查看“Ubuntu6.06HowTo”的源代码

Ubuntu 6.06 (Dapper Drake) 指南
来源： http://www.cs.cornell.edu/%7Edjm/ubuntu/
我也是一个 [http://www.ubuntu.com/ Ubuntu] (Linux水平也一般) 新手.  使用 Ubuntu 因为比较好玩，兴趣和刺激. 为了当我下一次安装 Ubuntu 是方便，在本页记下了所有的步骤. 我希望也能帮助其它人.

June 2, 2006: 我今天升级到了 Dapper Drake 并修改了本页的部分内容. 我将不再更新 [http://www.cs.cornell.edu/~djm/ubuntu/index_breezy.htm Breezy Badger page] .



=== 安装 Ubuntu ===
下面是本节的屏幕抓图 [http://shots.osdir.com/slideshows/slideshow.php?release=659&slide=4&title=ubuntu+6.06+screenshots OSDir's screenshot gallery].

*  下载 [http://www.ubuntu.com/download/ Dapper Drake 安装 CD/DVD 映像文件], 然后 [https://wiki.ubuntu.com/BurningIsoHowto/ 刻录映像文件] 到 CD/DVD. 
*  从 CD/DVD 启动. 这通常可以简单从 CD/DVD 启动电脑. 有些电脑你可能需要在启动的一段时间内按下 F12 (或 F2, 或 DEL, 或 其它什么的) 然后从菜单选择从 CD 启动. 
*  选择 [http://shots.osdir.com/slideshows/original.php?release=659&slide=1 启动或安装 Ubuntu] 条件. 
*  当电脑 [http://shots.osdir.com/slideshows/original.php?release=659&slide=3 从 Live CD 启动] 这个版本的 Ubuntu 后, 双击  [http://shots.osdir.com/slideshows/original.php?release=659&slide=4 安装图标]. 
*  选择  [http://shots.osdir.com/slideshows/original.php?release=659&slide=5 语言];  [http://shots.osdir.com/slideshows/original.php?release=659&slide=6 地区和时区];  [http://shots.osdir.com/slideshows/original.php?release=659&slide=7 键盘]; 和  [http://shots.osdir.com/slideshows/original.php?release=659&slide=8 用户名, 密码, 和电脑名]. 
* 
{|border="1" cellspacing="0"
|目的||尺寸||文件系统
|-
|swap 交换空间||1 - 2GB||linux-swap
|-
|root 目录 (<code><nowiki>/</nowiki></code>)||4 - 8GB||reiserfs (或 ext3)
|-
|home 目录 (<code><nowiki>/home</nowiki></code>)||剩余空间||reiserfs (或 ext3)
|}

*  [http://shots.osdir.com/slideshows/original.php?release=659&slide=10 检查你的选择], 然后点击 "Install". 
*  阅读一些杂志或者干些别的事情  [http://shots.osdir.com/slideshows/original.php?release=659&slide=11 当] [http://shots.osdir.com/slideshows/original.php?release=659&slide=12 Ubuntu] [http://shots.osdir.com/slideshows/original.php?release=659&slide=13 安装时]. 
*  当安装完成后，会得到一个提示, 点击 "[http://shots.osdir.com/slideshows/original.php?release=659&slide=15 Reboot the computer]" 按钮. 确信取出了 CD/DVD 这样电脑不会重新从 Live CD 启动. 
*  如果 Ubuntu 在其它的分区上检测到了 Windows ,  将提示你  [http://www.cs.cornell.edu/~djm/ubuntu/grub.png 使用 GRUB 多重启动]. 最上面的选项是 Ubuntu.  选择它, 或者仅仅等到计时器到0. 
*  但电脑  [http://shots.osdir.com/slideshows/original.php?release=659&slide=16 重启] 到第一次安装的 Ubuntu, 使用你早前安装时设置的用户名和密码[http://shots.osdir.com/slideshows/original.php?release=659&slide=17 登录] . 
*  祝贺!  你现在已经开始 [http://shots.osdir.com/slideshows/original.php?release=659&slide=25 运行 Ubuntu]! 为什么这么容易? :) 

=== 初步设置 ===

==== 更新和升级包 ====
*  
<pre><nowiki>
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get upgrade
</nowiki></pre>

==== 安装 nVidia 显卡驱动 ====
安装 nVidia 显卡驱动会自动修复某些屏幕分辨率的问题.

*  
<pre><nowiki>
sudo apt-get install nvidia-glx
</nowiki></pre>
*  
<pre><nowiki>
sudo cp /etc/X11/xorg.conf /etc/X11/xorg.conf.backup.nvidia
sudo nvidia-glx-config enable
</nowiki></pre>
<pre><nowiki>
sudo gedit /etc/X11/xorg.conf
</nowiki></pre>
<pre><nowiki>
Section "Device"
	...
	Driver		"nv"
	...
EndSection
</nowiki></pre>
<pre><nowiki>
Section "Device"
	...
	Driver		"nvidia"
	...
EndSection
</nowiki></pre>
*  
<pre><nowiki>
sudo gedit /usr/share/applications/nvidia-settings.desktop
</nowiki></pre>
<pre><nowiki>
[Desktop Entry]
Name=NVIDIA Settings
Comment=nVidia Settings
Exec=nvidia-settings
Icon=
Terminal=false
Type=Application
Categories=Application;System;
</nowiki></pre>
*  
<pre><nowiki>
sudo gedit /etc/X11/xorg.conf
</nowiki></pre>
<pre><nowiki>
Section "Device"
	Identifier	"NVIDIA Corporation ..."
	...
EndSection
</nowiki></pre>
<pre><nowiki>
Section "Device"
	Identifier	"NVIDIA Corporation ..."
	...
	Option		"NoLogo"
EndSection
</nowiki></pre>
*  (可选) [[#restart-gdm|重启 Gnome Desktop Manager]] 让配置生效. 

