional packages, and a short description.

您可以查看右下角面板上的一系列关于选定软件包的详细信息，例如大小、依赖关系、推荐或建议的额外软件包以及一段简短的描述。

Anchor(filters)

How to apply filters（如何应用过滤器）

  • To be added（将要添加）

Adding or Removing Software（添加或删除软件）

  • To install a package
  • 安装一个软件包
    • Click Reload or press Ctrl + R to make Synaptic aware of the latest updates.
    • 点击刷新（Reload）或者按下Ctrl + R来使新立得获得最新的软件包信息。
    • Right-click on the package and choose Mark for Installation from the context menu, or press Ctrl + I. If the package requires the installation of another package, a dialog box appears:
    • 右键点击需要的软件包，然后在弹出的菜单中选择标记以便安装（Mark for Installation）或者按下 Ctrl + I.如果选定的软件包需要安装其他的软件包，一个如下的对话框件显示：

UbuntuManual?action=AttachFile&do=get&target=synaptic-confirm-mk.png IconsPage?action=AttachFile&do=get&target=eyes.png Synaptic will warn you if your choices conflict with packages that are already installed on your system. If this is the case, the dialog box will show you any packages that need to be removed. If you are not sure you don't need the package(s) that will be removed, make sure you look up its function and use before you apply the changes you've made. IconsPage?action=AttachFile&do=get&target=eyes.png 如果您所选择的软件包与系统中已经安装了的软件包有冲突，新立得会给予您警告。如果确有冲突发生，一个对话框将提示您需要删除的软件包。如果您不确定您已经不需要将要被删除的软件包，那么在您确认之前，请务必先查看这些软件包的功能和作用。

    • Click Mark to allow the installation of the additional package(s).
    • 点击标记（Mark）来安装所需的额外软件包。
    • Once you're satisfied with your choices, click on Apply in the toolbar or press Ctrl + P.
    • 当您满意您的选择后，点击工具栏上的应用（Apply）按钮或者按下Ctrl + P。
    • A dialog box appears with a summary of changes that will be made.
    • 这时会出现一个摘要您所作更改的对话框。

UbuntuManual?action=AttachFile&do=get&target=synaptic-confirm-install.png

    • Confirm the changes by clicking on Apply.
    • 点击应用（Apply）按钮来确认您的更改。
  • To remove or 'completely remove' a package
  • 删除或者彻底删除一个软件包
    • Right-click on the package and choose Mark for Removal from the context menu
    • 右键点击需要删除的软件包，然后在弹出的菜单中选择标记以便删除（Mark for Removal）。
    • Once you're satisfied with your choices, click on Apply in the toolbar or press Ctrl + P.
    • 当您满意您的选择后，点击工具栏上的应用（Apply）按钮或者按下Ctrl + P。
    • A dialog box appears with a summary of changes that will be made. Confirm the changes by clicking on Apply.
    • 这时会出现一个摘要您所作更改的对话框。点击应用（Apply）按钮来确认您的更改。

IconsPage?action=AttachFile&do=get&target=eyes.png The Mark for Complete Removal option instructs Synaptic to remove any configuration files associated with the package as well. IconsPage?action=AttachFile&do=get&target=eyes.png 标记以便彻底删除（Mark for Complete Removal）选项会使新立得同时删除所有与软件包相关的配置文件。

  • To upgrade a package
  • 升级一个软件包
    • Click Reload or press Ctrl + R to make Synaptic aware of the latest updates.
    • 点击刷新（Reload）或者按下Ctrl + R来使新立得获得最新的软件包信息。
    • Right-click on the package and choose Mark for Upgrade from the context menu, or press Ctrl + U.
    • 右键点击需要的软件包，然后在弹出的菜单中选择标记以便升级（Mark for Upgrade''''）或者按下 Ctrl + U.
    • Once you're satisfied with your choices, click on Apply in the toolbar or press Ctrl + P.
    • 当您满意您的选择后，点击工具栏上的应用（Apply）按钮或者按下Ctrl + P。
    • A dialog box appears with a summary of changes that will be made. Confirm the changes by clicking on Apply.
    • 这时会出现一个摘要您所作更改的对话框。点击应用（Apply）按钮来确认您的更改。

Managing Repositories（管理软件仓库）

You can manage the list of repositories or software channels from the Software Preferences Panel. To learn more about managing software channels in Ubuntu, see the Ubuntu Repositories wiki page. You can call up the software preferences panel from within Synaptic by selecting Repositories from the Settings menu.

