查看“Ubuntu:Jaunty/zh”的源代码

{{Translation}}
{{From|http://ubuntuguide.org/wiki/Ubuntu:Jaunty}}
{{Translator|ShaoJF2001 lainme}}
{{Languages|Ubuntu:Jaunty}}

= ''''' Ubuntu 9.04 (活泼的怀俄明野兔) ''''' =

这份指南由[[User:Jiyuu0|Chua Wen Kiat]] (Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia)创建，现在由[http://www.lu.lv/eng/ University of Latvia]的[http://linux.edu.lv/index.php?newlang=english Linux Center]维护。

= ''''' 前言 ''''' =
=== 关于Jaunty  ===
* 在2009.4.23发布。
* 它的代号是活泼的怀俄明野兔，是[[Ubuntu:Intrepid|Intrepid Ibex (8.10)]] (Intrepid+1)的后续版本。
* 活泼的怀俄明野兔不是LTS(长期支持)版。它的安全更新支持将持续到2010年10月。

__TOC__

=== 如何获知你用的Ubuntu是哪个版本 ===
打开命令行终端并输入：
 lsb_release -a

=== 如何获知Ubuntu核心的版本 ===
 uname -r

=== Ubuntu的新版本 ===
*Ubuntu的发行周期是6个月，分别在4月和10月发布。
*[[Ubuntu:Karmic|Karmic Koala (9.10)]]，计划在2009／10发布，也不是LTS版。
*(10.04 LTS)，计划在2010.4发布，是下一个LTS（长期支持）版本。

=== Ubuntu的老版本 ===
*[[Ubuntu:Intrepid|Intrepid Ibex (8.10)]] (支持到2010.4)
*[[Ubuntu:Hardy|Hardy Heron (8.04 LTS)]] (桌面版本支持到2011.4，服务器版支持到2013.4)
*[[Ubuntu:Gutsy|Gutsy Gibbon (7.10)]] (无长期支持)
*[[Ubuntu:Feisty|Feisty Fawn (7.04)]] (无长期支持)
*[[Ubuntu_dapper|Dapper Drake (6.06 LTS)]] (桌面版本支持到2009.6，服务器版支持到2011.6)

===一般性声明===
* Ubuntu指南是非官方的，与Canonical公司没有任何关联。
* Ubuntu可以让用户使用图形界面或命令行界面完成工作。在Ubuntu里，命令行界面叫做终端，可以从 程序 -> 附件 -> 模拟终端 打开。Text inside the grey dotted box like this should be put into the command-line Terminal.
* 许多对操作系统的更改必须要有管理员权限。“sudo”可以暂时让一个用户拥有管理员权限（例如：安装程序或改变系统设置），例如：
 sudo bash
* 当通过“运行程序”对话框打开一个图形应用程序的时候，应该用'gksudo'代替'sudo'。例如:
 gksudo gedit /etc/apt/sources.list
* "man" 可以用来寻找一个命令的帮助手册。例如"man sudo"会显示"sudo"命令的帮助手册:
 man sudo
* 尽管"apt-get"和"aptitude"是安装程序或软件包的快速方法，但是你仍然可以用[[#Synaptic Package Manager|Synaptic Package Manager]],一个GUI的安装程序和软件包的方法。大多数（但并不是全部）程序或软件包可以用apt-get安装，也可以用新立得包管理器。在这份指南里，当你看到 
 sudo apt-get install ''package''
你可以在新立得里面搜索''package''，并用这种方式安装。
* "程序"是在左下或左上的一个按钮，与微软的开始菜单类似。
* 如果你在用64位版本，请把"i386"用"amd64"代替。

===安装Ubuntu===
====硬件需求====
Ubuntu Jaunty Jackalope 在内存只有 384 Mb 的机器上仍然运行的很好. (安装至少需要256 Mb 内存, 而alternative的安装可以在内存只有192 Mb时运行.) [[#Netbooks|上网本]]可以运行Ubuntu Jaunty Jackalope.

