查看“Skype”的源代码

{{From|https://help.ubuntu.com/community/Skype}}
{{Languages|UbuntuHelp:Skype}}
== Introduction ==
Skype is proprietary software that allows you to make calls over the Internet using your computer. Skype uses decentralized peer-to-peer technologies, so your calls do not go through a central server, but through distributed servers and other users. It uses its own proprietary communication protocol to achieve this.  In addition, all communications are encrypted from end to end so that others cannot listen in. The Skype software is free to use, but it is not free software; the source code is proprietary and not available for modification.
General information about Skype is on [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skype Wikipedia]. The official Skype website is http://www.skype.com.
[[UbuntuWiki:SkypeEthics|SkypeEthics]] gives information on why some users choose not to use Skype.
Open alternative SoftPhones using open protocols include [[UbuntuHelp:Ekiga|Ekiga]], [[UbuntuHelp:Twinkle|Twinkle]] and [http://www.wengophone.com Wengophone].
You need a working sound input and output configuration in order to use Skype.
Most modern computers have sound output out of the box, but you need a microphone
(or a headset, while you are out shopping) for the input. In order to broadcast your face, you'll need a webcam.
Links to detailed information about Skype issues on Ubuntu can be found in the ''Resources'' section below.
== Installing Skype ==
Skype is not available in any Ubuntu software repository, and therefore cannot be installed with Ubuntu's package management software such as <code><nowiki>Synaptic</nowiki></code> or <code><nowiki>apt-get</nowiki></code> without adding a repository containing Skype. There are two options - the Skype repository, or the Medibuntu repository. 
Using a repository, you will automatically receive future updates to the software.
If you don't want to do that, or can't (for example, if you're on amd64), perhaps the easiest way to install is from the Debian (.deb) package available directly from the Skype website. The downside of this is that you won't automatically get future updates, you will have to download the new versions as they become available.
=== Skype Repository ===
<ol><li>Add the Skype repository*: <code><nowiki>deb http://download.skype.com/linux/repos/debian/ stable non-free</nowiki></code>
</li><li>Reload or update the package information
</li><li>Install the <code><nowiki>skype</nowiki></code> package.</li></ol>

=== Medibuntu Repository ===
<ol><li>See [[UbuntuHelp:Medibuntu|Medibuntu]] for more information.</li></ol>

Refer to [[UbuntuHelp:Repositories/Ubuntu|Repositories/Ubuntu]] for information on adding, removing and modifying repositories
=== Debian Package ===
<ol><li>Download Debian package from http://www.skype.com/go/getskype-linux-ubuntu
</li><li>Open the file (will open with the default GDebi Package Installer).
</li><li>Click on install button.</li></ol>

=== AMD64 ===
For 6.06:
<ol><li>Download the debian package (http://skype.com/download/skype/linux/)
</li><li>Install skype: sudo dpkg -i --force-all <the_package>
</li><li>Determine missing 32bit libs: ldd /usr/bin/skype | grep not
</li><li>Download the libs (the i386 version of course, hint: the package is named libqt3-mt): http://packages.ubuntu.com/
</li><li>mkdir ~/.32bitLibs (or use /lib32 and change last step to this directory)
</li><li>extract the *.deb files (dpkg-deb --extract <package> <targetdir>)
</li><li>copy the necessary library files from the extracted packages to ~/.32bitLibs
</li><li>create a wrapper script: export LD_LIBRARY_PATH="/home/<your_user>/.32bitLibs/";skype</li></ol>

For 6.10 or 7.04:
<ol><li>Install 32-bit libraries: sudo aptitude install lib32asound2 ia32-libs-gtk ia32-libs-kde
</li><li>Download the debian package (http://skype.com/download/skype/linux/)
</li><li>Install skype: sudo dpkg -i --force-architecture <the_package></li></ol>

For 7.10:
<ol><li>Install 32-bit libraries: sudo aptitude install lib32asound2 ia32-libs-gtk ia32-libs-kde
</li><li>Download the Ubuntu package (http://skype.com/download/skype/linux/)
</li><li>Install skype: sudo dpkg -i --force-architecture <the_package>
</li><li>Determine if missing any additional 32bit libs: ldd /usr/bin/skype | grep not
</li><li>Search and download the missing 32bit (i386) libs. (Hint [http://packages.ubuntu.com/gutsy/libs/libdbus-1-3 libdbus-1.3], [http://packages.ubuntu.com/gutsy/libs/libqt4-core libqt4-core], [http://packages.ubuntu.com/gutsy/libs/libqt4-gui libqt4-gui], [http://packages.ubuntu.com/gutsy/libs/libsigc++-2.0-0c2a libsigc++-2.0], [http://packages.ubuntu.com/gutsy/libs/libxss1 libXss])
</li><li>Extract the downloaded *.deb files: dpkg-deb --extract <package> <targetdir>
</li><li>Copy the necessary library files from the extracted packages to /lib32: sudo cp -i <targetdir>/usr/lib/* /lib32/</li></ol>