您可以软件首选项面板来管理软件仓库或软件频道。关于管理软件仓库的详细信息，请参考Ubuntu Repositories wiki page.您可以通过设置菜单中的软件库命令来打开软件软件首选项。

IconsPage?action=AttachFile&do=get&target=eyes.png As a front-end to apt, Synaptic uses the system-wide list of software repositories file located at 

/etc/apt/sources.list

For more on managing software channels, see the Repositories wiki page. IconsPage?action=AttachFile&do=get&target=eyes.png 作为apt的前端，新立得使用系统系统己的软件仓库配置文件： 

/etc/apt/sources.list

关于管理软件仓库的详细信息，请参考Repositories wiki page。

Updating the Package List（更新软件包列表）

Synaptic maintains a database of packages on your system in order to keep track of installed software. This list is checked against the software repositories to inform you of new packages or updates. Synaptic checks for new software packages when you launch Synaptic. It's a good idea to update the database from time to time while running Synaptic. In particular, you may want to do so if you have made changes to the list of software channels or if you have made changes to Synaptic's configuration. Just click on the Reload button or press Ctrl + R.

新立得维护了一个关于您系统上所有软件包的数据库来追踪您系统上安装了的软件包。新立得通过检查软件仓库来更新数据库，这样它就可以提示您新的软件包或者已有软件包的升级。新立得在启动时检查新的软件包。在运行新立得时时常更新数据库是个不错的选择。特别是当您改变了软件仓库列表或者更改了新立得的设置时，您可能需要立即更新数据库。需要更新只需点击工具栏上的刷新（Reload）按钮或者按下Ctrl + R。

How to keep your system up-to-date（如何使您的系统保持最新）

Synaptic provides two methods for upgrading your system:

新立得提供两种方式来更新您的系统：

  • Smart Upgrade (Dist-Upgrade) -- recommended
    The smart upgrade method tries to resolve package conflicts. This includes installing additional dependencies (required packages) if needed and preferring packages with higher priority. Smart Upgrade has the same effect as the apt-get dist-upgrade tool on the command line.
  • 智能升级(Dist-Upgrade) -- 推荐
    智能升级会试图解决软件包之间冲突的问题。这包括在需要时安装额外的依赖关系（需要的软件包）或者选择具有较高优先级的软件包。智能升级与命令行上的apt-get dist-upgrade具有同样的效果。
  • Default Upgrade
    The default upgrade method marks upgrades of installed packages only. If the new version of a package depends on not installed packages or coflicts with an already installed package, it will not be upgraded.
  • 默认升级
    默认升级仅仅标记所有已安装软件包的升级。如果新版本的软件包依赖于尚未安装的软件包或者于已安装的软件包冲突，升级将不会继续。

IconsPage?action=AttachFile&do=get&target=eyes.png Dist-upgrade is the default upgrade method used by Synaptic. To change the upgrade method, choose Preferences from the Settings menu, then click on the General tab and adjust the System upgrade entry. IconsPage?action=AttachFile&do=get&target=eyes.png 智能升级是新立得默认的升级方式。如果希望改变升级方式，选择设置（Settings）菜单下的首选项（Preferences），点击常规信息（General）选项卡，然后调整系统升级（System upgrade）项。

  • To upgrade your system with Synaptic:
  • 要使用新立得升级您的系统：
    • Click Reload or press Ctrl + R to make Synaptic aware of the latest updates.
    • 点击刷新（Reload）或者按下Ctrl + R来使新立得获得最新的软件包信息。
    • Click Mark all Upgrades or press Ctrl + G.
    • 点击工具栏上的标记所有软件包以便升级（Mark all Upgrades）按钮或者按下Ctrl + G。
    • Click Apply on the toolbar or press Ctrl + P. A dialog appears with a summary of the changes that will be made to your system.
    • 点击工具栏上的应用（Apply）按钮或者按下Ctrl + P。* 这时会出现一个摘要您所作更改的对话框。
    • Click Apply to confirm the changes and go ahead with the upgrade.
    • 点击应用（Apply）来确认您的更改并继续升级。

IconsPage?action=AttachFile&do=get&target=info.png Integration with Update-Manager

IconsPage?action=AttachFile&do=get&target=info.png 与更新管理器(Update-Manager)的集成

Synaptic works hand-in-hand with Update-Manager to inform you about updates to the software installed on your system. If software or security updates are available, Update-Manager will display a pop-up message and an icon in the notification area on your GNOME desktop. To update your system, click on the notification icon, enter your password and click OK.