这里是自动执行1-4步的脚本:

<pre><nowiki>
sudo apt-get install nvidia-glx
sudo cp /etc/X11/xorg.conf /etc/X11/xorg.conf.backup.nvidia
sudo nvidia-glx-config enable
sudo sed -i -e's@Driver[ \t]\{1,\}"nv"@Driver\t\t"nvidia"\n\tOption\t\t"NoLogo"@g' /etc/X11/xorg.conf
(printf '[Desktop Entry]\nName=NVIDIA Settings\nComment=nVidia Settings\nExec=nvidia-settings\nIcon=\nTerminal=false\nType=Application\nCategories=Application;System;\n') | sudo tee /usr/share/applications/nvidia-settings.desktop
</nowiki></pre>

==== 激活 5-button 鼠标 ====
*  
<pre><nowiki>
sudo cp /etc/X11/xorg.conf /etc/X11/xorg.conf.backup.mouse
sudo gedit /etc/X11/xorg.conf
</nowiki></pre>
<pre><nowiki>
Section "InputDevice"
	Identifier	"Configured Mouse"
	Driver		"mouse"
	...
	Option		"Protocol"		"ExplorerPS/2"
	...
	Option		"Emulate3Buttons"	"true"
	...
EndSection
</nowiki></pre>
<pre><nowiki>
Section "InputDevice"
	Identifier	"Configured Mouse"
	Driver		"mouse"
	...
	Option		"Protocol"		"ExplorerPS/2"
	...
	Option		"Emulate3Buttons"	"false"
	Option		"Buttons"		"7"
	Option		"ButtonMapping"		"1 2 3 6 7"
	...
EndSection
</nowiki></pre>
*  (可选) [[#restart-gdm|重启 Gnome Desktop Manager]] 让配置生效. 

这里是自动执行1步的脚本:

<pre><nowiki>
sudo sed -i.backup.mouse -e's@[ \t]*Option[ \t]\{1,\}"Emulate3Buttons"[ \t]\{1,\}"true"@\tOption\t\t"Emulate3Buttons"\t"false"\n\tOption\t\t"Buttons"\t\t"7"\n\tOption\t\t"ButtonMapping"\t\t"1 2 3 6 7"@g' /etc/X11/xorg.conf
</nowiki></pre>

==== 激活 CD/DVD 弹出 ====
*  
<pre><nowiki>
sudo sysctl dev.cdrom.lock=0
</nowiki></pre>
*  
<pre><nowiki>
sudo cp /etc/sysctl.conf /etc/sysctl.conf.backup.eject
sudo gedit /etc/sysctl.conf
</nowiki></pre>
<pre><nowiki>
dev.cdrom.lock=0
</nowiki></pre>

这里是自动执行1步的脚本:

<pre><nowiki>
if ! cat /etc/sysctl.conf | grep "dev.cdrom.lock=0"; then sudo cp /etc/sysctl.conf /etc/sysctl.conf.backup.eject; >> /etc/sysctl.conf'; fi;
</nowiki></pre>

==== 增加扩展库 ====
*  
<pre><nowiki>
sudo cp /etc/apt/sources.list /etc/apt/sources.list.backup
</nowiki></pre>
*  
<pre><nowiki>
sudo gedit /etc/apt/sources.list
</nowiki></pre>
<pre><nowiki>

deb http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu dapper main restricted
deb-src http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu dapper main restricted

deb http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu dapper-security main restricted
deb-src http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu dapper-security main restricted

deb http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu dapper-updates main restricted
deb-src http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu dapper-updates main restricted



deb http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu dapper universe multiverse
deb-src http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu dapper universe multiverse

deb http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu dapper-security universe multiverse
deb-src http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu dapper-security universe multiverse

deb http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu dapper-updates universe multiverse
deb-src http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu dapper-updates universe multiverse



deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu dapper-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu dapper-backports main restricted universe multiverse



#deb http://packages.freecontrib.org/ubuntu/plf/ dapper free non-free
#deb-src http://packages.freecontrib.org/ubuntu/plf/ dapper free non-free

#deb ftp://ftp.free.fr/pub/Distributions_Linux/plf/ubuntu/plf/ dapper free non-free
#deb-src ftp://ftp.free.fr/pub/Distributions_Linux/plf/ubuntu/plf/ dapper free non-free
</nowiki></pre>
*  
<pre><nowiki>
sudo apt-get update
</nowiki></pre>

这里是自动执行1-3步的脚本(需要Internet访问):

<pre><nowiki>
wget -c -o /tmp/sources.list http://www.cs.cornell.edu/~djm/ubuntu/sources.list
sudo cp /etc/apt/sources.list /etc/apt/sources.list.backup 
sudo cp /tmp/sources.list /etc/apt/sources.list
sudo apt-get update
</nowiki></pre>


=== 常用的包 ===
==== 安装 Microsoft 字体 ====
*  
<pre><nowiki>
sudo apt-get install msttcorefonts
</nowiki></pre>

