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小 （新页面: {{From|https://help.ubuntu.com/community/ShellGlobbing}} {{Languages|UbuntuHelp:ShellGlobbing}} === Introduction === One of the best features of the shell is globbing. Globbing is the eq...） |
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{{Languages|UbuntuHelp:ShellGlobbing}} | {{Languages|UbuntuHelp:ShellGlobbing}} | ||
=== Introduction === | === Introduction === | ||
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One of the best features of the shell is globbing. Globbing is the | One of the best features of the shell is globbing. Globbing is the | ||
equivalent of regular expressions of files and directories. As | equivalent of regular expressions of files and directories. As | ||
everything else, it's probably best explained with an example: | everything else, it's probably best explained with an example: | ||
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<pre><nowiki> | <pre><nowiki> | ||
$ ls | $ ls | ||
code devel downloads Pictures src | code devel downloads Pictures src | ||
cat.py database.py gravity.py insert.py oldmaid.py | cat.py database.py gravity.py insert.py oldmaid.py | ||
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$ ls *.py | $ ls *.py | ||
cat.py database.py gravity.py insert.py oldmaid.py | cat.py database.py gravity.py insert.py oldmaid.py | ||
</nowiki></pre> | </nowiki></pre> | ||
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=== The Basics === | === The Basics === | ||
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In the shell, the * character means "match everything". This is the | In the shell, the * character means "match everything". This is the | ||
most common globbing character. So, globbing can be defined has a set of character | most common globbing character. So, globbing can be defined has a set of character | ||
that are expanded by the shell. Note, that the globbing characters are | that are expanded by the shell. Note, that the globbing characters are | ||
expanded before executing a command. For example: | expanded before executing a command. For example: | ||
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<pre><nowiki> | <pre><nowiki> | ||
$ ls -F | $ ls -F | ||
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-rf | -rf | ||
</nowiki></pre> | </nowiki></pre> | ||
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Here, you see that the directory contains two sub-directories, 'foo' | Here, you see that the directory contains two sub-directories, 'foo' | ||
and 'bar'. The directory also contains a file named '-rf'. The '*' in | and 'bar'. The directory also contains a file named '-rf'. The '*' in | ||
the second command, 'rm', is expanded to: | the second command, 'rm', is expanded to: | ||
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<pre><nowiki> | <pre><nowiki> | ||
$ rm bar baz foo -rf tata tintin | $ rm bar baz foo -rf tata tintin | ||
</nowiki></pre> | </nowiki></pre> | ||
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Now, you probably know about the '-rf' options of 'rm'. They make | Now, you probably know about the '-rf' options of 'rm'. They make | ||
'rm' delete all the directories and their contents. So, why the file | 'rm' delete all the directories and their contents. So, why the file | ||
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which make most commands stop processing options, the result would had | which make most commands stop processing options, the result would had | ||
been different: | been different: | ||
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<pre><nowiki> | <pre><nowiki> | ||
$ ls -F | $ ls -F | ||
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bar baz | bar baz | ||
</nowiki></pre> | </nowiki></pre> | ||
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=== Globbing characters === | === Globbing characters === | ||
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There is other characters other than *. Here a list of the | There is other characters other than *. Here a list of the | ||
globbing characters, that are available in most shells: | globbing characters, that are available in most shells: | ||
| − | + | * <code><nowiki>?</nowiki></code>: matches any single character, regardless what the character is. | |
| − | + | ||
<pre><nowiki> | <pre><nowiki> | ||
$ ls | $ ls | ||
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$ ls {bar,foo[0-9]} | $ ls {bar,foo[0-9]} | ||
bar foo1 foo2 foo3</nowiki></pre> | bar foo1 foo2 foo3</nowiki></pre> | ||
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=== Conclusion === | === Conclusion === | ||
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There's many other globbing characters, but they are often specific to | There's many other globbing characters, but they are often specific to | ||
certain shells. I encourage you to read the section in the manual of | certain shells. I encourage you to read the section in the manual of | ||
2007年11月30日 (五) 21:29的版本
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Introduction
One of the best features of the shell is globbing. Globbing is the equivalent of regular expressions of files and directories. As everything else, it's probably best explained with an example:
$ ls code devel downloads Pictures src cat.py database.py gravity.py insert.py oldmaid.py $ ls *.py cat.py database.py gravity.py insert.py oldmaid.py
The Basics
In the shell, the * character means "match everything". This is the most common globbing character. So, globbing can be defined has a set of character that are expanded by the shell. Note, that the globbing characters are expanded before executing a command. For example:
$ ls -F bar/ baz/ foo -rf tata tintin $ rm * $ ls -rf
Here, you see that the directory contains two sub-directories, 'foo' and 'bar'. The directory also contains a file named '-rf'. The '*' in the second command, 'rm', is expanded to:
$ rm bar baz foo -rf tata tintin
Now, you probably know about the '-rf' options of 'rm'. They make 'rm' delete all the directories and their contents. So, why the file '-rf' is still present after the command as been executed? If you look carefully the '-rf' file was never given to 'rm', because 'rm' treated '-rf' as an option. Alternatively, if you had given the '--' option, which make most commands stop processing options, the result would had been different:
$ ls -F bar/ baz/ foo -rf tata tintin $ rm -- * rm: cannot remove `bar': Is a directory rm: cannot remove `baz': Is a directory $ ls bar baz
Globbing characters
There is other characters other than *. Here a list of the globbing characters, that are available in most shells:
-
?: matches any single character, regardless what the character is.
$ ls bar baz bzr $ ls b?r bar bzr
-
[...]: matches any character inside the brackets. The characters can be either be a range of character or the
character itself. For example, [a-z] would matches all the lowercase letters through 'a' to 'z'.
$ ls bar foo FOO $ ls [A-Z] FOO
-
[!...]: matches all the characters that are not in the backrets. This is analogous to the caret (^) character used in regular expressions.
$ ls bar foo FOO $ ls [!A-Z] bar foo
-
{p1,p2,...}: matches all the patterns described in the brackets. They can be any of above globbing patterns or specific characters.
$ ls
bar bar2 bar3 baz foo1 foo2 foo3
$ ls {bar,foo[0-9]}
bar foo1 foo2 foo3
Conclusion
There's many other globbing characters, but they are often specific to certain shells. I encourage you to read the section in the manual of your shell about globbing for more information.