安装需要3－4G硬盘空间，很舒服的运行需要8－10G硬盘。

如果你有一个更古老的机器，内存比这个少，可以考虑[http://www.xubuntu.org/ Xubuntu] （如果内存在256MB和512MB之间） 或者[http://www.puppylinux.org/ PuppyLinux]或者[http://damnsmalllinux.org/ DSL] （如果内存少于256MB）。

====全新安装====
从[http://cdimage.ubuntu.com/daily-live/current/ Ubuntu 9.04]下载最新的版本。
参考[https://help.ubuntu.com/community/BurningIsoHowto this guide]，以便从iso文件刻录光盘。
使用刻录好的光盘安装。

====Windows和Ubuntu双系统====
很少的情况下，Windows和Ubuntu的双系统会有问题。一般的，windows操作系统应该先安装，因为它的引导程序很特别。一个windows安装通常占用整个硬盘，所以分区需要更改，为Ubuntu分区创建空间（在调整空间之前，你需要清除不需要的文件并整理碎片）。在windows vista里面要调整windows分区可以使用 管理工具 --> 磁盘管理工具 里面的调整分区选项。如果使用windows XP （或其他windows系统），使用 [[#GParted Partition Manager|GParted partition manager]] 调整windows分区，在硬盘上为ubuntu分区留下空间。如果按照如此方式调整，安装ubuntu作为第二操作系统不会有问题，并且ubuntu LiveCD会自动完成，允许ubuntu LiveCD使用“最大可用空间”方式安装。

一个windows分区需要至少20GB空间（推荐30GB），Ubuntu分区至少要10GB分区（推荐20GB）。很明显，如果你有足够的磁盘空间，可以为你喜欢的系统留尽量大的空间。要得到其他分区规划的情况，可以参考[http://www.psychocats.net/ubuntu/partitioning Psychocats Guide to Partitioning]。

替代方案有：
*[http://www.wubi-installer.org/ Wubi]（基于windows的Ubuntu安装程序），一个官方的双系统安装程序，允许ubuntu挂在windows环境下的一个虚拟磁盘里面（会造成稍许的性能降低）。因为安装需要一个完整的windows系统，所以仅仅建议为短时间评估的目的按这种方式安装。一个永久的Ubuntu安装应有自己文件系统的分区，就不会再依赖windows。
*[http://neosmart.net/dl.php?id=1 EasyBCD]，是一个自由的windows程序允许你配置Vista引导程序 [http://neosmart.net/wiki/display/EBCD/Ubuntu dual-boot Windows Vista and Ubuntu]（其他的操作系统也可以）。

====使用启动管理器改变GRUB设置====
GRUB是控制哪个操作系统会默认启动和其他启动设置的工具。你可以使用启动管理器改变GRUB设置：

系统 -> 管理 -> 启动管理器

如果没有安装，就安装它：
 sudo apt-get install startupmanager

:Note: 你也可以在命令行界面下编辑GRUB设定 [[#GRUB_boot_manager_settings|manually]] 。

====Mac OS X 和 Ubuntu双系统====
Mac OS X与Linux有相似的结构（它基于BSD UNIX）。Mac OS X 和 Ubuntu双系统的教程可以在这里找到[https://help.ubuntu.com/community/MacBookPro1-1_1-2/Intrepid here]。

===== 后安装Mac OS X，先装Ubuntu=====
*如果您决定和OS X双启动，在Ubuntu安装时选择ext2作为您的分区格式。（对此，Super Grub的CD盘是个有用的工具。您可以在 [http://supergrub.forjamari.linex.org forjamari.linex.org]下载Super Grub .iso镜像，并将镜像刻录到一张CD_ROM。）

*一旦您已经安装了Ubuntu，修改Grub启动菜单：
 sudo nano /boot/grub/menu.lst

:并添加下列几行：
 title Mac OS X
 root (hd0,0)
 makeactive
 chainloader +1

重启您的Mac并在Mac OS X中进入终端（如果您有任何启动问题，从您的Mac OS X DVD启动）。按F8并输入-s。输入：

 fdisk -e /dev/rdisk0
 flag 2 <--note that flag 2 is my Mac partition number two
 quit
 y
 reboot

*如果仍然不能确定它是否正确工作，使用Super Grub CD光盘并激活grub。

=====在Mac OS X之后安装Ubuntu=====
*如果您在启动时得到错误信息，例如引导时的HFS+error，您同样可以用Super Grub光盘来修复Linux GRUB和Winows MBR（启动记录管理）。

*一旦您安装了Ubuntu，修改Grub启动菜单：
 sudo nano /boot/grub/menu.lst

:并添加下列几行：
 title Mac OS X
 root (hd0,0)
 makeactive
 chainloader +1

:如果您在GRUB中遇到Mac OS X或Windows的问题，尝试修改Mac OS X的Grub条目。

:change root (hd0,0) to  root (hd0,1)

这意味着您将从第一分区启动。您可以尝试任何分区数字直到正确。

====将Intrepid升级到Jaunty====

如果您在使用一个旧版本的Ubuntu，您也许希望升级到Jaunty。为防止软件膨胀，建议一个新的安装。

*分布升级是可能的，使用[[#Synaptic Package Manager|新立得]]，单击选择"完全升级选项。"

