低配置电脑安装

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How to install Ubuntu on low memory systems (Pentium III and earlier machines, with 32-192 MB RAM).

怎样在低内存的系统上安装Ubuntu（Pentium III或更早的，配有32-192MB内存的机器）

内存需求

Installing Ubuntu on any system requires at least 32Mb of memory: The text-based installer included with the alternate (install) CDs needs that much space to run reliably. Smaller memory configurations run into problems, and while not impossible, it can be very difficult to complete an installation with less than the minimum RAM requirement.

在任何系统上安装Ubuntu至少需要32Mb内存：包含在alternate (install) CDs的基于字符的安装程序需要这些空间来可靠运行。更小的内存配置可能会遇到问题，虽然不是不可能，但如果内存小于最低的需求，要完成安装十分困难。

Depending on the hardware requirements, you can expect a sparse Ubuntu system to boot to a graphical desktop on anywhere from 19Mb to 54Mb. That requirement will fluctuate with the system demands, and increase while the system is active. Swap space is crucial to low-memory machines, so don't be stingy when setting up your system.

由于硬件需求，你可以期望一个瘦小的Ubuntu系统在任何内存从19Mb到54Mb的地方启动。这个需求会随着系统的需求面浮动，当系统活跃的时候会增加。交换分区对于低内存的机器十分重要，所以当设置系统的时候别小器。

处理器

There is no practical speed requirement, although a slower processor will take more time to finish installing. Some Pentium machines will take hours to complete, simply because the CPU takes longer to finish. As a general benchmark, a 75Mhz machine finishes a command-line installation of Ubuntu 7.04 in about four hours, and a 120Mhz machine finishes in perhaps an hour less than that. 200Mhz and faster machines will see a still stronger improvement.

对处理器的速度没有什么实际的需求，虽然低速度的处理器将要花更多的时间来完成安装。仅仅是因为CPU花了太多的时间，一些Pentium机将要花费几个小时来完成安装。根据通常的基准测试，一台75Mhz的机器要4个小时来完成基于命令行的Ubuntu 7.04的安装，一台120Mhz的要比它少用一个小时。200Mhz或是更快的机器将会有更强的提升。

If you do decide to install Ubuntu on a legacy machine, be patient. There will come times when you think the machine has stopped or is hung, when in fact it's still moving, albeit at a very slow rate.

如果你决定在一台老式的机器上安装Ubuntu，要有耐心。可能会出现好几次这样的情况：当你认为机器已经停止或挂起，其实它正在运行，虽然速度很慢

磁盘空间需求

Disk space on an absolutely minimal installation can be reduced to as little as 500Mb. A fresh and clean server installation of Ubuntu 7.04 generally takes only 300Mb, although there will be minor variations on account of hardware differences.

磁盘空间在绝对最小安装的情况下可以减少到500Mb。虽然对于不同的硬件会有很小的变化，一个干净的Ubuntu 7.04 服务器的安装通常只需要300Mb。

其它硬件上的考虑

These instructions assume you will have a working Internet connection and access to the universe and multiverse repositories. Configuring your hardware is not included on this page.

这份指南假设你有一个可用的互联网连接并且可以访问 universe and multiverse repositories.它不包括对你硬件的配置。

安装Ubuntu Server

The server version of Ubuntu is a sparse command-line system, without any graphical elements. It's a text-only version of what lies underneath all the advanced graphical elements. It's also the starting point for a minimal installation.

Ubuntu服务器版是一个精减的命令行系统，没有任何图形元素。它是一个位于高级图形元素之下的纯文本版本。它是我们最小化安装的起点。

Ubuntu 6.06

To install a base system, boot from the alternate (install) CD and choose "Install a server."

Follow the prompts to complete installation.

启动alternate(install)CD，选择"Install a server"。按提示完成安装。

Ubuntu 6.10, 7.04, or 7.10

To install a base system, boot from the alternate (install) CD and choose "Install a command-line system."

Follow the prompts to complete installation.

启动alternate(install)CD，选择"Install a command-line system."。按提示完成安装。

增加软件仓库

更改源

Once the server install is complete, you will probably want to edit your UbuntuHelp:sources.list file.

当安装好Ubuntu服务器版後，你可能需要编辑你的UbuntuHelp:sources.list文件。

sudo nano /etc/apt/sources.list

Uncomment all official repositories by removing # at the beginning of the line. Do not uncomment the narrative portions of that file; in other words, where you see a double hash mark (##) leave those lines alone.

