特殊:Badtitle/NS100:GnuPrivacyGuardHowto:修订间差异
小无编辑摘要 |
小无编辑摘要 |
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The following topics will be covered by this article. | The following topics will be covered by this article. | ||
* GnuPG, | * GnuPG, GPG, PGP and OpenPGP | ||
* Generating an OpenPGP key | * Generating an OpenPGP key | ||
* Uploading key to keyserver | * Uploading key to keyserver | ||
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== Generating an OpenPGP Key == | == Generating an OpenPGP Key == | ||
The core package required to start using OpenPGP, '''gnupg''', is installed by default on Ubuntu systems. | The core package required to start using OpenPGP, '''gnupg''', is installed by default on Ubuntu systems. | ||
A portable, standalone version with enhanced features is also available from source: version 2.0.6. It's a bit harder to configure. See [http://www.gnupg.org/ The GPG site] for more information. | |||
There are several programs which provide a graphical interface to the GnuPG system. | There are several programs which provide a graphical interface to the GnuPG system. | ||
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You need a Passphrase to protect your secret key. | You need a Passphrase to protect your secret key. | ||
</nowiki></pre> | </nowiki></pre> | ||
You will be asked for your passphrase twice. Usually, a short sentence or phrase that isn't easy to guess can be used. You would be asked to tap on the keyboard or do any of the things you normally do in order for randomization to take place. | You will be asked for your passphrase twice. Usually, a short sentence or phrase that isn't easy to guess can be used. You would be asked to tap on the keyboard or do any of the things you normally do in order for randomization to take place. This is done so that the encryption algorithm has more human-entered elements, which, combined with the passphrase entered above, will result in the user's private key. | ||
'''IMPORTANT''' - Forgetting your passphrase will result in your key being useless. Remember this passphrase carefully, there is no way to recover it when it's lost. After you type your passphrase twice, the key will be generated. Please follow the instructions on the screen till you reach a screen similiar to the one below. | '''IMPORTANT''' - Forgetting your passphrase will result in your key being useless. Remember this passphrase carefully, there is no way to recover it when it's lost. After you type your passphrase twice, the key will be generated. Please follow the instructions on the screen till you reach a screen similiar to the one below. | ||
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</nowiki></pre> | </nowiki></pre> | ||
Using a webbrowser: | Using a webbrowser to submit to Ubuntu key server: | ||
* Export your key by doing <code><nowiki>gpg --export -a "Key-ID" > public.key</nowiki></code> | * Export your key by doing <code><nowiki>gpg --export -a "Key-ID" > public.key</nowiki></code> | ||
* Copy the content of <code><nowiki>public.key</nowiki></code>: | * Copy the content of <code><nowiki>public.key</nowiki></code>: | ||
* Open http:// | * Open http://keyserver.ubuntu.com:11371/ in a browser window. | ||
* Paste the copied content in the box under the label, <code><nowiki>Submit a key</nowiki></code> | * Paste the copied content in the box under the label, <code><nowiki>Submit a key</nowiki></code> | ||
* Click on <code><nowiki>Submit this key to the keyserver!</nowiki></code> | * Click on <code><nowiki>Submit this key to the keyserver!</nowiki></code> | ||
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Evolution has built-in support for OpenPGP. Look under the Security tab when you edit accounts. | Evolution has built-in support for OpenPGP. Look under the Security tab when you edit accounts. | ||
Kmail/Kontact has built-in support. See the [https://help.ubuntu.com/community/KMailGPGAgent Kmail] GPG page for details. | |||
Claws | Claws | ||
Mac OS X mail readers | Mac OS X mail readers | ||
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=== Signing and Encrypting Emails === | === Signing and Encrypting Emails === | ||
This section addresses setting up your the Evolution and | This section addresses setting up your the Evolution, Thunderbird, and Kmail/Kontact mail clients to sign and encrpyt your emails. Other email clients may be added to this list later. | ||
==== Evolution ==== | ==== Evolution ==== | ||