==== 安装多媒体解码驱动和播放器 ====
* [[add-repositories 增加扩展库]].
*  
<pre><nowiki>
wget -c -o /tmp/w32codecs.deb ftp://ftp.free.fr/pub/Distributions_Linux/plf/ubuntu/plf/pool/dapper/i386/non-free/w32codecs/w32codecs_20050412-1plf4_i386.deb 
wget -c -o /tmp/libdvdcss2.deb ftp://ftp.free.fr/pub/Distributions_Linux/plf/ubuntu/plf/pool/dapper/i386/free/libdvdcss2/libdvdcss2_1.2.9-1plf3_i386.deb
sudo dpkg -i /tmp/w32codecs.deb /tmp/libdvdcss2.deb
</nowiki></pre>
*  
<pre><nowiki>
wget -c -o /tmp/w32codecs.deb ftp://ftp.nerim.net/debian-marillat/pool/main/w/w32codecs/w32codecs_20050412-0.4_i386.deb 
sudo dpkg -i /tmp/w32codecs.deb 
sudo apt-get install libdvdread3
sudo /usr/share/doc/libdvdread3/examples/install-css.sh
</nowiki></pre>
*  
<pre><nowiki>
sudo apt-get install lame sox ffmpeg mjpegtools mpg321 vorbis-tools
</nowiki></pre>
*  
<pre><nowiki>
sudo apt-get install totem-xine libxine-extracodecs
</nowiki></pre>
*  
<pre><nowiki>
sudo apt-get install totem-gstreamer gstreamer0.10-plugins-good gstreamer0.10-plugins-bad gstreamer0.10-plugins-ugly gstreamer0.10-plugins-bad-multiverse gstreamer0.10-plugins-ugly-multiverse gstreamer0.10-gl gstreamer0.10-ffmpeg
</nowiki></pre>
*  
<pre><nowiki>
(printf '#!/bin/bash\ntotem --enqueue $NAUTILUS_SCRIPT_SELECTED_URIS\n') > ~/.gnome2/nautilus-scripts/totem-enqueue
(printf '#!/bin/bash\ntotem --replace $NAUTILUS_SCRIPT_SELECTED_URIS\n') > ~/.gnome2/nautilus-scripts/totem-replace
chmod +x ~/.gnome2/nautilus-scripts/totem-enqueue ~/.gnome2/nautilus-scripts/totem-replace
</nowiki></pre>
*  
<pre><nowiki>
sudo apt-get install mplayer
sudo sed -i.backup -e's@vo=x11,@vo=xv,@g' /etc/mplayer/mplayer.conf 
</nowiki></pre>
*  
<pre><nowiki>
sudo apt-get install mozilla-mplayer
</nowiki></pre>

==== 安装 TiMidity (MIDI 播放器) ====
*  
<pre><nowiki>
sudo apt-get install timidity timidity-interfaces-extra
</nowiki></pre>
*  
<pre><nowiki>
sudo gedit /usr/share/applications/timidity.desktop
</nowiki></pre>
<pre><nowiki>
[Desktop Entry]
Encoding=UTF-8
Name=Timidity MIDI Player
Comment=Play MIDI audio files
Exec=timidity -ig
Terminal=false
Type=Application
StartupNotify=false
MimeType=audio/midi;
Categories=Application;AudioVideo;
Icon=
#NoDisplay=true
</nowiki></pre>
*  
<pre><nowiki>
sudo cp /usr/share/applications/defaults.list /usr/share/applications/defaults.list.backup.midi
sudo gedit /usr/share/applications/defaults.list
</nowiki></pre>
<pre><nowiki>
audio/midi=timidity.desktop
</nowiki></pre>
*  
<pre><nowiki>
wget -c -o /tmp/timidity-patches-eaw http://www.fbriere.net/debian/dists/etch/misc/deb/timidity-patches-eaw_12-0fbriere.1_all.deb
sudo dpkg -i /tmp/timidity-patches-eaw.deb
sudo gedit /etc/timidity/timidity.cfg
</nowiki></pre>
<pre><nowiki>
source /etc/timidity/freepats.cfg
</nowiki></pre>
<pre><nowiki>
source /usr/share/doc/timidity-patches-eaw/examples/timidity.cfg
</nowiki></pre>
*  
<pre><nowiki>
sudo gedit /etc/timidity/timidity.cfg
</nowiki></pre>
<pre><nowiki>
opt EFresamp=d          #disable resampling (or "opt EFresamp=l" for linear resampling)
opt EFvlpf=d            #disable VLPF
opt EFreverb=d          #disable reverb
opt EFchorus=d          #disable chorus
opt EFdelay=d           #disable delay
</nowiki></pre>

这里是自动执行1-4步的脚本:

<pre><nowiki>
sudo apt-get install timidity timidity-interfaces-extra
(printf '[Desktop Entry]\nEncoding=UTF-8\nName=Timidity MIDI Player\nComment=Play MIDI audio files\nExec=timidity -ig\nTerminal=false\nType=Application\nStartupNotify=false\nMimeType=audio/midi;\nCategories=Application;AudioVideo;\n#Icon=???\n#NoDisplay=true\n') | sudo tee /usr/share/applications/timidity.desktop
sudo cp /usr/share/applications/defaults.list /usr/share/applications/defaults.list.backup.midi
if ! cat /usr/share/applications/defaults.list | grep "audio/midi"; then (printf 'audio/midi=timidity.desktop\n') | sudo tee -a /usr/share/applications/defaults.list; else sudo sed -i -e's@audio/midi.*$@audio/midi=timidity.desktop@g' /usr/share/applications/defaults.list; fi;
wget -c -o /tmp/timidity-patches-eaw http://www.fbriere.net/debian/dists/etch/misc/deb/timidity-patches-eaw_12-0fbriere.1_all.deb
sudo dpkg -i /tmp/timidity-patches-eaw.deb
sudo sed -i.backup -e's@source /etc/timidity/freepats.cfg@source /usr/share/doc/timidity-patches-eaw/examples/timidity.cfg@g' /etc/timidity/timidity.cfg
</nowiki></pre>

