特殊:Badtitle/NS100:RecoveringUbuntuAfterInstallingWindows:修订间差异
小无编辑摘要 |
小无编辑摘要 |
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3. Start grub as root with the following command : | 3. Start grub as root with the following command : | ||
<pre><nowiki> | <pre><nowiki> | ||
sudo grub | sudo grub | ||
</nowiki></pre> | </nowiki></pre> | ||
4. You will get a grub prompt. We will use tab completion to find your root partition and install grub to the MBR (hd0,0) | 4. You will get a grub prompt. We will use tab completion to find your root partition and install grub to the MBR (hd0,0) | ||
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* If you do not know your boot partition, use '''find /boot/grub/stage1''' | * If you do not know your boot partition, use '''find /boot/grub/stage1''' | ||
<pre><nowiki> GNU GRUB version 0.97 (640K lower / 3072K upper memory) | <pre><nowiki> GNU GRUB version 0.97 (640K lower / 3072K upper memory) | ||
[ Minimal BASH-like line editing is supported. For the first word, TAB | |||
lists possible command completions. Anywhere else TAB lists the possible | [ Minimal BASH-like line editing is supported. For the first word, TAB | ||
completions of a device/filename.] | lists possible command completions. Anywhere else TAB lists the possible | ||
completions of a device/filename.] | |||
grub> root (<tab> #grub will complete the line or list your partitions | grub> root (<tab> #grub will complete the line or list your partitions | ||
#If you do not know your boot partition, use the find command instead | #If you do not know your boot partition, use the find command instead | ||
grub> find /boot/grub/stage1 | grub> find /boot/grub/stage1 | ||
grub> root (hd0,1) #Hit the <Enter> key | grub> root (hd0,1) #Hit the <Enter> key | ||
grub> setup (hd0) #Hit <Enter> key | grub> setup (hd0) #Hit <Enter> key | ||
grub> quit #Hit <Enter> key, quits grub</nowiki></pre> | grub> quit #Hit <Enter> key, quits grub</nowiki></pre> | ||
5. Reboot (to hard drive). Grub should be installed and both Ubuntu and Windows should have been automatically detected. | 5. Reboot (to hard drive). Grub should be installed and both Ubuntu and Windows should have been automatically detected. | ||
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Open a terminal and enter : | Open a terminal and enter : | ||
<pre><nowiki> | <pre><nowiki> | ||
gksu gedit /boot/grub/menu.lst | gksu gedit /boot/grub/menu.lst | ||
</nowiki></pre> | </nowiki></pre> | ||
Your Windows stanza should look something like this : | Your Windows stanza should look something like this : | ||
<pre><nowiki> | <pre><nowiki> | ||
title Windows XP/Vista # You can use any title you wish, this will appear on your grub boot menu | title Windows XP/Vista # You can use any title you wish, this will appear on your grub boot menu | ||
rootnoverify (hd0,0) #(hd0,0) will be most common, you may need to adjust accordingly | rootnoverify (hd0,0) #(hd0,0) will be most common, you may need to adjust accordingly | ||
makeactive | makeactive | ||
chainloader +1 | chainloader +1 | ||
</nowiki></pre> | </nowiki></pre> | ||
7. See some of the sections below for additional options if this ''quick start'' does not fit your needs. | 7. See some of the sections below for additional options if this ''quick start'' does not fit your needs. | ||
=== Using the Desktop/[[UbuntuHelp:LiveCD|LiveCD]] and Overwriting the Windows bootloader === | === Using the Desktop/[[UbuntuHelp:LiveCD|LiveCD]] and Overwriting the Windows bootloader === | ||
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We'll need to find which partition your Ubuntu system is installed on. Type the command ''fdisk -l''. It will output a list of all your partitions, for example : | We'll need to find which partition your Ubuntu system is installed on. Type the command ''fdisk -l''. It will output a list of all your partitions, for example : | ||
<pre><nowiki>$ sudo fdisk -l | <pre><nowiki>$ sudo fdisk -l | ||
Disk /dev/hda: 120.0 GB, 120034123776 bytes | Disk /dev/hda: 120.0 GB, 120034123776 bytes | ||
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 14593 cylinders | 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 14593 cylinders | ||
Units | Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes | ||
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System | |||
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System | |||
/dev/hda1 1 8 64228+ 83 Linux | /dev/hda1 1 8 64228+ 83 Linux | ||
/dev/hda2 9 1224 9767520 83 Linux | /dev/hda2 9 1224 9767520 83 Linux | ||