新立得与更新管理器（Update-Manager）紧密合作来提示您您系统上安装的软件包的升级。如果有软件或者安全更新，更新管理器会在您的GNOME桌面的通知区域显示一个图标。要升级您的系统，点击通知区域的图表，输入您的密码，然后点击OK。

  • UbuntuManual?action=AttachFile&do=get&target=update-notification.png

IconsPage?action=AttachFile&do=get&target=info.png You can change the frequency of update checks in the Software Preferences panel. Choose Repositories from the Settings menu, then click on the Internet Updates tab and adjust the Check for updates entry.

IconsPage?action=AttachFile&do=get&target=info.png 您可以通过软件首选项面板（Software Preferences）改变检查更新的频率。选择设置（Settings）菜单下的首选项（Preferences），点击Internet Updates（Internet Updates）选项卡，然后调整自动检查更新（Check for updates）项。

  • UbuntuManual?action=AttachFile&do=get&target=synaptic-check4updates.png

Locating software on your system（定位你系统上的软件）

Synaptic can tell you about every file that belongs to a software package it knows about and show you where it is located on your system. Search the database for the software package you are interested in and select it in Synaptic's main window. Next, click on the Installed Files tab to see a list of all files and where they are.

新立得可以告诉您它所知道的一个包内所有的文件的位置。在数据库中搜索您感兴趣的软件包，然后在新立得的主窗口中选中它。接着，点击已安装的文件（Installed Files）选项卡来查看每个文件的位置。

View the Changelog of a Package（查看软件包的变更日志）

IconsPage?action=AttachFile&do=get&target=eyes.png Applies to native Debian (.deb) packages only

IconsPage?action=AttachFile&do=get&target=eyes.png 仅适用于原生Debian(.deb)包

You can view the changelog of a package with Synaptic. Select a package, then choose Download Changelog from the Package menu.

您可以用新立得来查看一个软件包的变更日志。选定一个软件包，然后选择软件包（Package）菜单下的下载变更日志（Download Changelog）。

View History（查看历史）

You can easily keep track of all changes made to your system's software configuration. To view the history log file, choose History from the File menu.

您可以非常简单得追踪所有新立得对您的系统作的改动。要查看历史日志文件，选择文件（File）菜单下的历史（History）。

IconsPage?action=AttachFile&do=get&target=eyes.png The history log only shows changes made with Synaptic.

IconsPage?action=AttachFile&do=get&target=eyes.png 历史日志仅仅显示新立得所作的更改。

How to force the installation of a package version（如何强制安装某个版本的软件包）

IconsPage?action=AttachFile&do=get&target=eyes.png To be added: Why you would (and would not) want to force a specific version

IconsPage?action=AttachFile&do=get&target=eyes.png 将要添加：为什么您会希望（或者不再希望）强制安装某个版本的软件

  • To force the installation of a package different from the one chosen by Synaptic, do the following:
  • 要强制安装一个软件包不同于新立得选择的版本，如下操作：
    • Click Reload or press Ctrl + R to make Synaptic aware of the latest updates.
    • 点击刷新（Reload）或者按下Ctrl + R来使新立得获得最新的软件包信息。
    • Select the package. Choose Force Version from the Package menu.
    • 选定需要改变的软件包。选择软件包（Package）菜单下的强制版本(Force Version)。
    • Select the version you would like to use. To confirm your decision, click Force.
    • 选择您想使用的版本。点击强制(Force)来确人您的决定。
    • Click Apply on the toolbar or press Ctrl + P. A dialog appears with a summary of the changes that will be made to your system. To confirm, press Apply.
    • 点击工具栏上的应用（Apply）按钮或者按下Ctrl + P。这时会出现一个摘要您所作更改的对话框。点击应用（Apply）来确认。

How to fix broken packages（如何修复软件包）

IconsPage?action=AttachFile&do=get&target=warning.png 'Broken packages' are packages that have unsatisfied dependencies. If broken packages are detected, Synaptic will not allow any further changes to the system until all broken packages have been fixed.