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If you want to use your key in any new email, simply click on the <code><nowiki>Security</nowiki></code> menu item in your new mail message, and then click on <code><nowiki>PGP Sign</nowiki></code>. | If you want to use your key in any new email, simply click on the <code><nowiki>Security</nowiki></code> menu item in your new mail message, and then click on <code><nowiki>PGP Sign</nowiki></code>. | ||
==== Kmail/Kontact ==== | |||
See the [https://help.ubuntu.com/community/KMailGPGAgent Kmail] GPG page for details. | |||
==== Mozilla Thunderbird ==== | ==== Mozilla Thunderbird ==== | ||
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Configure OpenPGP support in Thunderbird under: <code><nowiki>Enigmail->Preferences</nowiki></code> and add under <code><nowiki>GnuPG executable path</nowiki></code> the following path <code><nowiki>/usr/bin/gpg</nowiki></code> | Configure OpenPGP support in Thunderbird under: <code><nowiki>Enigmail->Preferences</nowiki></code> and add under <code><nowiki>GnuPG executable path</nowiki></code> the following path <code><nowiki>/usr/bin/gpg</nowiki></code> | ||
==== Mutt ==== | |||
Create a ~/.mutt directory and copy this file into it: /usr/share/doc/mutt/examples/gpg.rc | |||
Append this line to the muttrc configuration file. | |||
<pre><nowiki> | |||
source ~/.mutt/gpg.rc # Use GPG | |||
</nowiki></pre> | |||
If you're using Mutt 1.5.13, you'll need to fix the paths to pgpewrap as detailed in [http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=522646 this post] | |||
== Tips and Tricks == | == Tips and Tricks == | ||
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**** keyserver-options auto-key-retrieve | **** keyserver-options auto-key-retrieve | ||
**** use-agent | **** use-agent | ||
The former makes gpg automatically retrieve gpg keys when verifying signatures. The latter makes you use gpg-agent, which is very useful if you use gpg a lot but don't like typing your password all the time. | The former makes gpg automatically retrieve gpg keys when verifying signatures. The latter makes you use gpg-agent, which is very useful if you use gpg a lot but don't like typing your password all the time. It is also required for some programs (such a Kmail) to sign or encrypt messages). Gnupg-agent and pinentry are in Main for Gutsy and automatically installed/configured in Kubuntu. | ||
Now create the file ~/.gnupg/gpg-agent.conf with the following content: | Now create the file ~/.gnupg/gpg-agent.conf with the following content: | ||
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max-cache-ttl 86400</nowiki></pre> | max-cache-ttl 86400</nowiki></pre> | ||
This will make gpg-agent use pinentry-gtk2 and it will remember your password for 24 hours. | This will make gpg-agent use pinentry-gtk2 and it will remember your password for 24 hours. For Kubuntu, use pinentry-qt instead. | ||
pinentry- | |||
=== GPG 2.0 === | === GPG 2.0 === | ||
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* [http://www.gnupg.org/gph/en/manual.html GNUPG Manual] | * [http://www.gnupg.org/gph/en/manual.html GNUPG Manual] | ||
* [http://www.linuxgazette.com/node/8746 Using GnuPG, on Linux Gazette] | * [http://www.linuxgazette.com/node/8746 Using GnuPG, on Linux Gazette] | ||
* [http://fabianrodriguez.com/encryption/ A short history of PGP / OpenPGP / GnuPG] | * [http://fabianrodriguez.com/encryption/ A short history of PGP / OpenPGP / GnuPG] | ||
* [http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=37086&page=1&pp=10&highlight=enigmail UbuntuForums Howto], thanks to Kassetra | * [http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=37086&page=1&pp=10&highlight=enigmail UbuntuForums Howto], thanks to Kassetra | ||
* http://www.biglumber.com | * http://www.biglumber.com | ||
---- | ---- | ||
[[category:CategorySecurity]] | [[category:CategorySecurity]] [[category:CategoryCleanup]] | ||
[[category:UbuntuHelp]] | [[category:UbuntuHelp]] |
2007年11月22日 (四) 12:55的版本
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"GnuPG uses public-key cryptography so that users may communicate securely. In a public-key system, each user has a pair of keys consisting of a private key and a public key. A user's private key is kept secret; it need never be revealed. The public key may be given to anyone with whom the user wants to communicate." -GnuPG Manual
Topics Covered
The following topics will be covered by this article.