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/dev/hda5 14532 14593 498015 82 Linux swap / Solaris | /dev/hda5 14532 14593 498015 82 Linux swap / Solaris | ||
/dev/hda6 2441 14530 97112862 83 Linux | /dev/hda6 2441 14530 97112862 83 Linux | ||
Partition table entries are not in disk order</nowiki></pre> | Partition table entries are not in disk order</nowiki></pre> | ||
Here I have three Linux partitions. /dev/hda2 is my root partition, /dev/hda1 is my /boot partition and /dev/hda6 is my /home partitoins. If you only have one, obviously this is the one your Ubuntu system is installed on. If you have more than one and you don't know which one your Ubuntu is installed on, we'll look for it later. First, create a mountpoint for your partition, for example : | Here I have three Linux partitions. /dev/hda2 is my root partition, /dev/hda1 is my /boot partition and /dev/hda6 is my /home partitoins. If you only have one, obviously this is the one your Ubuntu system is installed on. If you have more than one and you don't know which one your Ubuntu is installed on, we'll look for it later. First, create a mountpoint for your partition, for example : | ||
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Check if this is correct or not. If any of the lines is incorrect, | Check if this is correct or not. If any of the lines is incorrect, | ||
fix it and re-run the script `grub-install'. | fix it and re-run the script `grub-install'. | ||
(hd0) /dev/hda</nowiki></pre> | (hd0) /dev/hda</nowiki></pre> | ||
Now you can reboot and the GRUB menu should appear. If you see a warning message regarding XFS filesystem, you can ignore it. | Now you can reboot and the GRUB menu should appear. If you see a warning message regarding XFS filesystem, you can ignore it. | ||
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default 0 #The entry which should be booted by default | default 0 #The entry which should be booted by default | ||
fallback 1 #The entry which should be booted in the event of the first one failing | fallback 1 #The entry which should be booted in the event of the first one failing | ||
title Ubuntu, 2.6.10 #A 32-bit Ubuntu entry | title Ubuntu, 2.6.10 #A 32-bit Ubuntu entry | ||
#This (or something like it) should be in your configuration | #This (or something like it) should be in your configuration | ||
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initrd /initrd.img-2.6.10-5-386 | initrd /initrd.img-2.6.10-5-386 | ||
kernel /vmlinuz-2.6.10-5-386 root=/dev/hda4 | kernel /vmlinuz-2.6.10-5-386 root=/dev/hda4 | ||
title Ubuntu, 2.6.10 #Another 32-bit Ubuntu entry | title Ubuntu, 2.6.10 #Another 32-bit Ubuntu entry | ||
#This is an example of an Ubuntu entry which does not have a separate /boot/ partition | #This is an example of an Ubuntu entry which does not have a separate /boot/ partition | ||
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initrd /boot/initrd.img-2.6.10-5-386 | initrd /boot/initrd.img-2.6.10-5-386 | ||
kernel /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.10-5-386 | kernel /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.10-5-386 | ||
title Microsoft Windows XP Home #An entry for a Windows installation | title Microsoft Windows XP Home #An entry for a Windows installation | ||
#If you're reading this guide, you probably want this | #If you're reading this guide, you probably want this |
2007年12月6日 (四) 10:52的版本
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- title Recovering Ubuntu after installing Windows
Using the Ubuntu Desktop/Live CD
Please choose one of the following options:
Vista
If you have Vista installed and you installed Ubuntu and when you rebooted it didn't show up as a dual boot option, try going into Vista (cuz thats all you can do), use the program EasyBCD version 1.7 It looks like this Add your Linux install to the boot sequence. Voila!
Quick Start
This option will use the Desktop/Live CD to install Grub into your MBR (Master Boot Record). This option will overwrite your Windows Boot Loader It is OK to do this, in fact that is the goal of this how to (in order to boot Ubuntu) B) 1. Boot the Desktop/Live CD. 2. Open a terminal (Applications -> Accessories -> Terminal) 3. Start grub as root with the following command :
sudo grub
4. You will get a grub prompt. We will use tab completion to find your root partition and install grub to the MBR (hd0,0)
- <tab> = hit the Tab key : This will return your root partition, something like root (hd0,1). Hit the <Enter> key and continue.