==== 安装 GParted (磁盘分区工具) ====
*  
<pre><nowiki>
sudo apt-get install gparted
</nowiki></pre>

==== 安装 Mozilla Thunderbird (email 客户端) ====
*  
<pre><nowiki>
sudo apt-get install mozilla-thunderbird
</nowiki></pre>
*  (optional) See how to [http://www.cs.cornell.edu/~djm/ubuntu/#restore-mozilla-icons restore Mozilla Firefox and Thunderbird icons]. 

==== 安装 GnomeBaker (CD 刻录) ====
*  
<pre><nowiki>
sudo apt-get install gnomebaker
</nowiki></pre>

==== 安装 Sound Juicer (audio CD 抓轨) ====
*  
<pre><nowiki>
sudo apt-get install sound-juicer
</nowiki></pre>

==== 安装 Acroread (PDF 阅读器) ====
*  
<pre><nowiki>
sudo apt-get install acroread
</nowiki></pre>
*  
<pre><nowiki>
sudo sed -i.backup.acroread -e's@application/pdf=evince.desktop@application/pdf=AdobeReader.desktop@g' /usr/share/applications/defaults.list
</nowiki></pre>
*  
<pre><nowiki>
sudo apt-get install mozilla-acroread
</nowiki></pre>

==== 为 Firefox 安装 Flash 插件 ====
*  
<pre><nowiki>
sudo apt-get install flashplugin-nonfree
sudo update-flashplugin
</nowiki></pre>

==== 安装 Sun Java ====
(See the [https://wiki.ubuntu.com/RestrictedFormats Restricted Formats page].)

*  
<pre><nowiki>
sudo apt-get install sun-java5-jre sun-java5-plugin
sudo update-alternatives --config java
</nowiki></pre>

==== 安装 teTeX (LaTeX) ====
*  
<pre><nowiki>
sudo apt-get install tetex-base tetex-bin tetex-extra
</nowiki></pre>
*  Here is a [http://www.cs.cornell.edu/~djm/tex/main.tex sample LaTeX file] and the [http://www.cs.cornell.edu/~djm/tex/Makefile Makefile] to compile it with. 

==== 安装 Octave (Matlab 代替) ====
*  
<pre><nowiki>
sudo apt-get install octave
</nowiki></pre>

==== 安装 Gnuplot (绘制/图形 工具) ====
*  
<pre><nowiki>
sudo apt-get install gnuplot
</nowiki></pre>

==== 安装 开发工具 ====
*  
<pre><nowiki>
sudo apt-get install build-essential manpages-dev
</nowiki></pre>
*  
<pre><nowiki>
sudo apt-get install libgmp3-dev libgmp3-doc
</nowiki></pre>
*  
<pre><nowiki>
sudo apt-get install libxxf86vm-dev nvidia-glx-dev ftgl-dev
sudo apt-get install libsdl1.2-dev libsdl-ttf2.0-dev libsdl-image1.2-dev libsdl-mixer1.2-dev
sudo apt-get install libsdl-sound1.2-dev libsdl-net1.2-dev
</nowiki></pre>
<pre><nowiki>
sudo ln -s /usr/include/freetype2/freetype /usr/include/freetype
</nowiki></pre>

==== 安装 CVS (版本控制系统) ====
*  
<pre><nowiki>
sudo apt-get install cvs
</nowiki></pre>
*  
<pre><nowiki>
sudo apt-get install tkcvs
</nowiki></pre>

==== 安装 GVim (编辑器) ====
*  
<pre><nowiki>
sudo apt-get install vim-gnome
</nowiki></pre>
*  (optional) Tinker with your <code><nowiki>~/.vimrc</nowiki></code> file to your heart's content. (See my [http://www.cs.cornell.edu/~djm/ubuntu/vimrc ~/.vimrc] for an example.) 
*  
<pre><nowiki>
sudo sed -i.backup.gvim -e's@gedit.desktop@gvim.desktop@g' -e's@text/x-csrc=gvim.desktop@text/x-csrc=gvim.desktop\ntext/x-c++hdr=gvim.desktop\ntext/x-c++src=gvim.desktop\ntext/x-csharp=gvim.desktop\ntext/x-tex=gvim.desktop@g' /usr/share/applications/defaults.list
sudo sed -i.backup -e's@MimeType=text/plain;@MimeType=text/plain;text/html;text/css;text/xml;text/x-dtd;text/x-chdr;text/x-csrc;text/x-c++hdr;text/x-c++src;text/x-java;text/x-csharp;text/x-tex;text/x-bibtex;text/x-readme;@g' -e's@NoDisplay=true@NoDisplay=false@g' /usr/share/applications/gvim.desktop 
</nowiki></pre>