删除每一行开始的#号来消除对官方软件仓库的注释。不要消除文件里描述部分的注释，即以两个#号（##）开始的行。

更新和升级你的系统

Now you should update your system. Return to the command line and type:

现在你应该更新你的系统。回到命令行输入：

sudo aptitude update

It's probably also a good idea to upgrade your system at this point. Use this command to upgrade your system:

这时升级你的系统也是个不错的主意。用这个命令升级你的系统。

sudo aptitude upgrade (或者, 对于 Gutsy: sudo aptitude safe-upgrade)

Now you should be ready to install a window manager and some programs.

现在你已经准备好了来安装窗口管理器和一些程序。

安装图形环境的准备工作

The absolute minimum for any graphical environment is X.org

最小的图形环境是X.org

安装X.org

On Ubuntu Edgy (6.10), Feisty (7.04), and Gutsy (7.10), use the command: 在 Ubuntu Edgy (6.10), Feisty (7.04), 和 Gutsy (7.10), 用下面的命令:

sudo aptitude install xorg

On Ubuntu Dapper (6.06), use the command: 在 Ubuntu Dapper (6.06), 用下面的命令:

sudo aptitude install x-window-system-core

启动X.org

This package gives you the framework for an X session, complete with a variety of drivers and configuration files. Installing xorg (or x-window-system-core) also triggers the self-configuration sequence, so when it finishes, your hardware should be ready to use, barring any errors or incompatibilities. 通过一些驱动和配置文件，这个软件包给了你一个X对话的框架。安装“Xorg”或“x-window-system-core”还启动了自动配置队列，安装完成后，如果没有错误或不兼容，你的硬件应该已经可用了。

It's important to note that installing xorg or x-window-system-core really doesn't leave you with much. You can start X at this point with this command: 必须注意的是，安装“Xorg”或“x-window-system-core”不会给你很多。这时你可以用以下命令启动X：

startx

but without a window manager and some software, you probably won't get much done. 但是没有窗口管理器和一些软件，你能做的很少。

安装一个窗口管理器

A window manager controls the placement and appearance of windows within a graphical user interface.

窗口管理器通过图形用户界面控制窗口的位置有显示。

There are many lightweight window managers that will give you better access to your system through the X layer. Each one has its own way of managing the desktop, and its own way of configuring themes and menus.

有很多轻量级的窗口管理器可以使你更好的通过X层访问你的系统。每一种都有它们自己的方式来管理桌面，都有它们自己的方法来配置主题和菜单。

Openbox

"Openbox" is one of the lightest, fastest window managers available, but can take some time to configure and set up. It has its origins in Blackbox, but newer versions are complete rewrites of the Blackbox code.

"Openbox"是一种轻量级的快速的可用的窗口管理器，只是需要一些时间来安装和配置。它源于Blackbox，但是新版的全部重写了Blackbox的代码。

Install Openbox with this command: 用以下命令安装Openbox:

sudo aptitude install openbox obconf openbox-themes

These packages and their dependencies will allow you to build and configure an Openbox system, along with a choice of themes and some configuration options.

这些软件包和它们的依赖软件包让你可以建立和配置Openbox系统，还有可选择的主题和一些配置选项。

Note: Edgy (Ubuntu 6.10) users should note a small discrepancy in obconf that might prevent it from running. You can correct that with these commands ...

注意：Edgy (Ubuntu 6.10)用户必须注意"obconf"一个可能会使其无法运行的小问题。你可以用下面的命令解决这个问题。

cd /usr/lib
sudo ln libobparser.so.0.4.0 libobparser.so.1
sudo ln libobrender.so.0.4.0 libobrender.so.1
sudo ldconfig -X

Entering obconf in an X terminal window should now trigger the obconf dialogue.

在X终端输入obconf将启动obconf对话。

IceWM

"IceWM" has a very strong following as a good, clean, fast window manager that resembles a conventional "desktop" in many ways. Among many of its perks are themes that resemble the Windows XP desktop theme -- which may be appealing to you.

"IceWM"很受欢迎，因为它是一个很好的，干净的，很快的窗口管理器，它还集成了一个可选择的桌面。在它的众多优点中有一个可能会吸引你：它集成了Windows XP桌面主题。

Install IceWM with this command:

用下面的命令安装IceWM：

sudo aptitude install icewm iceconf icepref iceme icewm-themes

When finished, you will have a number of configuration and menu options. You can start IceWM with the startx command.

