Ubuntu 9.10 技术概述

请分段编辑，每人都轻松。 ，有空请翻译1-3段或者校对下别人的翻译，添加到中文翻译到每一个段落之后，不算很多； 如果觉得太长，可以再加 ====。总之请翻译好一个段落。再次请求，请不要删除或覆盖英文原句。

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9.10 Technical Overview

Ubuntu 9.10 技术概述

Introduction

引言

The Ubuntu developers are moving quickly to bring you the latest and greatest software the Open Source Community has to offer. This is the Ubuntu 9.10 beta release, which brings a host of exciting new features.

Ubuntu开发团队正以最快的速度为您带来开源软件社区提供的软件中最新、最伟大的软件。这就是Ubuntu 9.10 beta 版，它将带来许多激动人心的新特性。

Note: This is a beta release. Do not install it on production machines. The final stable version will be released on October 29th, 2009. Upgrading from Ubuntu 9.04

注意： 这是一个beta版本。请不要安装在量产的机器上。最终的稳定版本将会在2009年10月29日发布。您可以从Ubuntu 9.04直接升级。

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To upgrade from Ubuntu 9.04 on a desktop system, press Alt+F2 and type in "update-manager -d" (without the quotes) into the command box. Update Manager should open up and tell you: New distribution release '9.10' is available. Click Upgrade and follow the on-screen instructions.

To upgrade from Ubuntu 9.04 on a server system: install the update-manager-core package if it is not already installed; edit /etc/update-manager/release-upgrades and set Prompt=normal; launch the upgrade tool with the command sudo do-release-upgrade -d; and follow the on-screen instructions.

从Ｕbuntu9.04桌面版升级：按下Ａlt+F2并且在弹出的命令行中输入 "update-manager -d"(不包含引号)，更新管理器将会启动并提示：新的发行版本”9.10”可用。点击“更新”并按照屏幕上的指导操作即可。

从Ubuntu9.04服务器版升级：如果还没有安装update-manager-core软件包，安装该软件包。然后编辑/etc/update-manager/release-upgrades文件，设置Prompt＝normal。执行“sudo do-release-upgrade –d”命令启动更新管理器，并按照屏幕上的指导操作即可。

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下载

Get it while it's hot. ISOs and torrents are available at:

赶紧下载吧。镜像文件和种子文件可以从下面的地址获得：

   *

     http://releases.ubuntu.com/releases/9.10/ (Ubuntu Desktop, Server, and Netbook Remix)
     http://uec-images.ubuntu.com/releases/9.10/ (Ubuntu Server for UEC and EC2)
     http://releases.ubuntu.com/kubuntu/9.10/ (Kubuntu Desktop and Netbook)
     http://cdimage.ubuntu.com/xubuntu/releases/9.10/beta/ (Xubuntu)
     http://cdimage.ubuntu.com/ubuntustudio/releases/9.10/beta/ (UbuntuStudio)
     http://cdimage.ubuntu.com/mythbuntu/releases/9.10/beta/ (Mythbuntu)
     http://cdimage.ubuntu.com/edubuntu/releases/9.10/beta/ (Edubuntu)

Local mirrors are also available:

也可以使用下面的本地镜像

Africa

非洲

   * http://ubuntu.saix.net/ubuntu-releases/ (South Africa)
   * http://bw.releases.ubuntu.com/ (Botswana)
   * http://ls.releases.ubuntu.com/ (Lesotho)
   * http://mz.releases.ubuntu.com/ (Mozambique)
   * http://na.releases.ubuntu.com/ (Namibia)
   * http://sz.releases.ubuntu.com/ (Swaziland)