- If you do not know your boot partition, use find /boot/grub/stage1
GNU GRUB version 0.97 (640K lower / 3072K upper memory) [ Minimal BASH-like line editing is supported. For the first word, TAB lists possible command completions. Anywhere else TAB lists the possible completions of a device/filename.] grub> root (<tab> #grub will complete the line or list your partitions #If you do not know your boot partition, use the find command instead grub> find /boot/grub/stage1 grub> root (hd0,1) #Hit the <Enter> key grub> setup (hd0) #Hit <Enter> key grub> quit #Hit <Enter> key, quits grub
5. Reboot (to hard drive). Grub should be installed and both Ubuntu and Windows should have been automatically detected. 6. If, after installing grub, Windows will not boot you may need to edit /boot/grub/menu.lst (That is a small "L" and not the number 1 in menu.lst) Open a terminal and enter :
gksu gedit /boot/grub/menu.lst
Your Windows stanza should look something like this :
title Windows XP/Vista # You can use any title you wish, this will appear on your grub boot menu rootnoverify (hd0,0) #(hd0,0) will be most common, you may need to adjust accordingly makeactive chainloader +1
7. See some of the sections below for additional options if this quick start does not fit your needs.
Using the Desktop/LiveCD and Overwriting the Windows bootloader
Boot from a Live CD and open a terminal. You'll need to run a few commands as root so you can use sudo -i to get a root shell and run them normally instead of using sudo on each of them. Be extra careful when running a root shell, especially for typos ! We'll need to find which partition your Ubuntu system is installed on. Type the command fdisk -l. It will output a list of all your partitions, for example :
$ sudo fdisk -l Disk /dev/hda: 120.0 GB, 120034123776 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 14593 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/hda1 1 8 64228+ 83 Linux /dev/hda2 9 1224 9767520 83 Linux /dev/hda3 * 1225 2440 9767520 a5 FreeBSD /dev/hda4 2441 14593 97618972+ 5 Extended /dev/hda5 14532 14593 498015 82 Linux swap / Solaris /dev/hda6 2441 14530 97112862 83 Linux Partition table entries are not in disk order
Here I have three Linux partitions. /dev/hda2 is my root partition, /dev/hda1 is my /boot partition and /dev/hda6 is my /home partitoins. If you only have one, obviously this is the one your Ubuntu system is installed on. If you have more than one and you don't know which one your Ubuntu is installed on, we'll look for it later. First, create a mountpoint for your partition, for example :
mkdir /mnt/root
Then mount your partition in it. If you don't know which one it is, then mount any of them, we'll se if it's the correct one.
mount -t ext3 /dev/hda2 /mnt/root
Of course, replace /dev/hda2 with the correct name of your partition. You can check if it's the correct one by running ls /mnt/root, which should output something like this :
bin dev home lib mnt root srv usr boot etc initrd lib64 opt sbin sys var cdrom initrd.img media proc selinux tmp vmlinuz
If what you have looks not at all like this, you didn't mount the correct partition. Do umount /mnt/root to unmount it and try another one. You also need to mount your /boot partition if you made one, like this :
mount -t ext3 /dev/hda1 /mnt/root/boot
To make sure it was the correct one, run ls /mnt/root/boot, which sould output something like this :
config-2.6.18-3-686 initrd.img-2.6.18-3-686.bak System.map-2.6.18-3-686 grub lost+found vmlinuz-2.6.18-3-686 initrd.img-2.6.18-3-686 memtest86+.bin
Once again, if what you have doesn't fit, unmount it and try another partition.
Now that everything is mounted, we just need to reinstall GRUB :
grub-install --root-directory=/mnt/root /dev/hda
If you got BIOS warnings try:
grub-install --root-directory=/mnt/root /dev/hda --recheck
Of course, replace /dev/hda with the location you want to install GRUB on. If all went well, you should see something like this :
Installation finished. No error reported. This is the contents of the device map /boot/grub/device.map. Check if this is correct or not. If any of the lines is incorrect, fix it and re-run the script `grub-install'. (hd0) /dev/hda
Now you can reboot and the GRUB menu should appear. If you see a warning message regarding XFS filesystem, you can ignore it.