安装完成后，你将拥有一些配置和菜单选项。你可以用startx命令启动它。

Fluxbox

"Fluxbox" is a beautiful, highly configurable desktop system that is easy on system resources without compromising on graphical appeal. Fluxbox is the default window manager for a number of Linux distributions, probably most notable among them being Damn Small Linux.

"Fluxbox" 是一种漂亮的，高度可配置的桌面系统，它对系统资源要求不高却没有损失图形的吸引力。"Fluxbox" 是许多Linux发开版的默认窗口管理器，可能大部分都在Damn Small Linux上。

Install Fluxbox with this command:

用下面的命令安装Fluxbox:

sudo aptitude install fluxbox fluxconf

Once installed, you can start Fluxbox with the startfluxbox command. Remember, if you enjoy working with Fluxbox, you should consider Fluxbuntu as an option.

安装好以后，你可以用startfluxbox命令启动它。记住，如果你很喜欢使用Fluxbox，你可以考虑 Fluxbuntu 作为一种选择。

FVWM-Crystal

"FVWM-Crystal" is a complete set of configuration scripts which sit atop of FVWM. FVWM-Crystal has support for integrated access to music players, terminal emulators and system monitors. It boasts some of the finest eye candy available to low-end machines, and is a snap to install.

"FVWM-Crystal" 是基于FVWM的一些配置脚本。"FVWM-Crystal" 支持对音乐播放器，终端和系统监视的集成访问。它号称是在低配置机器上可用的最漂亮的窗口管理器，并且它可以很快的安装。

For more information about building an FVWM-Crystal desktop, check out the ["FVWM-Crystal"] page.

想知道更多关于安装FVWM-Crystal桌面的的信息，请访问["FVWM-Crystal"]。

XFCE

XFCE is heavier than any of the systems mentioned so far, but has some added functions as a result. You can try XFCE alone if you like, but if you're keen on an XFCE installation, look into Xubuntu as an option.

XFCE 相对于目前已经提到的轻量级窗口管理器来说都更“重”，但是是因为增加了一些应用的。如果你喜欢，你可以单独党旗XFCE，但如果你一定要安装XFCE，请查看 Xubuntu。

Install XFCE alone, without Xubuntu, with this command:

单独安装XFCE，而不是Xubuntu，请用下面的命令：

sudo aptitude install xfce4

It's worth noting that some Edgy users have difficulty starting XFCE from a minimal install. The normal start command for XFCE -- startxfce4 -- doesn't seem to be properly configured in Edgy.

对于Edgy用户来讲，这是没有用的，从最小化安装启动XFCE是有困难的。XFCE的启动命令-- startxfce4 -- 看起来好像在Edgy上没有配置好。

If you want the entire Xubuntu package, which includes a full suite of software and a lot of improvements, try this command:

如果你想要一个完全的包括了一些软件和一些改进的Xubuntu包，请用下面的命令：

sudo aptitude install xubuntu-desktop

That will download quite a large amount of packages; you may want to consider installing Xubuntu fresh, from the installation ISO.

这将要下载很多的软件包;你可能想从 installation ISO干净的安装Xubuntu。

Note: Xubuntu will use more system resources and may not be optimal for a low memory system with limited disk space, but it is lighter than a standard Ubuntu system.

注意： Xubuntu 将会使用更多的系统资源，而且可能对于一个硬盘空间和内存都有限的系统来讲不是最好的选择，但是它比标准的Ubuntu系统“轻”。

安装软件

Now that the graphical window manager is set up, it's time to add some necessary and recommended packages. These will add additional functionality and make using the system easier. Additionally, adding a graphical package manager will provide an easy method to manage installed applications and packages.

现在图形窗口管理器已经设置好了，现在可以安装一些必须或推荐的软件包。这些软件包将会加入一些新的功能，使系统更容易使用。另外，安装一个图形化的软件包管理器将会使管理已安装的应用和软件包变得容易。

登录管理器

Login managers will assist in choosing a graphical environment and will not require the user to start x.org to get into the window manager.

登录管理器将帮助我们选择一个图形环境，而且不需要用户启动X.org就可以进入窗口管理器。

It's important to note that it's not necessary to use a login manager. If you're willing to log in at the command line and start X manually, you can save yourself a lot of system resources -- and the time it takes to load them. That can be a more appealing option on older machines.