Asia

亚洲

   * http://ftp.jaist.ac.jp/pub/Linux/ubuntu-releases/ (Japan)
   * ftp://ftp.chu.edu.tw/Linux/Ubuntu/releases/ (Taiwan)
   * ftp://ftp.corbina.net/pub/Linux/ubuntu-cd/ (Russian Federation)
   * http://ftp.cs.pu.edu.tw/Linux/Ubuntu/ubuntu-cd/ (Taiwan)
   * http://ftp.daum.net/ubuntu-releases/ (Korea, Republic of)
   * http://ftp.ecc.u-tokyo.ac.jp/UBUNTU-CDS/ (Japan)

Europe

欧洲

   * http://de.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu-releases/ (Germany)
   * http://ie.releases.ubuntu.com/ (Ireland)
   * http://mirror.switch.ch/ftp/mirror/ubuntu-cdimage/ (Switzerland)
   * http://releases.ubuntu.igor.onlinedirect.bg/ (Bulgaria)
   * http://se.releases.ubuntu.com/ (Sweden)
   * http://ubuntu.ipacct.com/releases/ (Bulgaria)

North America

北美

   * http://mirror.anl.gov/pub/ubuntu-iso/CDs/ (United States)
   * http://mirror.csclub.uwaterloo.ca/ubuntu-releases/ (Canada)
   * http://mirror.uoregon.edu/ubuntu/releases/ (United States)
   * http://mirrors.cat.pdx.edu/ubuntu-releases/ (United States)
   * http://mirrors.ccs.neu.edu/releases.ubuntu.com/ (United States)
   * http://mirrors.easynews.com/linux/ubuntu-releases/ (United States)

Oceania/Australia

大洋洲/澳大利亚

   * http://ftp.citylink.co.nz/ubuntu-releases/ (New Zealand)
   * http://ftp.iinet.net.au/pub/ubuntu-releases/ (Australia)
   * http://mirror.aarnet.edu.au/pub/ubuntu/releases/ (Australia)
   * http://nz2.releases.ubuntu.com/ (New Zealand)
   * http://ubuntu-releases.optus.net/ (Australia)
   * http://mirror.internode.on.net/pub/ubuntu/releases/ (Australia)

South America

南美

   * http://mirror.globo.com/ubuntu/releases/ (Brazil)
   * http://mirror.pop-sc.rnp.br/mirror/ubuntu/ (Brazil)
   * http://mirror.pop-sc.rnp.br/mirror/ubuntu-releases/ (Brazil)
   * http://ubuntu.c3sl.ufpr.br/releases/ (Brazil)
   * http://cl.releases.ubuntu.com/ (Chile)
   * http://espelhos.edugraf.ufsc.br/ubuntu-releases/ (Brazil)

New features since Ubuntu 9.04

自Ubuntu 9.04后的新功能

These features are showcased for your attention. Please test them and report any bugs you find:

下面是新功能简介，敬请关注。请对它们进行测试并按照下面的地址报告您发现的bugs：

   *

     http://help.ubuntu.com/community/ReportingBugs

==

Upstart

As part of our boot performance work, we have now transitioned to Upstart. If you are testing on your primary machine, we strongly suggest having an Ubuntu 9.10 LiveCD available, or creating an Alpha 5 USB startup disk before doing an upgrade. This will allow us to help you recover in the case that something goes wrong during the boot of your system after upgrade. We request that all bugs affecting the performance or functionality of boot be tagged with ubuntu-boot in Launchpad.Boot Experience

作为提高系统启动性能的一部分，我们已经开始使用 Upstart。如果您是在自己的主机上测试，我们强烈建议您在升级前备有一张 Ubuntu 9.10 LiveCD 或者创建一个 Alpha 5 的USB启动盘，这样在升级后如果启动过程中出现问题，我们可以用来恢复系统。我们要求把所有影响系统启动性能的 bugs 标记上 ubuntu-boot 并提交到 Launchpad.Boot 体验版面。

We've done some work on improving the overall look and feel of booting the system. Please open bugs with the tag "ubuntu-boot-experience" on any messages you see flashed after grub loads and before the new Ubuntu Splash screen (xsplash) displays. If you have trouble catching them before the splash screen loads, you can also check vt1 or dmesg output for copies of these messages. We also accept photos or video attachments if that's easier, however please make sure the text is readable. Software Center