==== 安装 jEdit (编辑器) ====
* [http://www.cs.cornell.edu/~djm/ubuntu/#sun-java Install Java].
*  
<pre><nowiki>
sudo gedit /etc/apt/sources.list
</nowiki></pre>
<pre><nowiki>
deb http://dl.sourceforge.net/sourceforge/jedit ./
deb-src http://dl.sourceforge.net/sourceforge/jedit ./
</nowiki></pre>
*  
<pre><nowiki>
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install jedit
</nowiki></pre>
*  
<pre><nowiki>
sudo gedit /usr/bin/jedit
</nowiki></pre>
<pre><nowiki>
... ${JEDIT} -jar "/usr/share/jedit/jedit.jar" $@
</nowiki></pre>
<pre><nowiki>
... ${JEDIT} -jar "/usr/share/jedit/jedit.jar" -reuseview $@
</nowiki></pre>

==== 安装 游戏 (ScummVM) ====
*  
<pre><nowiki>
sudo apt-get install supertux scummvm
sudo apt-get install beneath-a-steel-sky flight-of-the-amazon-queen
</nowiki></pre>

==== 安装 OpenSSH (SSH 服务) ====
*  
<pre><nowiki>
sudo apt-get install openssh-server
</nowiki></pre>
*  You might also need to [http://www.cs.cornell.edu/~djm/ubuntu/#send-dhcp send your host-name to your DHCP server]. 

=== 排除故障 ===
==== 修复声音 ====
参考 http://ubuntuguide.org/#configuresoundproperly.

==== 修复屏幕分辨率 ====
参考 https://wiki.ubuntu.com/FixVideoResolutionHowto 更多信息. 下面是我的配置:

*  
<pre><nowiki>
sudo ddcprobe | grep monitorrange
</nowiki></pre>
<pre><nowiki>
sudo cp /etc/X11/xorg.conf /etc/X11/xorg.conf.backup.sync_and_refresh
sudo gedit /etc/X11/xorg.conf
</nowiki></pre>
<pre><nowiki>
Section "Monitor"
...
HorizSync          30-96
VertRefresh        50-160
EndSection
</nowiki></pre>

==== 修复 Xine's WMV 播放 ====
*  
<pre><nowiki>
cp ~/.xine/catalog.cache ~/.xine/catalog.cache.backup
gedit ~/.xine/catalog.cache
</nowiki></pre>
<pre><nowiki>
[/usr/lib/xine/plugins/1.0.0/xineplug_decode_w32dll.so]
size=173768
mtime=1112804124
type=131
api=15
id=win32a
version=10000
supported_types=50593792 52428800 52822016 ... (long line truncated)
decoder_priority=1
</nowiki></pre>
<pre><nowiki>
decoder_priority=1</nowiki></pre>
<pre><nowiki>
decoder_priority=7</nowiki></pre>

==== 修复 jumpy/skipping/choppy/stuttering CD/DVD 播放 ====
参考 http://ubuntuguide.org/#speedupcddvdrom.

*  
<pre><nowiki>
sudo hdparm -d /dev/[device]
</nowiki></pre>
*  
<pre><nowiki>
sudo hdparm -d1 /dev/[device]
sudo cp /etc/hdparm.conf /etc/hdparm.conf.backup.dma
sudo gedit /etc/hdparm.conf
</nowiki></pre>
<pre><nowiki>
/dev/[device] {
dma === on
}
</nowiki></pre>

==== 修复 "There are differences between boot sector and its backup" 错误 ====
*  
<pre><nowiki>
sudo gedit /etc/fstab
</nowiki></pre>
<pre><nowiki>
/dev/hda1 /media/hda1 vfat defaults,utf8,umask=007,gid=46 0 1
</nowiki></pre>
<pre><nowiki>
/dev/hda1 /media/hda1 vfat iocharset=utf8,umask=000 0 0
</nowiki></pre>

=== 定制 ===
==== 电脑改名 ====
*  
<pre><nowiki>
gksudo network-admin
</nowiki></pre>
*  (可选)  如果你远程访问你的电脑, 你可能需要  [http://www.cs.cornell.edu/~djm/ubuntu/#send-dhcp tell your DHCP server your host-name]. 

==== 自定义风格和字体 ====
*  
<pre><nowiki>
gnome-theme-manager
</nowiki></pre>
*  
<pre><nowiki>
gnome-font-properties
</nowiki></pre>

==== 重新定义 /home 目录 ====
重要:这个仅仅适用于你移动你的 home 目录到其它驱动器,或者激活其它驱动器上存在的 home 目录.

*  
<pre><nowiki>
sudo mkdir /media/new
</nowiki></pre>
<pre><nowiki>
sudo mount -t ext3 /dev/hdb1 /mnt/new/
</nowiki></pre>
<pre><nowiki>
sudo mount -t reiserfs -o notail /dev/hdb1 /mnt/new/
</nowiki></pre>
<pre><nowiki>
sudo cp -R -p /home/[user] /mnt/new/
sudo chown [user]:[user] /mnt/new/[user]
sudo umount /mnt/new/
</nowiki></pre>
*  
<pre><nowiki>
sudo nano /etc/fstab
</nowiki></pre>
<pre><nowiki>
/dev/hdb1 /home ext3 defaults,errors=remount-ro 0 2
</nowiki></pre>
<pre><nowiki>
/dev/hdb1 /home reiserfs defaults,notail 0 2
</nowiki></pre>
*  [http://www.cs.cornell.edu/~djm/ubuntu/#restart-gdm Restart Gnome Desktop Manager]. 

