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如何定制Ubuntu图形安装光盘

你或许基于以下原因定制UBUNTU桌面（LIVE）版:

• 预装特定的程序
• 本地化语言支持
• 移出软件安装包
• 添加软件安装包
• 更新软件安装包
• 改变系统默认设置 (主题、图标、桌面、面板、浏览器主页等等)
  

本向导针对桌面版/LIVE CD，定制文字安装光盘和服务器安装光盘请参考其他页面。

系统需求

• 至少3-5 GB的空闲磁盘空间
• 至少512MB内存和1GB交换分区（推荐）
• squashfs-tools 用以压缩文件系统
  
• mkisofs
• 一个支持squashfs的Ubuntu内核（Ubuntu6.06以及更高版本）
• QEMU、VirtualBox或VMware用于测试(可选)
  

过程

首先，请确认你安装了必要的工具：

sudo apt-get install squashfs-tools mkisofs qemu

加载 squashfs 模块

sudo modprobe squashfs

你需要从 http://releases.ubuntu.com/ 下载一张官方的图形安装光盘

注：以Ubuntu-7.10-desktop-i386.iso为例

把它移动或者复制到一个空的目录：

mkdir ~/live
mv ubuntu-7.10-desktop-i386.iso ~/live
cd ~/live

释放出光盘的内容

挂载桌面系统 .iso

mkdir mnt
sudo mount -o loop ubuntu-7.10-desktop-i386.iso mnt

把 .iso 的内容释放到 'extract-cd' 目录

mkdir extract-cd
rsync --exclude=/casper/filesystem.squashfs -a mnt/ extract-cd

释放桌面系统

加载 squashfs 文件系统

mkdir squashfs
sudo mount -t squashfs -o loop mnt/casper/filesystem.squashfs squashfs

把 squashfs 内容释放到 'edit' 目录

mkdir edit
sudo cp -a squashfs/* edit/

准备以及虚拟根目录

如果你需要在虚拟根系统内使用网络连接

sudo cp /etc/resolv.conf edit/etc/

根据你的配置，你也许需要复制hosts文件

sudo cp /etc/hosts edit/etc/

sudo chroot edit
mount -t proc none /proc
mount -t sysfs none /sys
mount -t devpts none /dev/pts

为了避免区域问题以及导入GPS key

export HOME=/root
export LC_ALL=C

定制

预装软件

根据大小查看被安装的软件包

dpkg-query -W --showformat='${Installed-Size} ${Package}\n' | sort -nr | less

移去软件包使用purge参数

apt-get remove --purge package name

设置GNOME的桌面

通常桌面文件位于/usr/share/backgrounds。复制你的PNG文件到那里并编辑下面的文档：

1. /usr/share/gnome-background-properties/ubuntu-wallpapers.xml 
2. /etc/gconf/gconf.xml.defaults/%gconf-tree.xml 

更改字符串 /usr/share/backgrounds/warty-final-ubuntu.png 指向你的文件。

更改 gconf (字体、面板等等)

对 gconf 的任何设置变更都必须在 /etc/gconf/gconf.xml.defaults/%gconf-tree.xml文件中添加相应的值。 在此文件中的操作可以变更 GNOME 或者其他程序的默认设置，因此你能修改字体，桌面，主题，指针等。

可替代为 gedit 或者其他文本编辑器，你能在 chroot 环境下，使用 gconftool-2运行以下命令：

gconftool-2 --direct --config-source xml:readwrite:/etc/gconf/gconf.xml.defaults --type string --set yourkey "yourvalue"

在这里 string， yourkey 和 yourvalue 是你需要修改的部分。

更改gfxboot的默认语言

这部分定制需要在chroot进行。

sudo -s
apt-get install dpkg-dev
apt-get source gfxboot-theme-ubuntu gfxboot
cd gfxboot-theme-ubuntu*/
make DEFAULT_LANG=fi
sudo cp -af boot/* ../extract-cd/isolinux/
exit

更改 "fi"为你的本地语言。注意这个修改不会影响 F2 菜单中选项。要了解更多关于 gfxboot 定制的内容请访问 Ubuntu Customization Kit。

* 变更 gfxboot 默认语言的另一种方法是 A other way to change the default language of gfxboot without rebuild the packages is to create a file name lang in the isolinux directory containing your locale's name.