我们已经完成了改进系统启动过程当中的整体体验的工作。如果在grub加载之后Ubuntu Splash Screen启动之前你看到显示以“ubuntu-boot-experience”为标签的的消息对话框时请发送bug报告给我们。如果你在splash画面加载之前不能处理这些错误，那么你还可以检查vt1或都通过dmesg命令输出这些信息的副本。如果方便的话我们也接受图片或视频方式的附件。无论怎样，一定要确保您所发送的信息是可读的。 Software Center

Ubuntu 9.10 Beta includes the Ubuntu Software Center, replacing 'Add/Remove' in the Applications menu. We kindly request users to try it out, and report any bugs they find.

Ubuntu 9.10 Beta版包括Ubuntu Software Center(ubuntu软件中心），用以替代应用程序菜单中的'Add/Remove'（添加/删除）项。我们真诚的请求ubuntu用户试用这一新功能，并且积极的汇报bugs。

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GNOME

Ubuntu 9.10 Beta includes the latest GNOME 2.28 desktop environment with a number of great new features:

   * Empathy has replaced Pidgin as the default instant messaging client, introducing the Telepathy framework.
   * The gdm 2.28 login manager is a complete rewrite compared to the version in earlier Ubuntu releases, permitting a more integrated login experience.

Application development with Quickly

Quickly makes it easy for developers to make new applications for Ubuntu, and to share those application with other Ubuntu users via .deb packages or personal package archives.

GNOME ubuntu 9.10测式版包括了GNOME的最新版本GNOME 2.28 桌面环境，此版本包括了多项非常先进的功能。

  *  Empathy将替换Pidgin做为首选的即时通讯客户端，引入了 Telepathy 架构。
  *  Ubuntu 9.10 完成了对登入管理程序GDM 2.28的改写，这将带给您更好的登入体验。

Ubuntu 9.10 上的应用程序的开发比较迅速。

快速的帮助开发人员更为容易的为ubuntu开发出更为先进的软件，并且帮助他们更为方便的将开发的软件以 .deb安装包的形式或私有档案包的形式和他人共享。

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Kubuntu

Kubuntu 9.10 includes the first Kubuntu Netbook release, Social from the Start and the latest KDE packages. See the Kubuntu technical overview. Ubuntu Enterprise Cloud Images

Ubuntu 9.10 Beta includes images for common use on Ubuntu Enterprise Cloud (UEC) and Amazon's EC2. You can try out the latest Ubuntu 9.10 server image instantly on EC2 using a preconfigured AMI, or download an image and put it into your own Ubuntu Enterprise Cloud. For information on using UEC images on Amazon EC2, see the EC2 Starter's Guide. Ubuntu One file sharing

Ubuntu 9.10 Beta ships the Ubuntu One file sharing service by default, providing tightly-integrated file synchronization of your computer with other computers and the Ubuntu One network storage service. Linux kernel 2.6.31

==

Ubuntu 9.10 Beta includes the 2.6.31-11.36 kernel based on 2.6.31.1. The kernel ships with Kernel Mode Setting enabled for Intel graphics (see below). linux-restricted-modules is deprecated in favour of DKMS packages. hal deprecation

Ubuntu 9.10 Beta's underlying technology for power management, laptop hotkeys, and handling of storage devices and cameras maps has moved from "hal" (which is in the process of being deprecated) to "DeviceKit-power", "DeviceKit-disks" and "udev". When testing Ubuntu 9.10 Beta, please be alert for regressions in those areas and report any bugs you find. New Intel video driver architecture available for testing

The Intel video driver has switched from the "EXA" acceleration method to the new "UXA", solving major performance problems of Ubuntu 9.04. Ubuntu 9.10 Beta also features kernel mode setting by default on Intel hardware, which reduces boot-time flickering and dramatically speeds up suspend/resume.