*另外，使用update-manager （全部版本）：
 sudo apt-get install update-manager
 sudo update-manager -d

*您也可以使用：
 sudo apt-get dist-upgrade

升级过程的截图可以在[http://www.ubuntugeek.com/how-to-upgrade-ubuntu-810-intrepid-to-ubuntu-904-jaunty.html UbuntuGeek upgrade guide]找到。

====全新安装后重新安装应用程序====
如果您通过全新安装升级您的Ubuntu系统，可以标记您旧系统上安装的包和服务（在升级前）并将设置（“标记”）保存到一个文件。然后安装Ubuntu新版本并允许系统使用“标记”文件存储的设置重新安装包和服务。指导参见[http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=1057608 Ubuntu forum thread]。简而言之：
*在旧系统上：新立得软件包管理器->文件->保存标记的项目。
*将标记文件保存到一个外部存储器，例如USB drive。
*在安装新系统前，完成您系统上其他重要文件的备份（例如/home目录）。
*在刚安装的新系统中，再次打开新立得软件包管理器->文件->读取标记的项目并载入之前保存在您的USB drive（或其他外部存储器）中的文件。

注意：许多软件包，依赖包以及兼容性随着Ubuntu的版本而改变，因此这种方法并不总是有效。[[#Upgrading Intrepid to Jaunty|自动升级]]仍然是推荐的方法。

===Ubuntu资源===
*[http://ubuntuforums.org/ Ubuntu Forums]有一个大型的社区来提供在线解答和具体的帮助。
*[http://www.ubuntugeek.com UbuntuGeek's Tutorials, Howto's and Tips] -- 一个随机提示的收集，以博客的形式。

====Gnome项目====
*[http://www.gnome.org/ Gnome]是Ubuntu的默认桌面。

====Ubuntu截图和Screencasts====

一些旧的截图在：
*[http://phorolinux.com/ubuntu-810-intrepid-ibex-alpha-1-screenshots.html Phorolinux Screenshots Gallery]
*New screenshots of 9.04 Jaunty Jackalope:
*[http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_XPprPZOMI5E/SPDLNizIXlI/AAAAAAAAAKs/4IlXHcRzzJQ/s1600-h/Screenshot.png Modified Ubuntu Theme screenshot]
*[http://thecodingstudio.com/opensource/linux/screenshots/?linux_distribution_sm=Ubuntu%208.10%20Intrepid%20Ibex The Coding Studio Ubuntu Screenshots]
*[http://www.dailymotion.com/tag/Ubuntu Ubuntu Videos at DailyMotion]

====新应用程序的资源====

* [http://www.getdeb.net GetDeb] - 官方库软件以及官方库没有的软件的最新版本。以容易安装的.deb文件形式。(参见 [[#Apt_and_Package_Basics|Apt and Package Basics]]).
* [http://ubuntulinuxhelp.com/top-100-of-the-best-useful-opensource-applications/ Top 100 Open source Applications]

====其他 *buntu指南和帮助手册====

* [http://www.kubuntuguide.org Kubuntu指南]
<!--->* [http://www.xubuntuguide.org Xubuntuguide] -- Xubuntu能以256Mb这样小的内存运行。它资源有限，更适合旧机器。<--->
*[https://help.ubuntu.com/xubuntu/desktopguide/C/index.html Xubuntu桌面指南] -- Xubuntu能以256Mb这样小的内存运行。它资源有限，更适合旧机器。

== 添加额外的Ubuntu软件仓库 ==
软件包和程序可以在有标准结构的综合在线网站（即软件仓库）免费下载。有被Kubuntu/Ubuntu开发社区官方认可和监督软件仓库，同时也有其他的软件仓库是独立提供的，没有官方认可或管理（应当小心使用）。更多的信息可以在[https://help.ubuntu.com/community/Repositories/Ubuntu the Ubuntu Repository Guide]得到。

=== 软件库的类型 ===

*Ubuntu中有四种主要的软件库类型：
:* main - 由Canonical提供支持。这是发行版的主要部分。
:* restricted - 没有以[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License GPL] （或相似软件许可）许可的软件，然而由Canonical提供支持。
:* universe - 以GPL（或相似许可）许可的软件并由用户提供支持。
:* multiverse - 没有以GPL（或相似许可）许可的软件，但是由用户提供支持。

*另外还有三种软件库类型：
:* jaunty-updates - 官方软件包的更新。
:* jaunty-backports - 回迁至Jaunty Jackalope的Jaunty+1（Karmic）软件的当前版本。
:* jaunty-proposed - 计划的更新和修改（可能不稳定的最新版）。