For 8.04:
<ol><li>Install the ia32-libs package (from universe component)
</li><li>Download Skype package for Ubuntu (http://skype.com/download/skype/linux/)
</li><li>Install it: sudo dpkg --install --force-architecture --force-depends <downloaded_package></li></ol>

== Running Skype ==
To start Skype, choose '''Applications->Internet->Skype'''. It usually takes a minute or two for Skype to get started, and you may think that nothing is happening, so be patient.
When the Skype window finally opens, sign up (if necessary) and log in to your Skype account. Test your configuration by selecting the <code><nowiki>Echo / Sound Test Service</nowiki></code> contact (if not there already, add contact <code><nowiki>echo123</nowiki></code>) and clicking on the large green button at the bottom of the Skype window. If the connection is made and you hear a voice, your sound configuration is fine. If you cannot hear a voice, see the troubleshooting section below.
== Troubleshooting Skype ==
If you are having audio problems, first check to make sure that sound is working on your system and that your microphone and speaker volume levels are high enough. If that does not work, then try changing the Skype audio device, and finally, if all else fails, modify your ESD configuration.
=== Audio Problems ===
==== 1. Volume Levels ====
<ol><li>Test that output is working with the <code><nowiki>Sound Preferences</nowiki></code> dialog. Choose '''System->Preferences->Sound'''.
</li><li>Test that microphone input is working with the <code><nowiki>Sound Recorder</nowiki></code> application. Choose '''Applications->Sound & Video->Sound Recorder'''.
</li><li>Ensure that your audio output and microphone input channels are not muted by choosing '''Applications->Sound & Video->Volume Control'''.</li></ol>

==== 2. Skype Audio Device ====
If your audio levels are properly configured and you can hear audio in Skype but your contacts cannot hear your input, you may need to change Skype's input device. From the Skype menu, choose '''Tools->Options''' and select <code><nowiki>Hand/Headsets</nowiki></code> in the dialog that opens. Experiment with different <code><nowiki>Calls</nowiki></code> selections, if they are available.
==== 3. ESD Configuration ====
''Note: for Ubuntu 5.10 (Breezy) only. This is the already the default configuration in Ubuntu 6.06 (Dapper).''
A problem with the GNOME ESD (Enlightened Sound Daemon) server may cause issues with Skype for some users. If Skype is unable to make or receive calls and continuously crashes, then a small change to the ESD configuration may help. Run:
<pre><nowiki>
gksudo gedit /etc/esound/esd.conf
</nowiki></pre>
and change the line:
<pre><nowiki>
auto_spawn=0
</nowiki></pre>
to:
<pre><nowiki>
auto_spawn=1
</nowiki></pre>
Log out and back in to restart ESD, and test Skype again as above. It is likely that this solution will only work if Skype is the only application using audio. You will not be able to play music while using Skype, and you will not be able to use Skype while playing music.
For more setup information, see the Skype website article [http://www.skype.com/help/guides/soundsetup_linux.html Skype Sound and Audio Set-Up - PC Running Linux].
==== 4. ALSA Configuration ====
Enabling ALSA gives you the choice to workaround some Skype issues: The present Skype Linux release (1.2.0.18) uses OSS sound, which means it allows '''only one application to access sound device'''. On some systems, OSS is not even used by default, which means you won't be able to select the OSS sound device ('''/dev/dsp''') at all, because it does not exist. Worse off, it has a bug that makes Skype '''unusable after a call'''. Sometimes a few calls can be made, before it happens, but later only solution is to restart Skype. Technically it seems that Skype "forgets" to close the sound device before trying to open it again and therefore locks up. This seems to happen when '''you''' are the first to hang up and not when the other party hangs up first, so a workaround is to just wait at the end of a call and let the other party finish first.
To avoid these issues, you can use ALSA instead of ESD. First, follow the guidelines found in [http://www.ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=32063]. Then follow up with [http://juljas.net/linux/skype/]. Good luck!
Note that the above forum post howto is for Hoary/Breezy. This should, according to [http://www.ubuntuforums.org/showpost.php?p=1143531&postcount=1089 mdz's post], not be an issue in Ubuntu 6.06 (Dapper).
===== 4.1 Another possible solution for software mixing =====
If none of the other options works, try this one (it's working on a HP Pavilion dv1000).  Taken from http://forum.skype.com/viewtopic.php?t=48195
Create or add the following to your .asoundrc file:
<pre><nowiki>
gedit ~.asoundrc
</nowiki></pre>
Add the following text to it
<pre><nowiki>
pcm.skype {
   type asym
   playback.pcm "skypeout"
   capture.pcm "skypein"
}