==== 屏蔽 USplash ====
*  
<pre><nowiki>
sudo cp /boot/grub/menu.lst /boot/grub/menu.lst.backup
sudo gedit /boot/grub/menu.lst
</nowiki></pre>
<pre><nowiki>
kernel          /boot/... root=... ro quiet splash
</nowiki></pre>
<pre><nowiki>
kernel          /boot/... root=... ro quiet
</nowiki></pre>

==== 激活 在启动时的绿色 [ok] 信息 ====
*  [http://www.cs.cornell.edu/~djm/ubuntu/#disable-usplash Disable USplash]. 
*  
<pre><nowiki>
sudo cp /lib/lsb/init-functions /lib/lsb/init-functions.backup
sudo gedit /lib/lsb/init-functions
</nowiki></pre>
<pre><nowiki>
log_success_msg () {
echo "$@"
}
</nowiki></pre>
<pre><nowiki>
log_success_msg () {
if log_use_fancy_output; then
GREEN=`$TPUT setaf 2`
NORMAL=`$TPUT op`
echo "$GREEN*$NORMAL $@"
else
echo "$@"
fi
}
</nowiki></pre>

==== 重置 Mozilla Firefox 和 Thunderbird 图标 ====
*  
<pre><nowiki>
wget -c http://www.cs.cornell.edu/~djm/ubuntu/mozilla-icons/mozilla-firefox.png
wget -c http://www.cs.cornell.edu/~djm/ubuntu/mozilla-icons/document.png
chmod 644 mozilla-firefox.png document.png
sudo dpkg-divert --rename /usr/share/pixmaps/mozilla-firefox.png
sudo dpkg-divert --rename /usr/share/pixmaps/mozilla-firefox.xpm
sudo dpkg-divert --rename /usr/lib/mozilla-firefox/icons/default.xpm
sudo dpkg-divert --rename /usr/lib/mozilla-firefox/icons/document.png
sudo dpkg-divert --rename /usr/lib/mozilla-firefox/chrome/icons/default/default.xpm
sudo cp mozilla-firefox.png /usr/share/pixmaps/mozilla-firefox.png
sudo cp mozilla-firefox.png /usr/share/pixmaps/mozilla-firefox.xpm
sudo cp mozilla-firefox.png /usr/lib/mozilla-firefox/icons/default.xpm
sudo cp document.png /usr/lib/mozilla-firefox/icons/document.png
sudo cp mozilla-firefox.png /usr/lib/mozilla-firefox/chrome/icons/default/default.xpm
</nowiki></pre>
*  
<pre><nowiki>
wget -c http://www.cs.cornell.edu/~djm/ubuntu/mozilla-icons/mozilla-thunderbird.xpm
chmod 644 mozilla-thunderbird.xpm
sudo dpkg-divert --rename /usr/share/pixmaps/mozilla-thunderbird.xpm
sudo dpkg-divert --rename /usr/share/pixmaps/mozilla-thunderbird-menu.xpm
sudo dpkg-divert --rename /usr/share/pixmaps/mozilla-thunderbird-pm-menu.xpm
sudo dpkg-divert --rename /usr/lib/mozilla-thunderbird/chrome/icons/default/mozilla-thunderbird.xpm
sudo dpkg-divert --rename /usr/lib/mozilla-thunderbird/chrome/icons/default/messengerWindow16.xpm
sudo dpkg-divert --rename /usr/lib/mozilla-thunderbird/chrome/icons/default/messengerWindow.xpm
sudo dpkg-divert --rename /usr/lib/mozilla-thunderbird/chrome/icons/default/default.xpm
sudo cp mozilla-thunderbird.xpm /usr/share/pixmaps/mozilla-thunderbird.xpm
sudo cp mozilla-thunderbird.xpm /usr/share/pixmaps/mozilla-thunderbird-menu.xpm
sudo cp mozilla-thunderbird.xpm /usr/share/pixmaps/mozilla-thunderbird-pm-menu.xpm
sudo cp mozilla-thunderbird.xpm /usr/lib/mozilla-thunderbird/chrome/icons/default/mozilla-thunderbird.xpm
sudo cp mozilla-thunderbird.xpm /usr/lib/mozilla-thunderbird/chrome/icons/default/messengerWindow16.xpm
sudo cp mozilla-thunderbird.xpm /usr/lib/mozilla-thunderbird/chrome/icons/default/messengerWindow.xpm
sudo cp mozilla-thunderbird.xpm /usr/lib/mozilla-thunderbird/chrome/icons/default/default.xpm
</nowiki></pre>

=== 硬件 ===
==== Mount ====
*  
<pre><nowiki>
sudo mount /dev/hdb1 [mount_point_dir] -t reiserfs -o notail
</nowiki></pre>
*  
<pre><nowiki>
sudo mount /dev/hdb1 [mount_point_dir] -t ext3 
</nowiki></pre>
*  
<pre><nowiki>
sudo mount /dev/hda1 [mount_point_dir] -t ntfs -o nls=utf8,umask=0222
</nowiki></pre>
*  
<pre><nowiki>
sudo mount /dev/hda1 [mount_point_dir] -t vfat -o iocharset=utf8,umask=000
</nowiki></pre>
*  
<pre><nowiki>
sudo mount /media/cdrom0/ -o unhide
</nowiki></pre>
*  
<pre><nowiki>
sudo modprobe loop
sudo mount file.iso /media/iso/ -t iso9660 -o loop -r
</nowiki></pre>

==== Unmount ====
*  
<pre><nowiki>
sudo umount [mount_point_dir]
</nowiki></pre>
*  
<pre><nowiki>
sudo umount -l [mount_point_dir]
</nowiki></pre>