====第三方软件库====
软件开发者经常维护他们自己的软件库，软件包可以从那里下载并直接安装到您的计算机上（如果您将软件库添加到源列表中）。很多这样的第三方软件库和软件包从未被(k)Ubuntu/Debian社区考察并且对您的计算机有一定风险。木马，后门和其他恶意的软件能够存在于任何未受管理的软件库。当使用没有(k)Ubuntu/Debian社区签名的软件库，确保您在激活软件库和安装软件包前对那个网站有完全的信心。

===用新立得软件包管理器添加软件库===

这是首选的方法。 
*系统 -> 系统管理 -> 新立得软件包管理器 -> 设置 -> 软件库。
*这里您可以激活Ubuntu软件和第三方软件的软件库。
*对于第三方软件选择 添加 -> 输入软件库的地址。它有一个类似这样的格式：
 deb <nowiki>http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/</nowiki> jaunty main restricted
 deb-src <nowiki>http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/</nowiki> jaunty main restricted

:*''例如：'' 添加Medibuntu软件库，添加：
 deb <nowiki>http://packages.medibuntu.org/</nowiki> jaunty free non-free

:*下载软件库的key到一个文件夹。
:::*''例如：'' Medibuntu的key可以从这里下载
::::::<nowiki>http://packages.medibuntu.org/medibuntu-key.gpg</nowiki>
::* 然后从这里增加key：

::系统 -> 系统管理 -> 新立得软件包管理器 -> 设置 -> 软件库 -> 身份验证 -> 导入密钥文件...

:*（或者，您可以从终端用命令行手动添加key。参考[[#Add Repository keys|Add Repository keys]].)

*从新的软件库刷新软件包列表：
:: 新立得软件包管理器 -> 刷新

===手动添加软件库===

*请自担风险。仅在您明白自己在做什么时修改Ubuntu的默认sources.list。混用软件库可能'''破坏'''您的系统。更多信息参见[https://help.ubuntu.com/community/Repositories/CommandLine Ubuntu Command-line Repository guide]. 
:* 建立您现在sources.list的备份。
 sudo cp -p /etc/apt/sources.list /etc/apt/sources.list_backup

注意：: sudo - 以root权限运行命令。cp = 复制。-p = 如果文件已经存在提醒改写。

:*修改sources.list：
 sudo nano /etc/apt/sources.list

::或者使用图形界面编辑器：
 gksudo gedit /etc/apt/sources.list

::*注意：要使用您的本地镜像您可以添加"''xx.''"到''archive.ubuntu.com''之前，其中<b>xx</b> = 您的国家代码。
:::::''例如：'' <nowiki>deb http://gb.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu jaunty main restricted universe multiverse</nowiki> indicates a repository for Great Britain (gb).

:*这里是一个sources.list的示例。在最后已经添加了Medibuntu和Google的软件库：

<pre>
#deb cdrom:[Ubuntu 8.10 _Jaunty Jackalope_ - Release i386 (20081029.1)]/ jaunty main restricted
# See http://help.ubuntu.com/community/UpgradeNotes for how to upgrade to
# newer versions of the distribution.

deb http://gb.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ jaunty main restricted
deb-src http://gb.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ jaunty main restricted

## Major bug fix updates produced after the final release of the
## distribution.
deb http://gb.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ jaunty-updates main restricted
deb-src http://gb.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ jaunty-updates main restricted

## N.B. software from this repository is ENTIRELY UNSUPPORTED by the Ubuntu
## team. Also, please note that software in universe WILL NOT receive any
## review or updates from the Ubuntu security team.
deb http://gb.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ jaunty universe
deb-src http://gb.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ jaunty universe
deb http://gb.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ jaunty-updates universe
deb-src http://gb.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ jaunty-updates universe

## N.B. software from this repository is ENTIRELY UNSUPPORTED by the Ubuntu 
## team, and may not be under a free licence. Please satisfy yourself as to 
## your rights to use the software. Also, please note that software in 
## multiverse WILL NOT receive any review or updates from the Ubuntu
## security team.
deb http://gb.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ jaunty multiverse
deb-src http://gb.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ jaunty multiverse
deb http://gb.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ jaunty-updates multiverse
deb-src http://gb.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ jaunty-updates multiverse

## Uncomment the following two lines to add software from the 'backports'
## repository.
## N.B. software from this repository may not have been tested as
## extensively as that contained in the main release, although it includes
## newer versions of some applications which may provide useful features.
## Also, please note that software in backports WILL NOT receive any review
## or updates from the Ubuntu security team.
deb http://gb.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ jaunty-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://gb.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ jaunty-backports main restricted universe multiverse