Using the Desktop/LiveCD while preserving Windows Bootloader
The method shown above puts GRUB back on the MBR (master boot record) of the hard drive instead of in the root partition. But you probably won't want that, if you use a third-party boot manager like Boot Magic or System Commander. (The original poster also suggested that this would be useful to restore the Grub menu after a re-ghosting.) In that case, use this alternative. This alternative, used without a third-party boot manager, will not cause Ubuntu to boot. 1. Boot from a Live CD, like Ubuntu Live, Knoppix, Mepis, or similar. 2. Open a Terminal. Open a root terminal (that is, type "su" in a non-Ubuntu distro, or "sudo -i" in Ubuntu). Enter root passwords as necessary. 3. Type "grub" which makes a GRUB prompt appear. 4. Type "find /boot/grub/stage1". You'll get a response like "(hd0)" or in my case "(hd0,3)". Use whatever your computer spits out for the following lines. Note that you should have mounted the partition which has your Linux system before typing this command. (e.g. In Knoppix Live CD partitions are shown on the desktop but they're not mounted until you double-click on them or mount them manually) 5. Type "root (hd0,3)". 6. Type "setup (hd0,3)". This is key. Other instructions say to use "(hd0)", and that's fine if you want to write GRUB to the MBR. If you want to write it to your linux root partition, then you want the number after the comma, such as "(hd0,3)". 7. Type "quit". 8. Restart the system. Remove the bootable CD. From: http://ubuntuforums.org/showpost.php?p=121355&postcount=5
Not using the Ubuntu Desktop/Live CD
You could have to run "grub" not from the Ubuntu Desktop/Live CD, but from your disk installation to make it work. To do this mount your root partition (following examples assume a root partition on hda1):
sudo mkdir /mnt/linux sudo mount /dev/hda1 /mnt/linux
then change directory to your installation sbin and run grub from there
cd /mnt/linux/sbin sudo ./grub
Using the Unofficial "Super Grub Disk"
- Download Super Grub Disk
- Burn into a cdrom (better) or a floppy
- Boot from it
- Select: your language
- Select: Linux
- Select: Fix Boot of Linux (GRUB)
- Select the Linux or Grub installation you want to restore.
- You see the message: SGD has done it!
- Reboot
- You're done.
Troubleshooting
This section applies to...
- Dual-boot setups in which Windows was installed after Ubuntu
- Conditions where Windows failure forced a re-installation
- Windows recovery techniques involving the "restoration" of the MBR
- Cases where GRUB failed to install
Prerequisites:
- Your Ubuntu partitions are all still intact
- You have a LiveCD, such as the Ubuntu Desktop CD, or anything you're comfortable with
- You're familiar enough with your LiveCD to gain access to a console
- You remember how you set up your partitions (having a printout of `/etc/fstab` is ideal, though you can make do with the output of
fdisk -l /dev/hda
) - Knowledge of how your kernel works (specifically with regards to initrd), if you're using a non-Ubuntu kernel or built your own
- Your kernel's version; this howto assumes 2.6.10-5-386
Preparing Your Working Environment
To begin the restoration procedure, insert your LiveCD and reboot your computer. Proceed with your LiveCD's bootup proceedure until you are presented with an interface. If your LiveCD does not immediately present you with a console, also called a terminal, open one -- to do this with the Ubuntu LiveCD, click Applications -> System Tools -> Terminal. Note: Since this is a LiveCD environment, any changes to user accounts or filesystem layouts at this level will not be permanent. This means you can set a temporary root password and create directories without affecting your actual installation. Now, you need to gain root access. Under Ubuntu, this can be done with the following commands:
sudo -i
Under Knoppix, the following command will suffice, and you will not be prompted for a password.
su -
Now that you have root access, you need to mount the partition(s) containing your bootloader files. You will need access to both your `/sbin/` and `/boot/` directories. If you have a `/boot/` listing in your `fstab`, you are among those who will need to mount two partitions. Begin by creating a mount point for your working environment -- you'll notice this is the same as creating a directory.
mkdir /mnt/work
If you need to mount `/boot/`, too, run the following command.
mkdir /mnt/work/boot
Now it's time to actually load your filesystem data. Review your `fstab` and identify the location(s) of `/` and `/boot/`; these will likely look something like `/dev/hda3` and `/dev/hda4`, though the letter 'a' and the numbers 3 and 4 may differ. Note: For the remainder of this howto, `/dev/hda3` and `/dev/hda4` will be assumed, so alter them as needed when typing them in yourself. Enter the following commands to load your filesystem and some information GRUB may need.
mount /dev/hda4 /mnt/work mount -o bind /dev /mnt/work/dev mount -o bind /proc /mnt/work/proc cp /proc/mounts /mnt/work/etc/mtab
Now, you have to enter your working environment. The following command will take care of that.
chroot /mnt/work/ /bin/bash
Warning: From this point on, any files you modify will affect your Ubuntu system. You have left the safety of the LiveCD. Excercise caution.
Recovering GRUB Automatically
If you have a separate `/boot/` partition, type the following line.
sudo mount /dev/hda3 /boot/
Reinstalling GRUB from this point is easy. Just enter the following command.
sudo /sbin/grub-install /dev/hda
If the command you used above failed, which is unlikely, you will need to configure GRUB manually (it isn't too hard); if it succeeded, you should read the note at the start of the final section: "Configuring the GRUB Menu".
