用户:Jinzd

Ubuntu Web Servers

Refers to: https://help.ubuntu.com/12.04/serverguide/web-servers.html

Ubuntu/Web Servers

一个Web服务器是一个软件负责从客户端接受HTTP请求，所谓客户端通常被认为是Web浏览器，它服务客户端HTTP请求及可选的数据内容，它们通常是Web页面例如HTML文档及链接的对象（图片等）。

#HTTPD - Apache2 Web Server

PHP5 - Scripting Language

Squid - Proxy Server

Ruby on Rails

Apache Tomcat

HTTPD - Apache2 Web Server

Apache是Linux系统中最广泛使用的Web Server。众多的Web Server被客户端计算机使用以提供相关的Web页面请求服务。客户端通常使用Web Browser发出请求并浏览Web页面，诸如Firefox、Opera、Chromium或者Mozilla。

用户输入的统一资源定位符（URL）指向一个Web server，并依赖其其全称域名（FQDN）及路径指向需要的资源。例如，用户可以输入下面的FQDN以浏览Ubuntu Web site的主页：

www.ubuntu.com

要浏览community子页面则可以输入下面的FQDN：

www.ubuntu.com/community

The most common protocol used to transfer Web pages is the Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP). Protocols such as Hyper Text Transfer Protocol over Secure Sockets Layer (HTTPS), and File Transfer Protocol (FTP), a protocol for uploading and downloading files, are also supported.

Ubuntu

sudo

以其他用户身份执行一个命令.

用法：

sudo -h | -K | -V

sudo -v [-Akns] [-g group] [-h host] [-p prompt] [-u user]

sudo -l [-Akns] [-g group] [-h host] [-p prompt] [-U user] [-u user] [command]

sudo [-AbEHknPS] [-r role] [-t type] [-C num] [-g group] [-h host] [p prompt] [-u user] [VAR=value] [-i|-s] [<command>]

sudo -e [-Akns] [-r role] [-t type] [-C num] [-g group] [-h host] [-p prompt] [-u user] file ...

Options:

-A, --askpass	使用一个辅助程序以提示密码。
-b, --background	在后台运行命令。
-C, --close-from=num	关闭所有大于等于num的文件描述。
-E, --preserve-env	运行命令时保存用户环境。
-e, --edit	编辑文件而非运行一个命令。
-g, --group=group	以指定的组名或组ID运行一个命令。
-H, --set-home	设置 HOME 变量以指向用户的 HOME 目录。
-h, --help	显示帮助信息并且退出。
-h, --host=host	在主机上运行命令（如果插件支持）。
-i, --login	以目标用户运行登录shell；也可以指定一个命令。
-K, --remove-timestamp	完全删除时间戳文件。
-k, --reset-timestamp	失效时间戳文件。
-l, --list	列出用户特权或检查一个特定的命令；长格式使用两次。
-n, -- non-interactive	非交互方式，无提示被使用。
-P, --preserve-groups	保存组向量而非设置指定的目标。
-P, --prompt=prompt	使用指定的密码提示。
-r, --role=role	用指定的角色创建SELinux安全上下文。
-S, --stdin	从变准输入读取密码。
-s, --shell	以目标用户运行 shell；也可以指定一个命令。
-t, --type=type	使用指定的类型创建 SELinux 安全上下文。
-U, --other-user=user	在列表模式中，显示用户特权。
-u, --user=user	以指定的用户或用户ID运行命令（或编辑文件）。
-V, --version	显示版本信息并且退出。
-v, --validate	更新用户的时间戳而不运行一个命令。
--	停止处理命令行参数。

ifconfig

用法：

ifconfig [-a] [-v] [-s] <interface> [[<AF>] <address>]

[add <address>[/<prefixlen>]]

[del <address>[/<prefixlen>]]

[[-]broadcast [<address>]] [[-]pointopoint [<address>]]

[netmask <address>] [dstaddr <address>] [tunnel <address>]

[outfill <NN>] [keepalive <NN>]

[hw <HW> <address>] [metric <NN>] [mtu <NN>]

[[-]trailers] [[-]arp] [[-]allmulti]

[multicast] [[-]promisc]

[mem_start <NN>] [io_addr <NN>] [irq <NN>] [media <type>]

[txqueuelen <NN>]

[[-]dynamic]

[up|down] ...

