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| （未显示同一用户的48个中间版本） |
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| =Ubuntu Web Servers=
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|
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| Refers to: https://help.ubuntu.com/12.04/serverguide/web-servers.html
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| [[Ubuntu/Web Servers]]
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|
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|
| 一个Web服务器是一个软件负责从客户端接受HTTP请求，所谓客户端通常被认为是Web浏览器，它服务客户端HTTP请求及可选的数据内容，它们通常是Web页面例如HTML文档及链接的对象（图片等）。
| | =Contributes= |
|
| |
|
| [[#HTTPD - Apache2 Web Server]] | | * [[Sudo]], upading based on others. |
| | * [[Ubuntu/Web Servers]], new creating, sub pages are not finished yet. |
| | *: [[Ubuntu/Web Servers/HTTPD - Apache2 Web Server]] |
| | *: [[Ubuntu/Web Servers/PHP - Scripting Language]] |
| | *: [[Ubuntu/Web Servers/Squid - Proxy Server]] |
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| [[PHP5 - Scripting Language]]
| | =Doing= |
|
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|
| [[Squid - Proxy Server]] | | * [https://www.gnu.org/software/bash/manual/bash.html#Readline-Bare-Essentials Bash Reference Manual] |
| | *: [[Bash Reference Manual]] |
| | *: [[Bash Reference Manual/zh]] |
|
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|
| [[Ruby on Rails]]
| | =Want to= |
|
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| [[Apache Tomcat]] | | * [https://help.ubuntu.com/lts/serverguide/remote-administration.html Remote Administration] |
| | | * [http://php.net/manual/en/book.pgsql.php PostgreSQL] |
| ==HTTPD - Apache2 Web Server==
| | * [http://help.eclipse.org/mars/index.jsp?nav=%2F0 PDT] |
| | | * [http://help.eclipse.org/mars mars] |
| Apache是Linux系统中最广泛使用的Web Server。众多的Web Server被客户端计算机使用以提供相关的Web页面请求服务。客户端通常使用Web Browser发出请求并浏览Web页面，诸如''Firefox''、''Opera''、''Chromium''或者''Mozilla''。
| | * [https://app.netease.im/index#/ cloud] |
| | |
| 用户输入的统一资源定位符（URL）指向一个Web server，并依赖其全称域名（FQDN）及路径指向需要的资源。例如，用户可以输入下面的FQDN以浏览Ubuntu Web site的主页：
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| | |
| <pre>
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| www.ubuntu.com
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| </pre>
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| | |
| 要浏览community子页面则可以输入下面的FQDN：
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| <pre>
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| www.ubuntu.com/community
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| </pre>
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| | |
| 最常见的用于传输Web Page的协议是超文本传输协议（HTTP）。其他协议还包括超文本传输协议加安全套接字层的（HTTPS），以及文件传输协议（FTP）用于上传和下载文件，它们均是被支持的协议。
| |
| | |
| Apache Web Server常常与MySQL数据库引擎组合使用，超文本预处理器的脚步语言（PHP），以及其他流行的脚本语言如Python和Perl。这个配置被术语化为LAMP（Linux, Apache, MySQL and Perl/Python/PHP）它们针对开发和部署基于Web的应用形成了一个强大健壮的平台。
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| [[#Installation|安装]]
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| [[#Configuration|配置]]
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| [[#HTTPS Configuration|HTTPS 配置]] | |
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| [[#Sharing Write Permission|共享写权限]]
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| [[#References|引用]]
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| ===Installation===
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| ===Configuration===
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| Apache2的配置指令存放于多个纯文本的配置文件中。这些配置指令被分割为多个文件并放置于多个目录中：
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| # ''apache2.conf'': Apache2的主配置文件。它包含Apache2的一些全局设置。
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| # ''conf.d'': 目录，包含一些Apache2的全局配置文件。Apache2的其他内容服务包可以添加文件，符号链接到这个目录。
| |
| # ''envvars'': 用于设置Apache2环境变量的文件。
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| # ''httpd.conf'': 历史上是Apache2的主配置文件，命名的httpd守护进程。现在，这个文件通常是空的，大多配置选项被移动到下面的引用目录。这个文件可用于用户指定特定的配置选项并作用于全局Apache2。
| |
| # ''mods-available'': 这个目录包含多个配置文件以装载和配置他们。当然不是所有模块都将拥有特定的配置文件。
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| # ''mods-enabled'': 持有符号链接的文件存放于/etc/apache2/mods-available。当一个模块配置文件持有符号链接时，它们将在apache2下次启动后生效。
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| # ''ports.conf'': 放置的指令用于描述Apache2正在监听的TCP端口。
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| # ''sites-available'': 该目录用于存放Apache2虚拟主机的配置文件。虚拟主机允许Apache2使用分开的配置去配置多个站点。
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| # ''sites-enabled'': 如同mods-enabled、sites-enabled包含符号链接并存放于/etc/apache2/sites-available目录。同样地，当在sites-available中的一个配置文件是符号链接时，在Apache2重新启动时该配置站点将被激活一次。
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| =Ubuntu=
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| ==sudo==
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| 以其他用户身份执行一个命令.