- GnuPG, GPG, PGP and OpenPGP
- Generating an OpenPGP key
- Uploading key to keyserver
- Keysigning
- Signing Data
- Configuring your mail clients to use GPG
GnuPG, GPG, PGP and OpenPGP
OpenPGP, PGP and GnuPG / GPG are often used interchangeably - a common mistake.
- OpenPGP is technically a proposed standard although it is widely used.
- PGP is an acronym for Pretty Good Privacy, a computer program which provides cryptographic privacy and authentication.
- GnuPG is an abreviation for Gnu Privacy Guard, another computer program which provides cryptographic privacy and authentication.
PGP and GnuPG are computer programs that implement the OpenPGP standard. To find out more about those see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretty_Good_Privacy
Generating an OpenPGP Key
The core package required to start using OpenPGP, gnupg, is installed by default on Ubuntu systems.
A portable, standalone version with enhanced features is also available from source: version 2.0.6. It's a bit harder to configure. See The GPG site for more information.
There are several programs which provide a graphical interface to the GnuPG system.
- Enigmail, an OpenPGP plugin including key management for Mozilla Thunderbird.
sudo apt-get install mozilla-thunderbird-enigmail
- GNU Privacy Assistant (gpa)
sudo apt-get install gpa
- Seahorse
sudo apt-get install seahorse
- KGPG, for a KDE interface.
sudo apt-get install kgpg
You can also generate keys using these programs and use the section below for recommendations.
Using GnuPG
gpg --gen-key
This will lead to a selection screen with the following options
Please select what kind of key you want: (1) DSA and Elgamal (default) (2) DSA (sign only) (5) RSA (sign only)
The default choice (1) is preferred, since the others cannot be used for encryption.
What keysize do you want? (2048)
A keysize of 2048 (which is the default) is also a good choice.
Key is valid for? (0)
Most people make their keys valid until infinity, which is the default option. If you do this don't forget to revoke the key when you no longer use it (see later). Hit Y
and proceed.
You need a user ID to identify your key; the software constructs the user ID from the Real Name, Comment and Email Address in this form: "Heinrich Heine (Der Dichter) <[email protected]>" Real name: Dennis Kaarsemaker Email address: [email protected] Comment: Tutorial key You selected this USER-ID: "Dennis Kaarsemaker (Tutorial key) <[email protected]>"
Make sure that the name on the key matches the name in your passport, or other government issued photo-identification! You can add extra e-mail addresses to the key later.
Type O
to create your key.
You need a Passphrase to protect your secret key.
You will be asked for your passphrase twice. Usually, a short sentence or phrase that isn't easy to guess can be used. You would be asked to tap on the keyboard or do any of the things you normally do in order for randomization to take place. This is done so that the encryption algorithm has more human-entered elements, which, combined with the passphrase entered above, will result in the user's private key.
IMPORTANT - Forgetting your passphrase will result in your key being useless. Remember this passphrase carefully, there is no way to recover it when it's lost. After you type your passphrase twice, the key will be generated. Please follow the instructions on the screen till you reach a screen similiar to the one below.
gpg: key D8FC66D2 marked as ultimately trusted public and secret key created and signed. pub 1024D/D8FC66D2 2005-09-08 Key fingerprint = 95BD 8377 2644 DD4F 28B5 2C37 0F6E 4CA6 D8FC 66D2 uid Dennis Kaarsemaker (Tutorial key) <[email protected]> sub 2048g/389AA63E 2005-09-08
The key-id is D8FC66D2
(yours will be different).