## Uncomment the following two lines to add software from Canonical's
## 'partner' repository. This software is not part of Ubuntu, but is
## offered by Canonical and the respective vendors as a service to Ubuntu
## users.
deb http://archive.canonical.com/ubuntu jaunty partner
deb-src http://archive.canonical.com/ubuntu jaunty partner

deb http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu jaunty-security main restricted
deb-src http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu jaunty-security main restricted
deb http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu jaunty-security universe
deb-src http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu jaunty-security universe
deb http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu jaunty-security multiverse
deb-src http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu jaunty-security multiverse

## Medibuntu - Ubuntu 8.10 "jaunty jackalope"
## Please report any bug on https://bugs.launchpad.net/medibuntu/
deb http://packages.medibuntu.org/ jaunty free non-free
deb-src http://packages.medibuntu.org/ jaunty free non-free

# Google software repository
deb http://dl.google.com/linux/deb/ stable non-free

</pre>

:*下载并添加软件库key（密钥）到您的密钥圈。参见[[#Add repository keys|Add repository keys]]。

:*从新软件库刷新软件包列表：
 sudo apt-get update

===添加软件库key===
:* 下载软件库的gpg keys并自动添加它们到您的软件库密钥圈：

:::*''例如：'' 得到并添加Medibuntu软件库的key：
 wget --quiet <nowiki>http://packages.medibuntu.org/medibuntu-key.gpg</nowiki> -O - | sudo apt-key add -

:::*''例如：'' 得到并添加Google软件库的key：
 wget --quiet <nowiki>https://dl-ssl.google.com/linux/linux_signing_key.pub</nowiki> -O - | sudo apt-key add -

注意：wget - 从一个网络地址取回一个文件。--quiet = 没有输出。-O = 输出下载的项目到终端。这里 |（竖线标志）用来捕获前面命令的输出（在我们的例子中，是屏幕）并用它作为后面命令的输入（例如， apt-key，即添加到密钥圈）。

== Ubuntu软件包安装和升级 ==
===Apt和软件包基础===

*阅读 [[#一般性声明|一般性声明]]
*阅读 [[#添加额外的Ubuntu软件仓库|添加额外的Ubuntu软件仓库]]

很多新用户将使用[[#新立得软件包管理器|新立得软件包管理器]]来安装软件包。这些指导对应于在终端通过命令行来安装软件包。可以这样启动终端：
:应用程序 -> 附件 -> 终端

*安装软件包:
 sudo apt-get install ''packagename''

::*''例如：''
 sudo apt-get install mpd sbackup

*删除软件包：
 sudo apt-get remove ''packagename''

*删除所有的依赖：
 sudo apt-get autoremove

::*''例如：''
 sudo apt-get remove mpd sbackup

*搜索软件包：
 apt-cache search <keywords>

::*''例如：''
 apt-cache search Music MP3
 apt-cache search "Text Editor"

*[[#添加额外的Ubuntu软件仓库|添加/删除软件库]]后更新apt软件包数据库：
 sudo apt-get update

*更新软件包：
 sudo apt-get upgrade

*更新整个发行版(e.g. 从Intrepid到Jaunty):
 sudo apt-get dist-upgrade

====安装.deb软件包====
Debian (.deb)软件包是Ubuntu中使用的软件包。您可以安装任何.deb软件包到您的系统。.deb文件一般只需点击它们，便可从您的文件管理器（Nautilus）中安装， 这是因为默认安装器和文件关联已经在Ubuntu中设置好了。这些说明是面向那些愿意从命令行终端（Terminal）安装软件包的人。

*安装一个下载的Debian（Ubuntu）软件包（.deb）：
 sudo dpkg -i ''packagename''.deb

*删除一个Debian（Ubuntu）软件包（.deb）：
 sudo dpkg -r ''packagename''

*重新配置/修复一个安装的Debian（Ubuntu）软件包（.deb）：
 sudo dpkg-reconfigure ''packagename''

::''*例如：''
 sudo dpkg-reconfigure mpd

====处理（Tar/GZip）和（Tar/Bzip2）归档====
(Tar/GZip)归档以“.tar.gz”结尾ie，而（Tar/Bzip2）归档以“.tar.bz2”结尾。Bzip2是更新的，压缩效率更高的方法。这些文件一般可以通过点击它们自动提取文件，因为合适的归档应用程序及文件关联已在Ubuntu中默认设置。这个说明是面向那些愿意使用命令行终端的人。