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| 用法：
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| : sudo -h | -K | -V
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| : sudo -v [-Akns] [-g group] [-h host] [-p prompt] [-u user]
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| : sudo -l [-Akns] [-g group] [-h host] [-p prompt] [-U user] [-u user] [command]
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| : sudo [-AbEHknPS] [-r role] [-t type] [-C num] [-g group] [-h host] [p prompt] [-u user] [VAR=value] [-i|-s] [<command>]
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| : sudo -e [-Akns] [-r role] [-t type] [-C num] [-g group] [-h host] [-p prompt] [-u user] file ... | |
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| Options:
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| {| style="border: none" width="100%"
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| |-
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| | width="200px" | -A, --askpass
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| | 使用一个辅助程序以提示密码。
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| |-
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| | -b, --background
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| | 在后台运行命令。
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| |-
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| | -C, --close-from=num
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| | 关闭所有大于等于num的文件描述。
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| |-
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| | -E, --preserve-env
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| | 运行命令时保存用户环境。
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| |-
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| | -e, --edit
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| | 编辑文件而非运行一个命令。
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| |-
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| | -g, --group=group
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| | 以指定的组名或组ID运行一个命令。
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| |-
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| | -H, --set-home
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| | 设置 HOME 变量以指向用户的 HOME 目录。
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| |-
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| | -h, --help
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| | 显示帮助信息并且退出。
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| |-
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| | -h, --host=host
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| | 在主机上运行命令（如果插件支持）。
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| |-
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| | -i, --login
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| | 以目标用户运行登录shell；也可以指定一个命令。
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| |-
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| | -K, --remove-timestamp
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| | 完全删除时间戳文件。
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| |-
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| | -k, --reset-timestamp
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| | 失效时间戳文件。
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| |-
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| | -l, --list
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| | 列出用户特权或检查一个特定的命令；长格式使用两次。
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| |-
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| | -n, -- non-interactive
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| | 非交互方式，无提示被使用。
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| |-
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| | -P, --preserve-groups
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| | 保存组向量而非设置指定的目标。
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| |-
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| | -P, --prompt=prompt
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| | 使用指定的密码提示。
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| |-
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| | -r, --role=role
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| | 用指定的角色创建SELinux安全上下文。
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| |-
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| | -S, --stdin
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| | 从变准输入读取密码。
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| |-
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| | -s, --shell
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| | 以目标用户运行 shell；也可以指定一个命令。
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| |-
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| | -t, --type=type
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| | 使用指定的类型创建 SELinux 安全上下文。
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| |-
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| | -U, --other-user=user
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| | 在列表模式中，显示用户特权。
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| |-
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| | -u, --user=user
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| | 以指定的用户或用户ID运行命令（或编辑文件）。
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| |-
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| | -V, --version
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| | 显示版本信息并且退出。
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| |-
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| | -v, --validate
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| | 更新用户的时间戳而不运行一个命令。
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| |-
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| | --
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| | 停止处理命令行参数。
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| |}
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| | |
| ==ifconfig==
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| 用法：
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| : ifconfig [-a] [-v] [-s] <interface> [[<AF>] <address>]
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| : [add <address>[/<prefixlen>]]
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| : [del <address>[/<prefixlen>]] | |
| : [[-]broadcast [<address>]] [[-]pointopoint [<address>]]
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| : [netmask <address>] [dstaddr <address>] [tunnel <address>]
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| : [outfill <NN>] [keepalive <NN>]
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| : [hw <HW> <address>] [metric <NN>] [mtu <NN>]
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| : [[-]trailers] [[-]arp] [[-]allmulti]
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| : [multicast] [[-]promisc]
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| : [mem_start <NN>] [io_addr <NN>] [irq <NN>] [media <type>]
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| : [txqueuelen <NN>]
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| : [[-]dynamic]
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| : [up|down] ...