==== 建立 ISO ====
*  
<pre><nowiki>
sudo umount -l /dev/dvd
sudo mount /dev/dvd
</nowiki></pre>
*  
<pre><nowiki>
dd if=/dev/[device] of=file.iso bs=1024
</nowiki></pre>
*  
<pre><nowiki>
mkisofs -o file.iso [dir]
</nowiki></pre>

==== MD5 校验 ====
*  
<pre><nowiki>
md5sum file.iso > file.iso.md5
</nowiki></pre>
*  
<pre><nowiki>
md5sum -c file.iso.md5
</nowiki></pre>

==== 增加或者修改缺省的程序 ====
'''Quick explanation''':  In order to associate an application (e.g., gThumb Image Viewer), with a file-type (e.g., PNG image files),  the application needs to have a "desktop entry" (e.g., <code><nowiki>gthump.desktop</nowiki></code>) located in the <code><nowiki>/usr/share/applications/</nowiki></code> directory. Furthermore, the file-type needs to have a mime-type located in the  <code><nowiki>/usr/share/mime/</nowiki></code> directory or one of its sub-directories (e.g., <code><nowiki>/usr/share/mime/images/png.xml</nowiki></code>). Finally, there should be a line in the <code><nowiki>/usr/share/applications/defaults.list</nowiki></code> file  that associates the desktop entry with the mime-type  (e.g., <code><nowiki>images/png=gthumb.desktop</nowiki></code>).

*  
<pre><nowiki>
sudo cp /usr/share/applications/defaults.list /usr/share/applications/defaults.list.backup
</nowiki></pre>
*  
<pre><nowiki>
sudo gedit /usr/share/applications/defaults.list
</nowiki></pre>
<pre><nowiki>
[mime-type]=[new-app].desktop
</nowiki></pre>
<pre><nowiki>
ls /usr/share/applications/*.desktop
</nowiki></pre>
<pre><nowiki>
ls /usr/share/applications/mime/[text|image|...]
</nowiki></pre>
*  
<pre><nowiki>
killall gnome-panel
killall nautilus
</nowiki></pre>

==== 删除 occurences of ^M in Vim ====
*  
<pre><nowiki>
:%s/^M$//g
</nowiki></pre>
*  
<pre><nowiki>
:%s/^M/ /g
</nowiki></pre>

=== SSH/Remote access ===
==== 设置 SSH tunneling ====
''See the [http://www.cs.cornell.edu/support/Connectivity/herakles/linux_setup.html CFS connectivity] page and this example [http://www.cs.cornell.edu/~djm/ubuntu/config ~/.ssh/config] file for information specific to CUCS tunneling.''

*  
<pre><nowiki>
nano ~/.ssh/config
</nowiki></pre>
<pre><nowiki>
host [bastion_hostname]
user [bastion_username]
hostname [bastion_hostname].[bastion_domain]
ForwardAgent yes
LocalForward 2001 [target_hostname].[target_domain]:22

host [target_hostname]
user [target_username]
hostname localhost
port 2001
</nowiki></pre>
*  
<pre><nowiki>
ssh -f -N [bastion_hostname]
</nowiki></pre>
*  
<pre><nowiki>
ssh [target_hostname]
</nowiki></pre>
*  (optional) Set up [http://www.cs.cornell.edu/~djm/ubuntu/#ssh-public-key-authentication public key authentication]. 

==== 设置 SSH public key authentication ====
*  
<pre><nowiki>
ssh-keygen -f [key_file] -t dsa
</nowiki></pre>
*  Append the contents of your <code><nowiki>[key_file].pub</nowiki></code> to the server's <code><nowiki>~/.ssh/authorized_keys2</nowiki></code> file. If you don't have access, email the server's admin. 
*  
<pre><nowiki>
ssh -i [key_file] [server_name].[server_domain]
</nowiki></pre>
*  
<pre><nowiki>
cp ~/.ssh/known_hosts ~/.ssh/known_hosts.backup
ssh -N -f [bastion_hostname]
ssh-keyscan -H -t rsa,dsa -p 2001 localhost >> ~/.ssh/known_hosts
ssh-keyscan -H -t rsa,dsa -p 2002 localhost >> ~/.ssh/known_hosts
ssh-keyscan -H -t rsa,dsa -p ...  localhost >> ~/.ssh/known_hosts
</nowiki></pre>
*  (optional) Set up [http://www.cs.cornell.edu/~djm/ubuntu/#ssh-key-management SSH key management] so that you only have to enter your passphrase once per session. 

==== SSH key management ====
The following allows you to set things up so that you only have to enter your SSH key passphrase ''once per login session''.

*  
<pre><nowiki>
sudo apt-get install gnome-keyring-manager
</nowiki></pre>
*  
<pre><nowiki>
ssh-add
</nowiki></pre>
*  
<pre><nowiki>
ssh-add -D
</nowiki></pre>

==== Reboot (remotely) from Ubuntu into Windows ====
NOTE: this assumes that you use GRUB to dual boot and that you do NOT use dmraid.

*  If you are rebooting a remote computer, first SSH into the remote computer, and then follow the next steps in the remote terminal. 
*  
<pre><nowiki>
sudo nano /boot/grub/menu.lst
</nowiki></pre>
<pre><nowiki>
default		0
</nowiki></pre>
<pre><nowiki>
default		saved
</nowiki></pre>
*  
<pre><nowiki>
sudo grub-reboot [number]
</nowiki></pre>

==== Reboot (remotely) from Windows into Ubuntu ====
NOTE: this assumes that you use GRUB to dual boot, and that ''Ubuntu is the first boot option'' in <code><nowiki>/root/grub/menu.lst</nowiki></code>.