IconsPage?action=AttachFile&do=get&target=warning.png '毁损的软件包'是指那些没有满足依赖关系的软件包。如果新立得检测到毁损的软件包，它将不允许在这些毁损的软件包被修复前对系统作任何改变。

  • To fix broken packages
  • 修复毁损的软件包
    • Choose Edit > Fix Broken Packages from the menu.
    • 选择编辑（Edit)菜单下的修正损毁的软件包（Fix Broken Packages）。
    • Choose Apply Marked Changes from the Edit menu or press Ctrl + P.
    • 点击编辑（Edit）菜单下的实施标记的更新（Apply Marked Change）或者按下Ctrl + P。
    • Confirm the summary of changes and click Apply.
    • 点击应用（Apply）按钮来确认您的更改。

Anchor(statusicons)

Status Icons（状态图标）

The following icons are used to indicate the status of a package in the package list:

以下这些图标用于表示软件包列表中软件包的状态：

  • UbuntuManual?action=AttachFile&do=get&target=synaptic-icon-legend.png

Keyboard shortcuts for Synaptic（新立得的快捷键）

.

<tablebgcolor="#f1f1ed" tablewidth="80%" tablestyle="margin: 0px 0px 1em 1em; padding: 0.5em; font-size: 0.9em;"rowbgcolor="#dde3e7">Command <style="text-align: center;">Key Combination

.

Update the list of available packages <style="text-align: center;">Ctrl + R
Open the package search dialog <style="text-align: center;">Ctrl + F
Show the Properties window for the selected package <style="text-align: center;">Ctrl + O
Mark the selected package(s) for installation <style="text-align: center;">Ctrl + I
Mark the selected package(s) for upgrade <style="text-align: center;">Ctrl + U
Mark the selected package(s) for removal <style="text-align: center;">Delete
Mark the selected package(s) for complete removal <style="text-align: center;">Shift + Delete
Unmark any changes to packages <style="text-align: center;">Ctrl + N
Mark all possible upgrades <style="text-align: center;">Ctrl + G
Force the installation of a specific version of the package <style="text-align: center;">Ctrl + E
Undo the last change <style="text-align: center;">Ctrl + Z
Redo the last change <style="text-align: center;">Ctrl + Shift + Z
Apply all marked changes <style="text-align: center;">Ctrl + P
Quit Synaptic <style="text-align: center;">Ctrl + Q
<tablebgcolor="#f1f1ed" tablewidth="80%" tablestyle="margin: 0px 0px 1em 1em; padding: 0.5em; font-size: 0.9em;"rowbgcolor="#dde3e7">命令 <style="text-align: center;">组合键

.

更新软件包列表 <style="text-align: center;">Ctrl + R
打开软件包搜索对话框 <style="text-align: center;">Ctrl + F
显示所选软件包的属性窗口 <style="text-align: center;">Ctrl + O
标记所选的软件包以便安装 <style="text-align: center;">Ctrl + I
标记所选的软件包以便升级 <style="text-align: center;">Ctrl + U
标记所选的软件包以便删除 <style="text-align: center;">Delete
标记所选的软件包以便彻底删除 <style="text-align: center;">Shift + Delete
取消全部标记 <style="text-align: center;">Ctrl + N
标记所有更新 <style="text-align: center;">Ctrl + G
强制安装某个版本的软件包 <style="text-align: center;">Ctrl + E
撤销最近一次更改 <style="text-align: center;">Ctrl + Z
重做最近一次更改 <style="text-align: center;">Ctrl + Shift + Z
应用所有标记的更改 <style="text-align: center;">Ctrl + P
退出新立得 <style="text-align: center;">Ctrl + Q

Troubleshooting（疑难解答）

  • What to do if an installation process fails and you find it is no longer possible to install or remove packages:
  • 一次安装过程失败而且不能在进行安装或者删除了怎么办：
    • Open a Terminal and type the following at the command line:
apt-get install -f

Then press Return.

    • 打开一个终端，在命令行输入如下命令：
apt-get install -f

然后按下回车。

  • Browser works, Synaptic will not (note: probably inaccurate or outdated)
  • 浏览器正常工作，但是新立得却有问题（注：描述可能不准确或者已经过时）
    • If the router is set to auto discover DNS then Synaptic will fail. Resolve this by setting up a static ip address and manually set DNS ip in router. Now Ubuntu (system-administration-networking) config static ip and enter your ISP dns ip and delete router DNS ip which will look something like 192.168.1.1
    • 路由器设置为自动检测DNS，新立得就无法工作：可以通过静态ip地址以及手动设置路由器的DNS来解决此问题。现在使用Ubuntu（系统-系统管理-联网)配置静态ip，然后输入您的ISP的DNS的ip地址然后删除路由器的DNS的ip地址，可能是类似 192.168.1.1 这样。

See also（请参阅）

取自“https://wiki.ubuntu.org.cn/index.php?title=新立得使用指南&oldid=18687”