Recovering GRUB Manually
Before you can undertake the next step, it's important that you understand how GRUB identifies partitions. To GRUB, numbers begin with 0, and letters are expressed numerically, also beginning with 0. For example, `/dev/hda1` is "hd0,0" to GRUB. Similarly, `/dev/hdb3` is "hd1,2". Note: The "root" line must point to the location of your `/boot/` partition if you have one. If you do not have one, point it at your `/` partition.
sudo /sbin/grub grub> root (hd0,2) grub> setup (hd0) grub> quit
Configuring the GRUB Menu
Note: This step does not need to be done if you're just trying to recover your MBR. Installing Windows will not alter the contents of your existing `menu.lst`, so if everything was working right before, everything will continue to work right now, and you can restart your computer. Open the GRUB menu file, `/boot/grub/menu.lst`, with your favourite text editor. An example follows.
sudo nano /boot/grub/menu.lst
Note: Your `menu.lst` file is used to control the operating systems GRUB displays on startup, as well as its visual appearance. This howto will only explain how to get your operating systems to boot; it will not tell you how to make your bootloader pretty. A sample `menu.lst`, stripped of unnecessary comments, appears below. It is based on the `/dev/hda3` and `/dev/hda4` example above, and assumes Windows resides at `/dev/hda1`.
timeout 5 #The number of seconds GRUB should wait before booting an OS default 0 #The entry which should be booted by default fallback 1 #The entry which should be booted in the event of the first one failing title Ubuntu, 2.6.10 #A 32-bit Ubuntu entry #This (or something like it) should be in your configuration root (hd0,2) initrd /initrd.img-2.6.10-5-386 kernel /vmlinuz-2.6.10-5-386 root=/dev/hda4 title Ubuntu, 2.6.10 #Another 32-bit Ubuntu entry #This is an example of an Ubuntu entry which does not have a separate /boot/ partition #(it is provided only as an alternate to the example above -- do not use them together) root (hd0,2) initrd /boot/initrd.img-2.6.10-5-386 kernel /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.10-5-386 title Microsoft Windows XP Home #An entry for a Windows installation #If you're reading this guide, you probably want this root (hd0,0) makeactive chainloader +1
And that's it. Save and close the file, then reboot and try out the entries.
Using the Ubuntu Alternate/Install CD
This section explains how to rescue GRUB (the GRand Unified Boot loader), using the Ubuntu alternate/install CD ROM.
- Enter your computers BIOS to check computer can boot from CD ROM. If you can boot from CD, insert CD ROM into drive. Exit the BIOS (if needed save your settings to make sure the computer boots from the CD ROM).
- When the Ubuntu splash screen comes up with the `boot:` prompt, type in `rescue` and press enter.
- Choose your language, location (country) and then keyboard layout as if you were doing a fresh install.
- Enter a host name, or leave it with the default (Ubuntu).
- At this stage you are presented with a screen where you can select which partition is your root partition (there is a list of the partitions on your hard drive, so you are required to know which partition number Ubuntu is on). This will be
dev/discs/disc0/partX
, where theX
is a partition number. - you are then presented with a command prompt (a hash).
- type
$ grub-install /dev/hdaX
where X is your Ubuntu root install.
Using the Alternate/Install CD and Overwriting the Windows bootloader
- Boot your computer with the Ubuntu CD
- Go through the installation process until you reach "[!!!] Disk Partition"
- Select Manual Partition
- Mount your appropriate linux partions:
- /
- /boot
- swap
- ...
- DO NOT FORMAT THEM.
- Finish the manual partition
- Say "Yes" when it asks you to save the changes
- It will give you errors saying that "the system couldn't install ....." after that
- Ignore them, keep select "continue" until you get back to the Ubuntu installation menu
- Jump to "Install Grub ...."
- Once it is finished, just restart your computer
From: http://doc.gwos.org/index.php/Restore_Grub and http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=76652
GRUB Resources
- GRUB Manual
- GRUB homepage
- Grub wiki
- Linux+Win+Grub HowTo
- Super Grub Disk. Ready to go cdrom or floppy that restores Grub on MBR automatically
- Linux Recovery and Boot Disk Creation with Grub.
- Win32 Grub
- Booting with GRUB
- WinGRUB
- GRUB Installer for Windows
- GRUB for DOS - Bridging DOS/Windows to Unix/Linux