要说明的是登录管理器并不是必须的。如果你喜欢在命令行界面登录然后手动启动X，你能节约很多系统资源和启动它们的时间。对于老的机器来说可能更有吸引力。

GDM

GDM is the Ubuntu default for a login manager. However, GDM has a reputation of being a heavyweight, and on a system that needs as little bulk as possible, you might find it to be a burden. If you've got a decent system, install it using:

GDM是Ubuntu默认的登陆管理器，它被认为是一个重量级的管理器，在系统中它需要比较多的资源，所以你可能会发现它是一个负担。如果你有一个很好的系统，用以下命令安装它：

sudo aptitude install gdm

KDM

KDM is another manager, but has the same heavy reputation as GDM.

KDM是另一种管理器，它和GDM一样被认为是重量级的管理器。用以下命令安装：

sudo aptitude install kdm

XDM

XDM is the login manager for straight X, and while less beautiful than GDM or KDM, it can perform in the same role without fuss.

XDM是纯粹的X的登录管理器，它没有GDM和KDM漂亮，但它能像GDM和KDM那样很好的工作。用以下命令安装：

sudo aptitude install xdm

浏览器

Now that your system is up and running, it would be a good idea to add an internet browser to surf the web and get some use out of the machine!

现在你的系统已经在运行了，现在可以安装一个因特网浏览器来上网冲浪。

Firefox

Web browsers come in many flavors, and the most prevalent -- Firefox -- can be laggy on low-memory or slow systems. Even the GNU version of Firefox, Iceweasel can be a bit heavy on older machines. If you've got at least 128 mb of memory, Firefox should work just fine.

Firefox是适用于很多Linux发行版，是最流行的浏览器。它对于低内存或者低速的系统来讲，可能有点难以应付。甚至是GNU版本的Firefox，Iceweasel 对于老的机器来讲也有些“重”。如果你有多于128mb的内存，Firefox可以运行的很好。用以下命令安装它：

sudo aptitude install firefox 

Dillo

While not nearly as full-featured as Firefox, Dillo has the advantages of a very small footprint and few resource requirements.

不像Firefox那样具有完全的功能，Dillo的优点是有一个很小的脚印和很小的资源需求。用以下命令安装它：

sudo aptitude install dillo

iDesk

Many lightweight desktop systems use iDesk as a way of including customized, clickable icons directly on the desktop. iDesk is maintained in the Ubuntu repositories, and is installable from the command line with:

很多轻量级的桌面系统用iDesk来配置和使桌面上的图标可以被直接点击。iDesk包含在Ubuntu的软件仓库中，可以用以下命令安装它：

sudo aptitude install idesk

Consult the iDesk wiki for instructions on how to configure and use iDesk. For icon sets, you may wish to search the repositories, or download them from third-party customization sites, such as Gnome-Look.org and similar locations.

访问iDesk wiki来获取配置和使用iDesk的命令。你可能要搜索软件仓库或从第三方的配置网站上下载图标，像Gnome-Look.org及相似的网站。

文件管理器

Lightweight systems have a number of options available for graphical file management. Thunar is the default file manager in Xubuntu and many XFCE-based systems; it is installable alone with this command:

轻量级的系统有多种可用的图形文件管理器。Thunar是Xubuntu和很多基于XFCE默认的系统，可以使用下面的命令单独安装它：

sudo aptitude install thunar

XFE is an even lighter file manager, intended to mimic the Windows Explorer interface. It has very few dependencies and is very fast.

XFE是一种更“轻”的文件管理器，它模仿了Windwos Explorer接口。它只依赖很少的软件包而且非常快。用下面命令安装它：

sudo aptitude install xfe

ROX-Filer is another file management program, which makes extensive use of drag-and-drop principles. It does appear to have a large number of dependencies however, which means installing it may entail more external packages than you wish. Install ROX-Filer with this command:

ROX-Filer也是一种文件管理器，它扩展了drag-and-drop原理。它依赖很多的软件包，这就意味着它需要比你想像的要多的扩展软件包。用下面命令安装它：

sudo aptitude install rox-filer

Nautilus is the default file manager for Ubuntu. It requires some more resources, but it has a lot of useful features. It can manage your desktop, show a wallpaper and desktop icons, which are automatically created for new devices (e.g. USB flash drives). Install Nautilus using this command:

Nautilus是Ubuntu默认的文件管理器。它需要更多的资源，但它具有很多有用的特性。它能管理你的桌面，显示桌面背景和桌面图标，对于新的设备它们都可以自动创建。用下面命令安装它：

sudo apt-get install nautilus

To use it together with a window manager, execute the following command or add it to your autostart script. For example, use $HOME/.icewm/startup for IceWM.