:*提取文件：
 tar xvf ''packagename''.tar.gz

注意：tar是一个能从归档中提取文件的应用程序，必要时解压缩。
::-x 意味提取。
::-v 意味详尽（列出它正在提取什么）。
::-f 明确使用的文件。

*解压缩“.gz”文件
 gunzip ''file''.gz

*解压缩“.bz2"文件
 bunzip2 ''file''.bz2

::注意：您也可以通过下面方法解压缩一个包。先用命令gunzip（对.gz）或者bunzip2（对.bz2），得到.tar文件，然后用tar提取它。

:*创建一个.gz归档：
 tar cvfz ''packagename''.tar.gz folder

:*创建一个.bz2归档：
 tar cvfj ''packagename''.tar.bz2 folder

====从源文件安装软件包====
*确保您有需要的开发工具（例如，libraries, compilers, headers）：

 sudo apt-get install build-essential
 sudo apt-get install linux-headers-`uname -r`

::注意： "uname -r" 列出您现在使用的内核

*从包含源文件的归档中提取：
 tar xvf ''sourcefilesarchive''.tar.gz

*使用软件包的脚本Build（在这里是配置脚本），编译软件包（make），然后安装编译的软件包到您的系统，（make install）：
 cd ''/path/to/extracted/sourcefiles''
 ./configure
 sudo make
 sudo make install

::注意：在当前目录一个文件名之前输入./使Linux Shell尝试以一个应用程序运行文件，即使它不在路径（当您输入一个命令名时它搜索的一系列文件夹）中。如果您得到一个“permission denied”的错误，那个文件没有可执行权限。要修复它：
 sudo chmod +x ''filename''

::''例如：'' 在上面的说明中，configure是从源文件编译软件包的shell脚本。确保configure脚本是可执行的：
 sudo chmod +x configure

=====从源文件中新建一个.deb软件包=====
如果您从源文件编译成功，您可以制作一个Debian（Ubuntu）软件包（.deb）在将来使用：

*安装软件包工具：
 sudo apt-get install checkinstall

*使用“checkinstall”重新编译软件包：

 cd ''/path/to/extracted/package''
 ./configure
 sudo make
 sudo checkinstall

*保存得到的“.deb“文件在将来使用。它可以今后用下面方法安装：
 sudo dpkg -i ''packagename''.deb

注意：这些是基本的说明，可能并不总是可行。一些软件包需要指定额外的依赖和可选的参数以便成功编译它们。

=== Aptitude ===
Aptitude是一个可以取代apt-get的基于终端的软件包管理器。Aptitude标记自动安装和软件包并在没有程序依赖事删除它们。这使得完全删除应用程序变得简单。
使用，在命令中用aptitude代替apt-get。例如：
 sudo aptitude install ''packagename''
 sudo aptitude remove ''packagename''
 sudo aptitude update
 sudo aptitude upgrade
对于一个基于ncurses的图形用户界面，输入
 sudo aptitude
更多信息参见[http://people.debian.org/~dburrows/aptitude-doc/en/ the aptitude documentation]。

===新立得软件包管理器===
虽然“apt-get”和“aptitude”是安装程序/软件包的快捷方法，您也可以使用新立得软件包管理器（系统 -> 系统管理 -> 新立得软件包管理器），一个安装程序/软件包的GUI方法。很多apt-get可用的（但不是全部）程序/软件包同样也存在于新立得软件包管理器中。这是许多桌面用户的首选方法。在这个指南中，当您看
 sudo apt-get install ''package''
您可以简单得在新立得中搜索“package”并安装它。

* 系统 -> 系统管理 -> 新立得软件包管理器
* 搜索程序/软件包的名字。您也可以搜索它的描述中文字。
* 勾选选框“标记以便安装”
* 单击“应用”按钮。
* 选择的程序和它的依赖将会被自动安装。

===添加/删除程序===
并非所有可以从apt-get，aptitude和新立得软件包管理器中得到的软件包都在添加/删除程序中。然而，这是对于Ubuntu新用户必不可少的界面，可以引导他们到首选的软件包。

* 应用程序 -> 添加/删除程序
* 搜索您想要添加的程序。例如：输入MP3得到一个mp3软件的列表。
* 勾选选框“标记以便安装”
* 单击“应用”按钮
* 选择的程序将自动被安装。

===手动更新===
*阅读 [[#一般性声明|一般性声明]]
*阅读 [[#添加额外的Ubuntu软件仓库|添加额外的Ubuntu软件仓库]]

*从终端（命令行界面）手动更新：
 sudo apt-get update
 sudo apt-get upgrade

:或者

*使用新立得软件包管理器：
::系统 -> 系统管理 -> 新立得软件包管理器 -> “刷新”然后“标记全部软件包以便升级”

:如果有可以升级的软件包，您将被提示是否安装它们。

===自动更新===
*使用新立得软件包管理器：

::* 系统 -> 系统管理 -> 新立得软件包管理器 -> 设置 -> 首选项 -> 常规信息 -> 重新载入过时的软件包信息 -> 自动

=Ubuntu附加应用程序=
参见我们的[[Alternatives|全部附加应用程序列表]].