<HW>=硬件类型。

列表可能的硬件类型：

loop (Local Loopback) slip (Serial Line IP) cslip (VJ Serial Line IP)

slip6 (6-bit Serial Line IP) cslip6 (VJ 6-bit Serial Line IP) adaptive (Adaptive Serial Line IP)

ash (Ash) ether (Ethernet) ax25 (AMPR AX.25)

netrom (AMPR NET/ROM) rose (AMPR ROSE) tunnel (IPIP Tunnel)

ppp (Point-to-Point Protocol) hdlc ((Cisco)-HDLC) lapb (LAPB)

arcnet (ARCnet) dlci (Frame Relay DLCI) frad (Frame Relay Access Device)

sit (IPv6-in-IPv4) fddi (Fiber Distributed Data Interface) hippi (HIPPI)

irda (IrLAP) ec (Econet) x25 (generic X.25)

eui64 (Generic EUI-64)

<AF>=Address family. Default: inet

List of possible address families:

unix (UNIX Domain) inet (DARPA Internet) inet6 (IPv6)

ax25 (AMPR AX.25) netrom (AMPR NET/ROM) rose (AMPR ROSE)

ipx (Novell IPX) ddp (Appletalk DDP) ec (Econet)

ash (Ash) x25 (CCITT X.25)

C++

g++

用法：g++ [选项] file...

选项：

-pass-exit-codes	Exit with highest error code from a phase
--help	Display this information
--target-help	Display target specific command line options

               --help={common|optimizers|params|target|warnings|[^]{joined|separate|undocumented}}[,...]
                          Display specific types of command line options
 (Use '-v --help' to display command line options of sub-processes)
 --version                Display compiler version information
 -dumpspecs               Display all of the built in spec strings
 -dumpversion             Display the version of the compiler
 -dumpmachine             Display the compiler's target processor
 -print-search-dirs       Display the directories in the compiler's search path
 -print-libgcc-file-name  Display the name of the compiler's companion library
 -print-file-name=<lib>   Display the full path to library <lib>
 -print-prog-name=<prog>  Display the full path to compiler component <prog>
 -print-multiarch         Display the target's normalized GNU triplet, used as
                          a component in the library path
 -print-multi-directory   Display the root directory for versions of libgcc
 -print-multi-lib         Display the mapping between command line options and
                          multiple library search directories
 -print-multi-os-directory Display the relative path to OS libraries
 -print-sysroot           Display the target libraries directory
 -print-sysroot-headers-suffix Display the sysroot suffix used to find headers
 -Wa,<options>            Pass comma-separated <options> on to the assembler
 -Wp,<options>            Pass comma-separated <options> on to the preprocessor
 -Wl,<options>            Pass comma-separated <options> on to the linker
 -Xassembler <arg>        Pass <arg> on to the assembler
 -Xpreprocessor <arg>     Pass <arg> on to the preprocessor
 -Xlinker <arg>           Pass <arg> on to the linker
 -save-temps              Do not delete intermediate files
 -save-temps=<arg>        Do not delete intermediate files
 -no-canonical-prefixes   Do not canonicalize paths when building relative
                          prefixes to other gcc components
 -pipe                    Use pipes rather than intermediate files
 -time                    Time the execution of each subprocess
 -specs=<file>            Override built-in specs with the contents of <file>
 -std=<standard>          Assume that the input sources are for <standard>
 --sysroot=<directory>    Use <directory> as the root directory for headers
                          and libraries
 -B <directory>           Add <directory> to the compiler's search paths
 -v                       Display the programs invoked by the compiler
 -###                     Like -v but options quoted and commands not executed
 -E                       Preprocess only; do not compile, assemble or link
 -S                       Compile only; do not assemble or link
 -c                       Compile and assemble, but do not link
 -o <file>                Place the output into <file>
 -pie                     Create a position independent executable
 -shared                  Create a shared library
 -x <language>            Specify the language of the following input files
                          Permissible languages include: c c++ assembler none
                          'none' means revert to the default behavior of
                          guessing the language based on the file's extension

Options starting with -g, -f, -m, -O, -W, or --param are automatically

passed on to the various sub-processes invoked by g++.  In order to pass
other options on to these processes the -W<letter> options must be used.

For bug reporting instructions, please see: <file:///usr/share/doc/gcc-5/README.Bugs>.

Eclipse

During eclipse installing, if error occured type following command to fix the error.

sudo apt-get install eclipse --fix-missing