Customization limits

After customization make sure that there are no users with an UID >= 1000. Otherwise your image won't boot because no initial user is available (see /usr/lib/user-setup/functions.sh and /usr/lib/user-setup/user-setup-apply). While in chroot:

grep '^[^:]*:[^:]*:[1-9][0-9][0-9][0-9]:' /etc/passwd
grep '^[^:]*:[^:]*:[12][0-9][0-9][0-9][0-9]:' /etc/passwd

If you get any hits, try changing the uid:

usermod -u 500 $hit

高级定制

图形安装光盘内核

If you want to customize further the boot process, you can change the livecd kernel, by copying the vmlinuz and initrd you want in place of the ones you find in extract-cd/casper (don't forget to apt-get the right kernel, the one that matches the livecd one, once chrooted into edit).

i.e.

sudo cp /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.15-26-k7 extract-cd/casper/vmlinuz
sudo cp /boot/initrd.img-2.6.15-26-k7 extract-cd/casper/initrd.gz

启动设置

You have to edit the files in edit/usr/share/initramfs-tools/scripts/casper-bottom/* For example you can change the hostname or the livecd user.

i.e.

sudo nano edit/usr/share/initramfs-tools/scripts/casper

and edit the username or hostname

sudo nano edit/usr/share/initramfs-tools/scripts/casper-bottom/10adduser

to edit even the livecd user's password.

P.S. in order to obtain an encrypted password, you have to use the mkpasswd program that's shipped with whois package!

重建initrd

After you've modified the kernel, init scripts or added new kernel modules, you need to rebuild the initrd.gz file and substitute it into the casper directory.

sudo chroot edit
mkinitramfs -o /initrd.gz 2.6.15-26-k7

(replace the kernel version with the one that the CD will boot with - this can be found in edit/lib/modules)

Exit from the chroot jail and move this file to extract-cd/casper:

exit
mv edit/initrd.gz extract-cd/casper/

清理

Be sure to remove any temporary files which are no longer needed, as space on a CD is limited. A classic example is downloaded package files, which can be cleaned out using:

apt-get clean

Or delete temporary files

rm -rf /tmp/*

Or nameserver settings

rm /etc/resolv.conf

now umount (unmount) special filesystems and exit chroot

umount /proc
umount /sys
umount /dev/pts
exit

整合光盘

Regenerate manifest

chmod +w extract-cd/casper/filesystem.manifest
sudo chroot edit dpkg-query -W --showformat='${Package} ${Version}\n' > extract-cd/casper/filesystem.manifest
sudo cp extract-cd/casper/filesystem.manifest extract-cd/casper/filesystem.manifest-desktop
sudo sed -ie '/ubiquity/d' extract-cd/casper/filesystem.manifest-desktop

Compress filesystem

sudo rm extract-cd/casper/filesystem.squashfs
sudo mksquashfs edit extract-cd/casper/filesystem.squashfs

Set an image name in extract-cd/README.diskdefines

sudo vim extract-cd/README.diskdefines

Remove old md5sum.txt and calculate new md5 sums

sudo -s
rm extract-cd/md5sum.txt
(cd extract-cd && find . -type f -print0 | xargs -0 md5sum > md5sum.txt)
exit

Create Iso

cd extract-cd
sudo mkisofs -r -V "$IMAGE_NAME" -cache-inodes -J -l -b isolinux/isolinux.bin -c isolinux/boot.cat -no-emul-boot -boot-load-size 4 -boot-info-table -o ../ubuntu-6.06.2-desktop-i386-custom.iso .

测试光盘

使用QEMU虚拟机测试

qemu -cdrom ubuntu-7.10-desktop-i386-custom.iso -boot d

你也可以使用 Virtualbox-ose 进行测试，在 Ubuntu 的软件库中可以找到它。

烧录光盘

简单！如下：

cdrecord dev=/dev/cdrom ubuntu-7.10-desktop-i386-custom.iso

评论

If you have any comments or questions, please feel free to add them here.