==视觉效果应用程序==
视觉效果应用程序指代图形用户界面的装饰。这些可以是附加图标，主题，壁纸，3-D效果等。

===Gnome视觉效果资源===
* [http://www.gnome-look.org Gnome Look]有壁纸，过场动画，图标和用于窗口管理器（包括Metacity和Compiz）的主题及其他应用程序。

===Metacity===
Metacity是Gnome桌面默认的复合窗口管理器。它是轻量级的，流线的且没有许多设置选项，但是在Gnome Look有许多可得到的主题。 

===Compiz Fusion===
Compiz Fusion是一个独立的窗口管理器，允许高级的桌面效果例如旋转立方桌面。许多Ubuntu用户选择运行Compiz，它在Ubuntu中速度很快。安装：
 sudo apt-get install compiz compizconfig-settings-manager compiz-fusion-plugins-main compiz-fusion-plugins-extra emerald librsvg2-common

要将Compiz作为窗口管理器：

*选择Compiz设置：
:系统 -> 首选项 -> CompizConfig Settings Manager

:注意：您必须登出然后登入来使改动生效。

====Fusion Icon====
Fusion Icon是一个托盘图标，允许您容易地在窗口管理器，窗口装饰之间装换，并且使您快速到达Compiz Settings Manager。这允许快速切换3-D桌面效果（或许对某些应用程序无法使用）。
 sudo apt-get install fusion-icon

:应用程序 -> 系统工具 -> Compiz Fusion Icon

您可以从图标容易地到达CompizConfig Settings Manager。

====旋转Compiz立方====
设置CompizConfig Settings Manager，激活“桌面立方体”和“旋转立方体”以及“视图切换”选项。点击每个的图标来定制设置。例如，改变立方体的外观，点击桌面立方体图标至它的设置。您可以在“视图切换”中为旋转立方体设置热键按钮。另外，按下Ctrl+Alt+鼠标左键并向您希望立方体旋转的方向拖拽鼠标（或者触摸板）。

记住，立方体在桌面之间旋转，如果桌面少于4个将无法构成立方体。您将无法得到一个立方体如果仅用2个桌面（您将得到一个“平面”）。当然，您仍然可以旋转平面的边缘，但这不是一个立方体。（刚从Windows OS来的用户可能没有多桌面概念的经验，但是它们很不错，一旦您学习如何使用）。

当运行Compiz fusion来作为窗口管理器，您必须在CompizConfig Settings Manger中改变桌面的默认数量。要激活4个桌面：
:CompizConfig Settings Manager -> General -> General Options -> Desktop Size -> Horizontal Virtual Size -> 4

当您开始一个应用程序，您必须通过右击应用程序窗口的左上角并选择“至桌面...”选项，来将它安置在4个桌面中任一个。旋转立方体来展示不同的桌面。您也可以使用显示4个桌面的任务栏图标来到达桌面。

===Emerald===
Emerald是Compiz Fusion的主题引擎，有许多可得到的主题。（这些主题在与Compiz合并形成Compiz Fusion前，源自Beryl项目）用于Compiz Fusion的Emerald主题管理器可以这样安装：
 sudo apt-get install emerald

===Ubuntu壁纸===
*下载免费的[https://wiki.ubuntu.com/Artwork/Incoming/Intrepid/Earthenibex_wallpaper Earthenibex壁纸]。

===修改USplash启动画面===
这是您在启动被要求登陆并输入密码时看到的启动画面。您可以使用启动管理器（如果您在计算机上使用多系统，启动管理器也可以用于该变GRUB启动设置）改变USplash画面。安装：
 sudo apt-get install startupmanager
:开始：
系统 -> 系统管理 -> 启动管理器

您也可以使用一个不同的启动画面管理器，[http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?p=3440101#post3440101 Splashy]，代替USplash。安装：
 sudo apt-get install splashy splashy-themes

===Google Desktop===
[http://desktop.google.com/linux/index.html Google Desktop for Linux] is a proprietary suite of widgets and applications to give Google control over your computer and thereby allow you to use Google services. A .deb package can be downloaded and installed from [http://desktop.google.com/en/linux/download.html Google Linux Downloads]. For installation instructions, see [http://desktop.google.com/support/linux/bin/topic.py?topic=11377 Google Desktop for Linux Instructions].