Tip: It's probably a good idea to set this key as default in your .bashrc, so that applications using GPG can automatically use your key. Do this by entering the line below in your ~/.bashrc. Please note that will be sourced only during your next session, unless you source it manually.
export GPGKEY=D8FC66D2
Now restart the gpg-agent and source your .bashrc again:
killall -q gpg-agent eval $(gpg-agent --daemon) source ~/.bashrc
Revocation Certificate
A revocation certificate must be generated to revoke your public key if your private key has been compromised in any way. You can create a revocation certificate by doing
gpg --output revoke.asc --gen-revoke <KEY-ID>
The key may be printed and stored carefully preventing access to it. Anybody having access to your revocation certificate can render the public key useless.
Uploading the Key to Ubuntu keyserver
This section explains how to upload your key to a keyserver so that anyone can download it. When you have uploaded it to one keyserver, after a short time, all the keyservers will have it. You can help this process along by sending your key to several keyservers.
Using GnuPG:
gpg --send-keys --keyserver keyserver.ubuntu.com <KEY-ID>
using the above example it would be
gpg --send-keys --keyserver keyserver.ubuntu.com D8FC66D2
Using a webbrowser to submit to Ubuntu key server:
- Export your key by doing
gpg --export -a "Key-ID" > public.key
- Copy the content of
public.key
: - Open http://keyserver.ubuntu.com:11371/ in a browser window.
- Paste the copied content in the box under the label,
Submit a key
- Click on
Submit this key to the keyserver!
Reading OpenPGP E-mail
OpenPGP implementations can be used to digitally sign, encrypt, and decrypt email messages for heightened security. You can register your own personal OpenPGP keys with Launchpad, and under some situations, Launchpad will send you signed or encrypted email. You would then use OpenPGP support in your mail reader to decrypt these messages or verify a message's digital signature. Of course, you can also use the OpenPGP support in your mail reader to trade encrypted messages with your colleagues, or sign your own messages so that others can have better assurances that the email that appears to come from you actually does comes from you.
The instructions below are not intended to provide you with detailed information on OpenPGP, its various implementations, or its use. These instructions simply provide links that can help you set up your mail reader to be compatible with OpenPGP signed and/or encrypted email.
We need your help to flesh out these instructions! Linux mail readers Thunderbird
You probably want [WWW] Enigmail, a Thunderbird add-on. On Ubuntu systems, you should just install the mozilla-thunderbird-enigmail package; I think this will install everything you need to get started with reading GPG signed and/or encrypted email. [BarryWarsaw 2007-04-04]. Evolution
Evolution has built-in support for OpenPGP. Look under the Security tab when you edit accounts.
Kmail/Kontact has built-in support. See the Kmail GPG page for details.
Claws Mac OS X mail readers Mail.app
[WWW] GPGMail from Sen:te is an excellent plugin for Apple's Mail.app mail reader. It has great support for reading GPG signed and/or encrypted email, assuming you already have GnuPG installed on your Mac (if not, the Sen:te pages can help you with that). The plugin is easy to install, easy to use, and seems very stable. I have only tried it with Mail.app on Mac OS X 10.4. [BarryWarsaw 2007-04-04] Thunderbird
You probably want [WWW] Enigmail, a Thunderbird add-on. Although I have not tried it, you should just be able to install this plugin into your Thunderbird and be good to go. [BarryWarsaw 2007-04-04]. Entourage Windows mail readers Outlook Outlook Express Thunderbird
You probably want [WWW] Enigmail, a Thunderbird add-on. Although I have not tried it, you should just be able to install this plugin into your Thunderbird and be good to go. [BarryWarsaw 2007-04-04]. Miscellaneous Google mail (Gmail)
Something like the [WWW] FireGPG Firefox plugin might do the trick.