pcm.skypein {
   # Convert from 8-bit unsigned mono (default format set by aoss when
   # /dev/dsp is opened) to 16-bit signed stereo (expected by dsnoop)
   #
   # We can't just use a "plug" plugin because although the open will
   # succeed, the buffer sizes will be wrong and we'll hear no sound at
   # all.
   type route
   slave {
      pcm "skypedsnoop"
      format S16_LE
   }
   ttable {
      0 {0 0.5}
      1 {0 0.5}
   }
}

pcm.skypeout {
   # Just pass this on to the system dmix
   type plug
   slave {
      pcm "dmix"
   }
}

pcm.skypedsnoop {
   type dsnoop
   ipc_key 1133
   slave {
      # "Magic" buffer values to get skype audio to work
      # If these are not set, opening /dev/dsp succeeds but no sound
      # will be heard. According to the alsa developers this is due
      # to skype abusing the OSS API.
      pcm "hw:0,0"
      period_size 256
      periods 16
      buffer_size 16384
   }
   bindings {
      0 0
   }
}
</nowiki></pre>
Create a skype launcher (in this example is going to be at your home directory).
<pre><nowiki>
gedit ~/skype.sh
</nowiki></pre>
add the following text
<pre><nowiki>
#/usr/bin/sh

ALSA_OSS_PCM_DEVICE="skype" aoss /usr/bin/skype --disable-dbus
</nowiki></pre>
Give skype.sh execution rights by browsing with Nautilus over there, right click on the file, go to Properties, go to Permissions tab, and select "Execute" for the user.
Double click on the file and you should be done.
=== Video Problems ===
For troubleshooting video issues on Skype, the following wiki pages may be helpful:
* [[UbuntuWiki:SkypeWebCams|    Skype and webcams]]
* [[UbuntuHelp:Webcam|General page on webcams]]
=== Port use ===
Skype uses port 80 by default, and thus, may block some other applications that use the same port such as Apache. The solution is to change the port in one of the applications. Usually, port 81 is free and works fine. To change the port number in Skype go to menu Tools > Options, then click on the Advanced tab, then in the 'port' box, change to your preference.
=== Invalid Pointer ===
Some very few users have experienced the inability to normally start Skype 1.3 under Dapper, receiving the following error:
<pre><nowiki>
*** glibc detected *** free(): invalid pointer: 0x08aab8a0 ***
</nowiki></pre>
The pointer's address might vary on install or version, the only common factor exhibited by all people receiving the error is that all of them use '''SCIM''' to be able to input in one of various asian languages (some users exhibit this while using scim for Chinese, others when using it to input in Japanese so the language itself seems not to be important, only the presence of scim is). A few of these same persons report success in running a statically compiled version of the Skype 1.3 client. Others have shown success in changing the XIM input preferences during Skype launch by launching Skype (from either the command line or Gnome's/Kde's menu) with this command:
<pre><nowiki>
XMODIFIERS=@im=none QT_IM_MODULE=xim skype
</nowiki></pre>
This will hinder (read, remove) your ability to use scim to type in a foreign language inside Skype itself, but it will also most probably permit you to run Skype normally.
If you use SCIM as your default input method, and you are unable to run Skype you could try these solutions and see if they solve the problem.
=== System hangs for a short while (few seconds) ===
Skype apparently creates FIFO threads when initiating a chat with someone. Users members of the admin group (typically the user who has installed Ubuntu) are likely to find this really annoying as the created threads do not relinquish the CPU easily. The first option (maybe the easiest) is to remove yourself from the admin group. You may otherwise intercept calls to pthread_create() with a preloaded (LD_PRELOAD) DSO:
<pre><nowiki>
#define _GNU_SOURCE 1
#include <dlfcn.h>
#include <pthread.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>

int (* orig_pthread_create) (pthread_t *thread,
       const pthread_attr_t *attr,
       void *(*start_routine)(void*), void *arg) = NULL;

static void change_sched_policy (pthread_attr_t *attr) {

   int policy;

   if (attr == NULL) return;
   pthread_attr_getschedpolicy (attr, &policy);
   if (policy == SCHED_FIFO) {
      printf ("### SCHED_FIFO policy changed to SCHED_RR\n");
      pthread_attr_setschedpolicy (attr, SCHED_RR);
   }
}

int pthread_create(pthread_t *thread,
       const pthread_attr_t *attr,
       void *(*start_routine)(void*), void *arg) {

   pthread_attr_t new_attr;

   if (orig_pthread_create == NULL) {
      orig_pthread_create = dlsym (RTLD_NEXT, "pthread_create");
   }

   change_sched_policy (attr);

   return orig_pthread_create (
      thread, attr, start_routine, arg
   );