*翻译完成*请求校对

ext4 by default

默认 ext4

The new "ext4" filesystem is used by default for new installations with Ubuntu 9.10 Beta; of course, other filesystems are still available via the manual partitioner. Existing filesystems will not be upgraded.

新的 ext4 文件系统已经成为 Ubuntu 9.10 beta安装时的默认设置；当然，其他文件系统在手工分区时依然可以使用。当前文件系统不会被升级。

If you have full backups and are confident, you can upgrade an existing ext3 filesystem to ext4 by following directions in the Ext4 Howto. (Note that the comments on that page at the time of writing about Ubuntu's use of vol_id vs. blkid are out of date and are not applicable to Ubuntu 9.10 Beta.) Maximum performance will typically only be achieved on new filesystems, not on filesystems that have been upgraded from ext3.

假如你已经完全备份并且有信心，可以按照 Ext4 Howto 里的说明来升级当前的ext3到ext4。（注意：当时有关Ubuntu中使用vol_id vs. blkid的论述已经“过期”，并不适用于Ubuntu 9.10 Beta）不过，最佳性能只能由全新的ext4系统展现，从ext3的升级并不能发挥全部实力。

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GRUB 2 by default

GRUB 2 is the default boot loader for new installations with Ubuntu 9.10 Beta, replacing the previous GRUB "Legacy" boot loader. Existing systems will not be upgraded to GRUB 2 at this time, as automatically reinstalling the boot loader is an inherently risky operation.

If you wish to upgrade your system to GRUB 2, then see the GRUB 2 testing page for instructions. See also the upstream draft manual.

Some features are still missing relative to GRUB Legacy. Notable among these are lock/password support, an equivalent of grub-reboot, and Xen handling.

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iSCSI installation

The iSCSI installation process has been improved, and no longer requires iscsi=true as a boot parameter; the installer will offer you the option of logging into iSCSI targets if there are no local disks, or you can select "Configure iSCSI" in the manual partitioner.

Putting the root filesystem on iSCSI is now supported.

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AppArmor

AppArmor in Ubuntu 9.10 Beta features an improved parser that uses cache files, greatly speeding up AppArmor initialisation on boot. AppArmor also now supports 'pux' which, when specified, means a process can transition to an existing profile if one exists or simply run unconfined if one does not.

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New profiles

In addition to the above changes to AppArmor itself, several profiles were added. Enforcing profiles for ntpd, the GNOME document viewer (evince), and libvirt are enabled by default. Complain mode profiles for Dovecot are now available in the apparmor-profiles package. A new profile is provided for Firefox as well, though it is disabled by default. Users can enable AppArmor sandboxing of their browser by running:

$ sudo aa-enforce /etc/apparmor.d/usr.bin.firefox-3.5

Please see the SecurityTeam/KnowledgeBase for a full listing of readily available profiles in Ubuntu.

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Libvirt

Libvirt now contains AppArmor integration when using KVM or QEMU. Libvirtd is configured to launch virtual machines that are confined by uniquely restrictive AppArmor profiles. This feature significantly improves virtualisation in Ubuntu by providing user-space host protection as well as guest isolation. Uncomplicated Firewall

The Uncomplicated Firewall now has support for filtering by interface and egress filtering when using the ufw command. Documentation for ufw is also improved to help users better utilise the ufw framework and take full advantage of Linux netfilter's power and flexibility. See UbuntuFirewall#Features for a full list of features.

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Non-eXecutable Emulation

Non-eXecutable (NX) memory protection, also known as eXecute-Disable (XD), has always been available in Ubuntu for any systems that had the hardware to support it and ran the 64-bit kernel or the 32-bit server kernel. The 32-bit PAE desktop kernel (linux-image-generic-pae) now also provides the PAE mode needed for hardware with the NX CPU feature.