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| : <HW>=硬件类型。
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| : 列表可能的硬件类型：
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| :: loop (Local Loopback) slip (Serial Line IP) cslip (VJ Serial Line IP)
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| :: slip6 (6-bit Serial Line IP) cslip6 (VJ 6-bit Serial Line IP) adaptive (Adaptive Serial Line IP)
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| :: ash (Ash) ether (Ethernet) ax25 (AMPR AX.25)
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| :: netrom (AMPR NET/ROM) rose (AMPR ROSE) tunnel (IPIP Tunnel)
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| :: ppp (Point-to-Point Protocol) hdlc ((Cisco)-HDLC) lapb (LAPB)
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| :: arcnet (ARCnet) dlci (Frame Relay DLCI) frad (Frame Relay Access Device)
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| :: sit (IPv6-in-IPv4) fddi (Fiber Distributed Data Interface) hippi (HIPPI)
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| :: irda (IrLAP) ec (Econet) x25 (generic X.25)
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| :: eui64 (Generic EUI-64)
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| : <AF>=Address family. Default: inet
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| : List of possible address families:
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| :: unix (UNIX Domain) inet (DARPA Internet) inet6 (IPv6)
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| :: ax25 (AMPR AX.25) netrom (AMPR NET/ROM) rose (AMPR ROSE)
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| :: ipx (Novell IPX) ddp (Appletalk DDP) ec (Econet)
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| :: ash (Ash) x25 (CCITT X.25)
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| ==ip==
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| ==iwconfig==
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| ==rfkill==
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| ==ping==
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| ==traceroute==
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| ==arp==
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| ==netstat==
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| ==nslookup==
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| =Java=
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| =C++=
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| ==g++==
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| 用法：g++ [选项] file...
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| 选项：
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| {| style="border: none" width="100%"
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| |-
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| | width="200px" | -pass-exit-codes
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| | Exit with highest error code from a phase
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| |-
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| | --help
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| | Display this information
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| |-
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| | --target-help
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| | Display target specific command line options
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| |-
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| |-
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| |}
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|
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|
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| --help={common|optimizers|params|target|warnings|[^]{joined|separate|undocumented}}[,...]
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| Display specific types of command line options
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| (Use '-v --help' to display command line options of sub-processes)
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| --version Display compiler version information
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| -dumpspecs Display all of the built in spec strings
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| -dumpversion Display the version of the compiler
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| -dumpmachine Display the compiler's target processor
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| -print-search-dirs Display the directories in the compiler's search path
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| -print-libgcc-file-name Display the name of the compiler's companion library
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| -print-file-name=<lib> Display the full path to library <lib>
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| -print-prog-name=<prog> Display the full path to compiler component <prog>
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| -print-multiarch Display the target's normalized GNU triplet, used as
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| a component in the library path
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| -print-multi-directory Display the root directory for versions of libgcc
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| -print-multi-lib Display the mapping between command line options and
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| multiple library search directories
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| -print-multi-os-directory Display the relative path to OS libraries
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| -print-sysroot Display the target libraries directory
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| -print-sysroot-headers-suffix Display the sysroot suffix used to find headers
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| -Wa,<options> Pass comma-separated <options> on to the assembler
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| -Wp,<options> Pass comma-separated <options> on to the preprocessor
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| -Wl,<options> Pass comma-separated <options> on to the linker
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| -Xassembler <arg> Pass <arg> on to the assembler
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| -Xpreprocessor <arg> Pass <arg> on to the preprocessor
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| -Xlinker <arg> Pass <arg> on to the linker
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| -save-temps Do not delete intermediate files
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| -save-temps=<arg> Do not delete intermediate files
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| -no-canonical-prefixes Do not canonicalize paths when building relative
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| prefixes to other gcc components
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| -pipe Use pipes rather than intermediate files
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| -time Time the execution of each subprocess
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| -specs=<file> Override built-in specs with the contents of <file>
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| -std=<standard> Assume that the input sources are for <standard>
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| --sysroot=<directory> Use <directory> as the root directory for headers
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| and libraries
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| -B <directory> Add <directory> to the compiler's search paths
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| -v Display the programs invoked by the compiler
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| -### Like -v but options quoted and commands not executed
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| -E Preprocess only; do not compile, assemble or link
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| -S Compile only; do not assemble or link
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| -c Compile and assemble, but do not link
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| -o <file> Place the output into <file>
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| -pie Create a position independent executable
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| -shared Create a shared library
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| -x <language> Specify the language of the following input files
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| Permissible languages include: c c++ assembler none
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| 'none' means revert to the default behavior of
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| guessing the language based on the file's extension
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| | |
| Options starting with -g, -f, -m, -O, -W, or --param are automatically
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| passed on to the various sub-processes invoked by g++. In order to pass
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| other options on to these processes the -W<letter> options must be used.
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| For bug reporting instructions, please see:
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| <file:///usr/share/doc/gcc-5/README.Bugs>.
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| =PostgreSQL=
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| =Eclipse=
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| During eclipse installing, if error occured type following command to fix the error.
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| sudo apt-get install eclipse --fix-missing
| |