要让它和窗口管理器一起工作，需执行以下命令或者把命令加入到自动启动脚本。例如：对于IceWM，加入$HOME/.icewm/startup文件。

nautilus --no-default-window & 

Some other popular file managers include

其它一些浒的文件管理器有：

• PCManFM;
• Midnight Commander, Tux Commander and Gnome Commander (which all resemble the old Norton Commander interface);
• xffm4-filemanager;
• XVFilemgr;
• and Dolphin, which is a file manager aimed at KDE and Kubuntu.

There are many others. Some are available through the repositories; others will require you to download and install them through another source. Experiment with different file managers to see which ones appeal to you.

这里有很多其它的文件管理器。其中一些可以通过软件仓库安装，一些必须通过源码下载和安装。尝试不同的文件管理器，看哪些能够吸引你。

软件包管理器

Add a graphical package manager to install, remove and upgrade software packages and to add repositories without using the command line. Synaptic package manager is the standard and can be installed with this command:

安装一个图形化的软件包管理器来安装，删除和升级软件包和增加软件仓库，可以让你不需要使用命令。新立得软件包管理器是标准的软件包管理工具。可以用下面命令来安装：

sudo aptitude install synaptic

You can use the package manager to add a word processor, such as Abiword, and other productivity software.

你可以用软件包管理器来安装字处理器，像Abiword，或是其它的软件。

安装一个完整的轻量级系统

Building on the ideas above, here are some complete graphical systems, installable through a single command line. Feel free to mix and match between these options.

基于以上的想法，我们可以用一条命令来安装一个完整的图形系统。你可以自由的组合这些选项。

Remember: If you are using Dapper or earlier, replace "xorg" with "x-window-system-core"

记住：如果你是在用Dapper或是更早的版本，用"x-window-system-core"代替"xorg"。

• IceWM as a window manager, plus GDM, Firefox, Abiword and the Synaptic package manager:

• IceWM是窗口管理器，加上GDM，Firefox，Abiword和新立得软件包管理器。

sudo aptitude install gdm xorg xterm icewm menu mozilla-firefox abiword synaptic

• XFCE and Firefox, with Synaptic package manager and KDM as the login manager:

• XFCE，Firefox，再加上新立得软件包管理器和登录管理器KDM。

sudo aptitude install kdm xorg xfce4 firefox synaptic

• Fluxbox with Dillo, and XDM as a login manager:

• Fluxbox，Dillo，和XDM

sudo aptitude install fluxbox xorg xdm dillo

• Openbox with no login manager, XFE as the file manager and xfce4-terminal as an X terminal, as well as Openbox themes and the Tango icon set:

Openbox，XFE和xfce4-terminal还有Openbox主题及Tango图标。

sudo aptitude install openbox obconf openbox-themes xfe xfce4-terminal tango-icon-theme-extras xorg

Remember to check the repositories for more ideas on software and applications!

记得查看软件仓库来获得更多的关于软件和应用的想法。

低配置的选择

For a minimalistic system that does not require as much configuration, you can install the alternate window managers after installing a full K/X/Ubuntu system, thus preinstalling much of the required software but keeping the speed. However, installing a full system does require more system resources.

对于一个很小的系统并不需要太多的配置，在安装完完整的K/X/Ubuntu系统后你可以安装另一种窗口管理器来替代它，这样就可以安装很多必要软件并且保证运行速度。然而安装一个完整的系统的确需要更多的系统资源。

扩展链接

• FluxBuntu: An Ubuntu variant with Fluxbox as the default window manager. An excellent place to start for a Fluxbox-based system.
• UbuntuLite: An early project to build a stripped-down version of Ubuntu aimed at low-end machines. The project also seems to have stalled.
• Cubuntu is not a graphical system; Cubuntu is a full-featured command line system, suitable for computers that can't handle any of the above options -- such as early Pentium or perhaps even 486-grade machines with as little as 16Mb RAM. And don't be skeptical: Even without a graphic environment, a computer can perform a lot more tasks than you would expect. B)
• Enlightenment is another window manager, but it is still in development and requires additional steps to install. However, it is very lightweight and functional.
• gOS is an operating system based on Ubuntu, uses a customized version of Enlightenment as its window manager, and is able to run on some older systems.

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