(add yours here)
Making an ASCII armored version of Public Key
There are several sites out there that also allow you to paste an ASCII armored version your public key to import it. This is the preferred method, because the key comes directly from the user - as opposed to fetching from a keyserver, where the key may be corrupted, or the keyserver unavailable. To create an ASCII armored version of your public key using GnuPG, use the following command:
gpg --export -a <Key-ID> > mykey.asc
or, using the above example
gpg --export -a D8FC66D2 > mykey.asc
Validation on Launchpad
You need to enter the GPG fingerprint at [<username>/+editpgpkeys ]. To obtain it, type:
gpg --fingerprint <key-id>
or, using the above example:
gpg --fingerprint D8FC66D2
which should output the
public key/date of creation key fingerprint = 10 blocks of 4 alphanumeric words uid comment with email addresss sub private key/date of creation
Example from above
pub 1024D/D8FC66D2 2005-09-08 Key fingerprint = 95BD 8377 2644 DD4F 28B5 2C37 0F6E 4CA6 D8FC 66D2 uid Dennis Kaarsemaker (Tutorial key) <[email protected]> sub 2048g/389AA63E 2005-09-08
Now copy this fingerprint (yours will be different) to the fingerprint field on launchpad.
Now click on the "Import" button.
This will generate an encrypted email from "Launchpad OpenPGP Key Confirmation <[email protected]>"
If you are on gmail, using the FireGPG addon, simply scroll down and click "decrypt this mail". You will now see the decrypted message with a link and a token. Copy that URL:
https://beta.launchpad.net/token/somealphanumerictoken
Click on "Confirm". Please note that validation does take some time. If you run into an internal 500 server, simply try again with the same token.
A confirming page should appear once the validation is successfully completed.
Getting your key signed
The whole point of all this is to create a web of trust. By signing someone's public key, you state that you have checked that the person that uses a certain keypair, is who he says he is and really is in control of the private key. This way a complete network of people who trust each other can be created. This network is called the Strongly connected set. Information about it can be found at http://pgp.cs.uu.nl/
In summary,
- Locate someone that lives near you and can meet with you to verify your ID. Sites like http://www.biglumber.com/ are useful for this purpose
- Arrange for a meeting. Bring at least one ID with photo and printed fingerprint of your OpenPGP key, ask the same from the person you will be meeting with.
- Meet, verify your IDs and exchange OpenPGP key fingerprints
- Sign the key of the person you've just met. Send him/her the key you've just signed.
- Update your keys on the keyserver, the signature you've just created will be uploaded.
Keysigning Guidelines
Since a signature means that you checked and verified that a certain public key belongs to a certain person who is in control of the accompanying private key, you need to follow these guidelines when signing peoples keys:
- Keysigning is always done after meeting in person
- During this meeting you hand each other your OpenPGP key fingerprint and at least one government issued ID with a photograph. These key fingerprints are usually distributed as key fingerprint slips, created by a script such as gpg-key2ps (package: signing-party)
- You check whether the name on the key corresponds with the name on the ID and whether the person in front of you is indeed who he says he is.
- Having done these two checks, you only need to check whether this person is in control of the private key. You do this by sending him/her back his/her signed public key, encrypted with his public key. The caff program makes this part very easy. You need to create a file named
.caffrc
in your homedir (only once) with the following content:
$CONFIG{owner} = q{Your full name here}; $CONFIG{email} = q{The emailaddress used in your key here}; $CONFIG{keyid} = [ qw{last 16 characters of your key fingerprint here} ];
Now you can simply run the following command:
caff key_id_of_other_persons_key
- When you receive signed keys from others, you get them as attachment, save these attachments and import them with gpg. You can then send this signature to the keyservers so other people can know about it.
gpg --import filename_of_saved_signature gpg --send-keys $GPGKEY
Signing Data
Signing data is helpful in verifying if the data from a person is indeed from that person. A typical scenario is described below.
Launchpad Key Signing
When you've set up GnuPG and have a key in the strong set, it is time to sign the Ubuntu Code Of Conduct if you want to become an Ubuntu member or Ubuntero. Signing is done in 3 easy steps:
- Download the code of conduct from https://launchpad.net/codeofconduct/1.0.1.
- Run the command
gpg --clearsign UbuntuCodeofConduct-1.0.1.txt
- Upload the contents of Ubuntu``Codeof``Conduct-1.0.txt.asc on https://launchpad.net/codeofconduct/1.0.1/+sign
OpenPGP Keys and Launchpad You need to tell Launchpad about your OpenPGP key(s) to be able to sign the Ubuntu Code of Conduct (and thus become an Ubuntero) and to build packages using HCT.