For systems that lack NX hardware, the 32-bit kernels now provide an approximation of the NX CPU feature via software emulation that can help block many exploits an attacker might run from stack or heap memory. Blocking Module Loading

To block the loading of any further modules after boot (generally for servers with unchanging hardware), the /proc/sys/kernel/modules_disabled one-way sysctl flag now exists to add another layer of protections against attackers loading kernel rootkits.

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Position-Independent Executables

Building on the work done in Ubuntu 8.10 and 9.04 to proactively protect Ubuntu from unknown threats by using strict compiler flags, more applications have been built as Position-Independent Executables (PIE) to take advantage of the Address Space Layout Randomisation (ASLR) available in the Ubuntu kernel.

In addition to the growing program list, PIE programs are now also built with the BIND_NOW linker flag to take full advantage of the existing RELRO linker flag. This results in PIE programs having fewer places in their memory that can be controlled to redirect program flow when an attacker attempts memory-corruption exploits.

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Known issues

As is to be expected at this stage of the release process, there are several known bugs that users are likely to run into with Ubuntu 9.10 Beta. We have documented them here for your convenience along with any known workarounds, so that you don't need to spend time reporting these bugs again:

   *

     Some users with Intel video chipsets will experience a black screen on reboot after install because the fbcon module is not being loaded. As a workaround, users can boot with the i915.modeset=0 option. Investigation of this issue is ongoing. (431812)
   *

     If a RAID partitioning scheme is used during installation the grub boot loader will only be installed on the first hard drive instead of all the drives. Booting the system if the first drive has failed will not work. As a workaround users can manually install grub to each disk in the array using the grub-install command (427048).
   *

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     Some users report that, in connection with the conversion of the base system to native upstart jobs, the system will fail to boot if the root partition has errors. As a workaround for this problem, users can boot from external media and run fsck manually. Investigation of this issue is ongoing. (432237)
   *

     A bug in the boot-time ordering of NFS-related init scripts will prevent systems from booting if any "core" filesystems (including /usr or /home) are mounted over NFS. Users with such configurations are advised to wait for the Ubuntu 9.10 Release Candidate before ugrading. (431248)
   *

     When performing an Ubuntu Enterprise Cloud setup from the Server CD, Eucalyptus components fail to automatically register the components. To solve this, immediately upgrade to the latest Eucalyptus packages after installation, and sudo restart eucalyptus. (438602, 439251).
   *

     In the Ubuntu Moblin Remix developer preview, the sources.list in the live image and installed systems will miss the ~moblin PPA; you can add it manually for now (420048). Also, the web browser does not function correctly in the released image; a fix for this bug is available in the ~moblin PPA (439677).

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Reporting bugs

报告漏洞

It should come as no surprise that this beta release of Karmic Koala contains other bugs. Your comments, bug reports, patches and suggestions will help fix bugs and improve future releases. Please report bugs using the tools provided.

Karmic Koala的Beta版中出现其他的漏洞应该是不值得惊奇的事。你的评论、漏洞报告、补丁和建议将会有助于修复漏洞并改进将来的版本。请用提供的工具报告漏洞。

If you want to help out with bugs, the Bug Squad is always looking for help.

如果你想要帮助解决漏洞，漏洞小组一直在寻求你的帮助。

Participate in Ubuntu 参与Ubuntu

If you would like to help shape Ubuntu, take a look at the list of ways you can participate at

如果你希望帮助改进Ubuntu，到以下地址看看你参与的方式：

   *

     http://www.ubuntu.com/community/participate/

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More information

更多信息

You can find out more about Ubuntu on the Ubuntu website and Ubuntu wiki.

你可以在Ubuntu网站和Ubuntu wiki上找到更多关于Ubuntu的信息。

To sign up for future Ubuntu development announcements, please subscribe to Ubuntu's development announcement list at:

要接收将来的Ubuntu开发公告，请在以下地址订阅Ubuntu的开发公告。

   *

     http://lists.ubuntu.com/mailman/listinfo/ubuntu-devel-announce