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查看“UbuntuHelp:Accessibility”的源代码
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{{From|https://help.ubuntu.com/community/Accessibility}} {{Languages|UbuntuHelp:Accessibility}} #title Accessibility Guide Ubuntu aims at making the operating system, and its derivatives, usable by as many people as possible across ages, languages and physical abilities. This includes providing an accessible platform with high quality assistive tools, and ensuring that other applications work well with these. The assistive tools on Ubuntu, along with the entire operating system, are provided free of charge. == Speech and Magnification == Built into Gnome desktop is ''Orca'', a screen reading and magnification software. === What is Orca? === [http://live.gnome.org/Orca Orca] is a free, open source, flexible, extensible, and powerful assistive technology for people with visual impairments. Using various combinations of speech synthesis, Braille, and magnification, ''Orca'' helps provide access to applications and toolkits that support the AT-SPI (e.g., the GNOME desktop). The development of ''Orca'' has been led by the Accessibility Program Office of Sun Microsystems, Inc. with contributions from many community members. === Starting Orca on an Ubuntu installation === If you have Ubuntu installed, you can run ''Orca'' by pressing ''Alt'' + ''F2'', typing <code><nowiki>orca</nowiki></code> and then pressing '''Run'''. === Starting Orca on the Live CD === <ol><li>Once you've downloaded and burned the live CD image, insert it into your CD/DVD drive and reboot your computer. You should find that your drive spins for a short while and then stops. The point at which it stops coincides with the appearance of the boot options screen. At this point, you have about 30 seconds to perform the next step. If you do not perform the next step quickly, Ubuntu will automatically continue booting. </li><li>In order to enable accessibility options, press F5. This will cause a list of accessibility options to appear:</li></ol> * None (has focus) * High Contrast * Magnifier * Screen Reader * Keyboard Modifiers * On Screen Keyboard <ol><li>If you want to try ''Orca'', you should press 3 to give focus to Screen Reader, followed by Enter to indicate your selection. You will be returned to the boot options screen then press Enter again to indicate you would like to boot. </li><li>Within a few minutes, Ubuntu will be loaded with ''Orca'' running and you will hear a greeting such as "Welcome to Orca. Orca Preferences. Tab list. General page." </li><li>The CD drive should also stop spinning at this point. If the CD drive stopped spinning and you did not hear a greeting from ''Orca'', you might need to try to reboot from the CD and repeat the steps for selecting the Screen Reader. </li><li>Now, the graphical desktop is up and running, ''Orca'' is active, and the ''Orca'' Preferences dialog has focus. The ''Orca'' Preferences dialog is a multi-page dialog with several pages that allows you to configure your settings.</li></ol> == High Contrast == Ubuntu ships with a selection of high contrast themes, complete with custom icons and mouse cursors. To activate a new theme, press '''System -> Preferences -> Theme'''. == Keyboard Modifiers == The Gnome desktop environment supports several options for modifying the behavior of the mouse and keyboard. The modifier keys (Shift, Ctrl and Alt) can be made Sticky so that when they are pressed once they remain active until the next key is pressed, making it possible to write upper case character or use keyboard shortcuts while only pressing one key at a time. Other features include Slow Keys and Bounce Keys which control the reaction rate and repeat rate of keys and Mouse Keys which allow the numeric keypad to be used to control the mouse cursor. These features can be activated on the Keyboard Accessibility panel (from '''System -> Preferences -> Keyboard'''). == On-screen Keyboard == Ubuntu 6.10 includes the ''onBoard'' on-screen keyboard, a lightweight text-entry application, extensible through macros, scripts and custom layouts. Also available is ''Gnome On-screen Keyboard'' (GOK) which, in addition to basic text entry, also provides facilities for controlling the entire desktop behavior through the on-screen keyboard by gathering information about other applications and sending them control signals through the Gnome assistive technology framework AT-SPI. == Software Click == For users that cannot click with a hardware button, there is an utility named [https://launchpad.net/mousetweaks Mousetweaks] that enables them to perform the various clicks by software. Its development started during the summer of 2007 and is not available in the Ubuntu archives yet. For i386 and amd64 architectures running Ubuntu 7.10 you can install it (at your own risk) from my Personal Package Archive until it is officially in Ubuntu. Simply add the following repositories to the Synaptic Package Manager: <pre><nowiki> deb http://ppa.launchpad.net/frafu/ubuntu gutsy main restricted universe multiverse </nowiki></pre> <pre><nowiki> deb-src http://ppa.launchpad.net/frafu/ubuntu gutsy main restricted universe multiverse </nowiki></pre> In fact, Mousetweaks offers the following new features to the user: * Systemwide software click, usually called dwelling * Systemwide simulated right click through a click and hold of the left button (of course, for left-handed mouse users, the terms left and right have to be inverted) * Area on the panel to temporarily lock the pointer (provided by a panel applet) == Activating preinstalled tools == If you install the Ubuntu system after booting the Ubuntu Desktop CD with an accessibility option as described above, those features will also be preconfigured to start by default on your newly installed system. The most common accessibility tools such as ''Orca'' and ''onBoard'' are preinstalled on any standard Ubuntu system and are easy to activate. The screen reader, magnifier and on-screen keyboard are all activated using the '''Gnome Assistive Technology Preferences panel, Found in the System Menu under Preferences'''. == Using Onboard and Mousetweaks at GDM == For Ubuntu 7.10 users, it is possible to configure GDM so that onboard and mousetweaks are available during the GDM session. This [[UbuntuHelp:Accessibility/OnboardAndMousetweaksAtGDM|HowTo]] contains detailed explanations about how to configure GDM to make onboard and mousetweaks available and how to start them during the GDM session. == Resources == * [http://www.ubuntu.com/products/whatisubuntu/accessibility Ubuntu Accessibility Page] * [http://live.gnome.org/Orca Orca Home Page] [[category:UbuntuHelp]]
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