Visit the OpenPGP Keys page once logged into Launchpad. Paste your key fingerprint into the textbox:
gpg --fingerprint
Example: the key fingerprint would be something like "95BD 8377 2644 DD4F 28B5 2C37 0F6E 4CA6 D8FC 66D2"
Launchpad will send you and email which you will have to decrypt. You can save the text to a file and run
gpg --decrypt file.txt
You will need to enter your passphrase.
The message will be displayed along with the link you must follow to confirm your key in Launchpad.
Follow it, enter your Launchpad password as asked and you are done!
Signing and Encrypting Emails
This section addresses setting up your the Evolution, Thunderbird, and Kmail/Kontact mail clients to sign and encrpyt your emails. Other email clients may be added to this list later.
Evolution
- Open Evolution and go to
Edit->Preferences
. - Choose your email account, click on it, and then click
Edit
. - Click on the
security
tab. - In the
PGP/GPG Key ID
: box, paste theKEY-ID
. - Click
OK
. ClickClose
.
If you want to use your key in any new email, simply click on the Security
menu item in your new mail message, and then click on PGP Sign
.
Kmail/Kontact
See the Kmail GPG page for details.
Mozilla Thunderbird
Install the Enigmail plugin
either by:
sudo apt-get install mozilla-thunderbird-enigmail
or by downloading the plugin from here and install it manually.
Configure OpenPGP support in Thunderbird under: Enigmail->Preferences
and add under GnuPG executable path
the following path /usr/bin/gpg
Mutt
Create a ~/.mutt directory and copy this file into it: /usr/share/doc/mutt/examples/gpg.rc
Append this line to the muttrc configuration file.
source ~/.mutt/gpg.rc # Use GPG
If you're using Mutt 1.5.13, you'll need to fix the paths to pgpewrap as detailed in this post
Tips and Tricks
- . Add your key to ~/.bashrc by adding a line similiar to
export GPGKEY=YOUR-KEY-ID
- . gnupg-agent and pinentry-gtk2 are packages that facilitate not having to enter the password for your key every time you want to use it. Open the file
~/.gnupg/gpg.conf
in your favorite editor. Browse through it and change what you like. A few useful things to change are:- keyserver-options auto-key-retrieve
- use-agent
The former makes gpg automatically retrieve gpg keys when verifying signatures. The latter makes you use gpg-agent, which is very useful if you use gpg a lot but don't like typing your password all the time. It is also required for some programs (such a Kmail) to sign or encrypt messages). Gnupg-agent and pinentry are in Main for Gutsy and automatically installed/configured in Kubuntu.
Now create the file ~/.gnupg/gpg-agent.conf with the following content:
pinentry-program /usr/bin/pinentry-gtk-2 default-cache-ttl 86400 max-cache-ttl 86400
This will make gpg-agent use pinentry-gtk2 and it will remember your password for 24 hours. For Kubuntu, use pinentry-qt instead.
GPG 2.0
GPG 2.0 is the new kid on the block. Now GPG 2.0 is aimed or done for the desktops rather than embedded or server which the previous version was for. The package needs to be installed & is in universe. Another difference is gpg 2.0 is now modular in nature. If you want to use gnupg2 with firepg firefox extension you better install gnupg2 first. Also consider using gpg2 for all the applications for which you were using gpg. While both of them can & do co-exist with each other its preferable to uninstall gpg before installing gpg2.
Now if you are going to use gpg2 for the same purposes as outlined above then just need to add 2 to the gpg command for e.g.
gpg2 --gen-key
Related Articles
- UbuntuHelp:GPGKeyOnUSBDrive
- UnsignedGpgKey
- UbuntuHelp:GPGsigningforSSHHowTo
Resources
- GNUPG Manual
- Using GnuPG, on Linux Gazette
- A short history of PGP / OpenPGP / GnuPG
- UbuntuForums Howto, thanks to Kassetra
- http://www.biglumber.com