*  If you are rebooting a remote computer, first [http://www.cs.cornell.edu/~djm/ubuntu/#remote-desktop Remote-desktop into the remote computer], and then follow the next step in the remote desktop. 
*  
<pre><nowiki>
shutdown /r /t 00
</nowiki></pre>

==== Remote desktop to your CUCS computer that is currently running Windows ====
NOTE: The remote computer must be currently booted in WinXP, so you might have to [http://www.cs.cornell.edu/~djm/ubuntu/#reboot-ubuntu-to-windows reboot remotely from Ubuntu to Windows] first.

*  [http://www.cs.cornell.edu/~djm/ubuntu/#ssh-tunneling Configure SSH tunneling for CUCS] using the example [http://www.cs.cornell.edu/~djm/ubuntu/config ~/.ssh/config] file. The following assumes that in SSH forwards <code><nowiki>localhost:2011</nowiki></code> to <code><nowiki>[CUCS_hostname].u.cs.cornell.edu:3389</nowiki></code> on lion (as per your <code><nowiki>~/.ssh/config</nowiki></code> file). 
*  
<pre><nowiki>
ssh -N -f herakles
ssh -N -f lion
</nowiki></pre>
*  
<pre><nowiki>
rdesktop -r disk:sync=/home/[local_dir] localhost:2011
</nowiki></pre>

==== Access your CUCS home directories via Samba ====
NOTE: I find that using [http://www.cs.cornell.edu/~djm/ubuntu/#cucs-sftp SFTP] is faster and more reliable.

See http://www.cs.cornell.edu/support/Linux/smbmount.htm for additional info.

*  [http://www.cs.cornell.edu/~djm/ubuntu/#ssh-tunneling Configure SSH tunneling for CUCS] using the example [http://www.cs.cornell.edu/~djm/ubuntu/config ~/.ssh/config] file. The following assumes that in SSH forwards <code><nowiki>localhost:2017</nowiki></code> to <code><nowiki>smb.cs.cornell.edu:139</nowiki></code> on lion (as per your <code><nowiki>~/.ssh/config</nowiki></code> file). 
*  
<pre><nowiki>
ssh -N -f herakles
ssh -N -f lion
</nowiki></pre>
*  
<pre><nowiki>
smbclient //smb.cs.cornell.edu/win -U [username] -W CUCS -I localhost -p 2017
</nowiki></pre>
<pre><nowiki>
smbmount //smb.cs.cornell.edu/win [local_dir] -o ip=localhost,port=2017,username=[username],workgroup=CUCS
</nowiki></pre>
<pre><nowiki>
smbumount [local_dir]
</nowiki></pre>

==== Access your CUCS home directories via SFTP ====
I find this method faster and more reliable than using Samba.

*  [http://www.cs.cornell.edu/~djm/ubuntu/#ssh-tunneling Configure SSH tunneling for CUCS] using the example [http://www.cs.cornell.edu/~djm/ubuntu/config ~/.ssh/config] file. 
*  
<pre><nowiki>
ssh -N -f herakles
sftp lion
</nowiki></pre>
*  
<pre><nowiki>
sftp://lion/home/[user]
</nowiki></pre>
<pre><nowiki>
sftp://lion/home/WIN/[user]
</nowiki></pre>
<pre><nowiki>
sftp://lion/home/BIGBOX/[user]
</nowiki></pre>
<pre><nowiki>
sftp://lion/home/BIGBOX.win/[user]
</nowiki></pre>
*  
<pre><nowiki>
\\cucs\home\UNIX\[user]
</nowiki></pre>
<pre><nowiki>
\\cucs\home\Windows\[user]
</nowiki></pre>
<pre><nowiki>
\\cs.cornell.edu\home\bigbox\[user]
</nowiki></pre>



==== Send host-name to DHCP server ====
If you have trouble accessing your Ubuntu machine remotely, it might be because the DHCP server needs to be informed of the machine's name.

*  
<pre><nowiki>
sudo cp /etc/dhcp3/dhclient.conf /etc/dhcp3/dhclient.conf.backup
sudo gedit /etc/dhcp3/dhclient.conf
</nowiki></pre>
<pre><nowiki>
send "[hostname].[domain]";
</nowiki></pre>
*  Reboot the computer. 

==== Restart the Gnome Desktop Manager (GDM) ====
*  Close all open programs. 
*  
<pre><nowiki>
sudo /etc/init.d/gdm restart
</nowiki></pre>

==== Recursively remove files by name ====
*  
<pre><nowiki>
find [dir] -name "*.monkeypoop" -ok rm {} \;
</nowiki></pre>

=== Links ===
Most of the information on this page comes from the following sources:

* [http://www.krazypenguin.net/Ubuntu_Dapper_Drake_6.06_Guide The Ubuntu Dapper Drake 6.06 Guide]
* [http://help.ubuntu.com/starterguide/C/index.html The Official Ubuntu Start Guide]
* [https://wiki.ubuntu.com/RestrictedFormats/ The Ubuntu Restricted Formats Wiki]
* [http://www.ubuntuforums.org/ The Ubuntu Forums]

You can visit my [http://www.cs.cornell.edu/~djm/ home page] to find out how to contact me with feedback and suggestions for this site.