}
</nowiki></pre>
Compile the above source code with <code><nowiki>gcc -shared -o libskype.so skype.c</nowiki></code> and launch Skype as follow:
<pre><nowiki>
export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=path_to/libskype.so:/usr/lib/libqt-mt.so.3
/usr/bin/skype
</nowiki></pre>
My work colleagues and I have tested this on Ubuntu Edgy Eft and we haven't seen, so far, any side effects.
=== Skype fails to start  ===
Skype has a conflict when the Nessus scanner is installed.  When opening Skype from the command line the following error occurs:
<pre><nowiki>
skype: symbol lookup error: /usr/lib/libQtNetwork.so.4: undefined symbol: _ZN14QObjectPrivate15checkWindowRoleEv
</nowiki></pre>
The solution is to edit /etc/ld.so.conf and comment out the line /opt/nessus/lib and then run sudo ldconfig.
<pre><nowiki>
sudo nano /etc/ld.so.conf
</nowiki></pre>
Put a # infront of the line /opt/nessus/lib.  Save and exit.
<pre><nowiki>
include /etc/ld.so.conf.d/*.conf

#/opt/nessus/lib
</nowiki></pre>
Run
<pre><nowiki>
sudo ldconfig
</nowiki></pre>
Now Skype should open.
== Display configuration ==
Because Skype is a Qt application, Skype's typeface will appear very large on GNOME desktops. You can use either the <code><nowiki>kcontrol</nowiki></code> or the <code><nowiki>qt3-qtconfig</nowiki></code> package to configure the appearance of Skype and other KDE/QT applications. Of these two, the QT Configurator (<code><nowiki>qt3-qtconfig</nowiki></code>) has far fewer dependencies than <code><nowiki>kcontrol</nowiki></code> and may therefore be more convenient for people who mostly use non-KDE software. See also [[UbuntuHelp:QtGnome|QtGnome]] for how to make Skype (and other Qt applications) look more like Gnome.
* A quick fix, without installing any configuration packages at all, is to make a file '''<code><nowiki>qtrc</nowiki></code>''' in your '''<code><nowiki>$HOME/.qt</nowiki></code>''' directory, and put these two lines in it:
<pre><nowiki>
  [General]
  font=Bitstream Vera Sans Mono,9,-1,5,50,0,0,0,0,0
  </nowiki></pre>
* You can start QT Configurator with the "<code><nowiki>qtconfig</nowiki></code>" command. On the "Fonts" tab, choosing Font Family ''Sans Serif'' and Point Size 10 will give something that resembles Ubuntu's GNOME desktop.
* If you install the <code><nowiki>kcontrol</nowiki></code> package, you may run it by entering '''<code><nowiki>kcontrol</nowiki></code>''' into the <code><nowiki>Applications/Run Application...</nowiki></code> prompt. Expand the <code><nowiki>Appearance & Themes</nowiki></code> menu and select <code><nowiki>Fonts</nowiki></code>. Press <code><nowiki>Adjust All Fonts</nowiki></code> and select <code><nowiki>Size</nowiki></code>. Lower this value to your preference (size 10 or 11 is usually satisfactory). Press <code><nowiki>OK</nowiki></code> and <code><nowiki>Apply</nowiki></code> and exit the KDE Control Center.
https://help.ubuntu.com/community/Skype?action=AttachFile&do=get&target=kcontrol.png
== Resources ==
* The Skype homepage http://www.skype.com/
* Skype article on Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skype
* The Skype forum, a good source of info on Skype and troubleshooting too
http://forum.skype.com/
* A discussion on Skype forum of the dependency problem
http://forum.skype.com/viewtopic.php?t=38474&postdays=0&postorder=asc&start=0
* A discussion on Ubuntu forum of the dependency problem
http://www.ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=81831
* A description of and workaround for the sound problem: http://juljas.net/linux/skype/. Note that this solution requires you to compile a C program.
* Skype takes a long time to load? (change command to "skype --disable-dbus") http://forum.skype.com/viewtopic.php?t=47838
* https://wiki.ubuntu.com/SkypeEthics
System hangs for a short while

[[category:UbuntuHelp]]