如果您有任何意见或者疑问，您可以放心地把它写到这里。

I have created an small Customization Example (named Firebird Live CD) by adding an firebird-super-server and flamerobin packages

我制作了一个小的定制光盘样例（名为"火鸟" Live CD），我在其中加入了firebird-super-server 和 flamerobin 包。 http://flamerobin.blogspot.com/2006/05/creating-flamerobinfirebird-live-cd.html

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1st off great write-up and very timely, THX. 2nd here are my comments

首先，写得很好，很及时，谢谢。另外，这是我的评论：

• In Customizations One has to update /etc/resolv.conf in the chroot for network access
• 在“定制”步骤，为了访问网络，您需要更新在chroot中的 /etc/resolv.conf 。
• In Calculate MD5sums the text needs to be updated. There are read permission errors on the the filesystem.squashfs and md5sums.txt in the extract-cd cannot be written. I worked around this by cd'ing into extract-cd and temporarily changing the permission on casper/filesystem.squashfs to allow reading. Also, the md5sums file was created in .. and then copied over with sudo.
• 在“计算 MD5 Sum”步骤，需要有些修改。由于在 extract-cd 中的 filesystem.squashfs 和 md5sums.txt 不能被写入，这会导致权限错误。我通过cd 进入 extract-cd ，然后临时改变 casper/filesystem.squashfs 的权限，让它可读，这样就解决了这个问题。md5sums文件被建立在..中，然后用sudo命令复制过来。
• In Create ISO a sudo is needed.
• 在“制作 ISO 文件”步骤，需要 sudo 命令。

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I have created tool for automatic remastering of live CD images. See http://lichota.net/~krzysiek/projects/ubuntu-livecd-customization/ .

我制作了一个自动重新灌录 Live CD 镜像的工具。参见 http://lichota.net/~krzysiek/projects/ubuntu-livecd-customization/ 。

Features:

特性：

• • GUI for simple creation of localized CDs (including changing gfxboot and installing language packs)
  • 有简单制作本地化 CDs 的 GUI（包括改变 gfxboot 和 安装语言包）
  • Script for customization of ISO, SquashFS and initrd on live CD.
  • Live CD 中包含定制 ISO，SquasFS 和 initrd 的脚本

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I think we also need a small documentation about customizing gfxboot, at least something about changing the default language.

我想我们需要一篇关于如果定制 gfxboot 的文档，至少要涉及如何改变默认的语言。

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http://www.atworkonline.it/~bibe/ubuntu/custom-livecd.htm seems to have some nice info. no license that I can see so we would need to ask permission from the author to us its material.

在 http://www.atworkonline.it/~bibe/ubuntu/custom-livecd.htm 上有很好的信息。我没有看到有关的许可信息，所以我们用到它的资源时需要得到作者的许可。

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There are tricks on how you can get to feel the GNOME system in your chroot environment.

1. Copy your xorg.conf in the chrooted "etc/X11/" directory.

cp /etc/X11/xorg.conf edit/etc/X11/

2. Create generic devices on your chroot system using MAKEDEV

cd /dev/ MAKEDEV generic

3. Start X or restart gdm

/etc/init.d/gdm start

Supposed you want to make modifications on the Desktop, that will be used by all the new users, just change your $HOME to /etc/skel/ and start gdm or X.

export HOME=/etc/skel/

If you want to load all the other stuff GNOME needs (i.e, dbus, avahi, network-manager), just boot as (single-user mode), and start dbus in your chrooted environment.

/etc/init.d/dbus start

An example of the whole procedure. (under single-user mode)

sudo /etc/init.d/networking restart sudo cp /etc/resolv.conf edit/etc/ sudo cp /etc/X11/xorg.conf edit/etc/X11/ sudo chroot edit mount -o none /proc mount -o none /sys export HOME=/etc/skel/ cd /dev/ MAKEDEV generic /etc/init.d/dbus start /etc/init.d/gdm start

--- joelbryan

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