===Dock applications===
Avant Window Manager, Cairo Dock, and Wbar are dock-like applications for Ubuntu Linux. A dock represents running programs as icons at the bottom of the screen (as is done on the Mac OS X desktop), instead of by toolbar panel segments (as is done in Windows and other Linux window managers). See this [http://linuxowns.wordpress.com/2008/05/08/the-best-and-worst-docks-for-ubuntu/ brief comparison of dock applications].
====Avant Window Navigator====
*[http://wiki.awn-project.org/ Avant Window Navigator] requires that a desktop composition manager (such as Metacity, Compiz, Xcompmgr, KDE4 (Kubuntu), or xfwm4 (Xubuntu)) be installed and running.
*Install and upgrade proprietary nVidia or ATI graphics drivers so that the compositing manager functions properly.
*Install AWN:
 sudo apt-get install avant-window-navigator awn-manager

:(Note: If you are using Gnome (Ubuntu) and do not already have a compositing manager installed (such as Compiz), Metacity will be installed as part of the installation.)

*Enable automatic startup of AWN at bootup:
:*Menu -> System -> Preferences -> Sessions -> Add...
 avant-window-navigator

*Select which applets should run from the dock menu by default:
:*Menu -> Applications -> Accessories -> Avant Window Navigator Manager
:You can drag application icons onto the list, then activate or deactivate the applets from the list.

====Cairo Dock====
[http://developer.berlios.de/projects/cairo-dock/ Cairo Dock] can be used either with a desktop compositing manager (such as Metacity for Gnome, Compiz, or the KDE4 Window Manager) or without one. See [https://help.ubuntu.com/community/CairoDock the Ubuntu installation instructions] for details. It is available from the repositories:
 sudo apt-get install cairo-dock cairo-dock-plugins

====wbar====
[http://code.google.com/p/wbar/ wbar] is a quick-launch bar (not a dock) that has an appearance similar to Avant Window Manager and Cairo Dock. It is GTK (Gnome) based but can work in all desktop environments. It does not require a compositing manager to be installed and is therefore quicker and more suitable for low-end hardware systems. It is the default in the Google gOS desktop and is available as a .deb package from Google. Download and install (from the command-line Terminal):
 wget <nowiki>http://wbar.googlecode.com/files/wbar_1.3.3_i386.deb</nowiki> 
 sudo dpkg -i wbar_1.3.3_i386.deb

*Start wbar with custom start options (e.g. by pressing alt+F2). Here is an example:
 wbar -isize 48 -j 1 -p bottom -balfa 40 -bpress -nanim 3 -z 2.5 -above-desk

:Here is another example:
 wbar -above-desk -pos bottom -isize 60 -nanim 1 -bpress -jumpf 0.0 -zoomf 1.5

For a full list of command-line startup options, see:
 wbar --help

Tip: If you want the "wave" effect just increase the -nanim value. I like the icons to just pop up so I don't use it, but with 9 icons 5 there is a nice "wave" effect.

Obviously, you could create a menu item with the command line options (similar to the examples above), or a batch file that can be automatically started at system startup (as a cron event or startup session).

You can also change wbar startup options by editing the configuration file:
 sudo gedit /usr/share/wbar/dot.wbar

See [http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=980565 this example configuration file]. However, not all options are able to be set from the configuration file and must be run from the command line. For more info see [http://linux-guider.blogspot.com/2008/09/wbar-another-cute-dock.html this wbar guide].

=====wbarconf=====

A simple [http://www.gnomefiles.org/app.php/wbarconf wbar configuration utility] can be downloaded as a .deb package and installed:
 wget <nowiki>http://koti.kapsi.fi/~ighea/wbarconf/wbarconf_0.7.2-1_i386.deb</nowiki>
 sudo dpkg -i wbarconf_0.7.2-1_i386.deb

==Virtualization==
Virtualization allows a second operating system (OS), such as Windows or OS X, to be run from within Ubuntu. This requires extra RAM (because both Ubuntu and the virtualized second OS require separate amounts of RAM) and a license for the second OS. If you wish to run a virtualized instance of Windows XP, for instance, you must have a license for Windows XP.

===VirtualBox===
[http://www.virtualbox.org/ VirtualBox] is a fast and complete virtualization solution owned and maintained by Sun Microsystems. There is a free and fully open-source edition available under the GNU GPL license.
*Install the open-source edition:
 sudo apt-get install virtualbox-ose virtualbox-ose-source

*Start VirtualBox:
:VirtualBox OSE PC virtualization solution

For usage instructions, see the [http://www.virtualbox.org/wiki/End-user_documentation End-user documentation].

===Xen===
[http://www.xen.org/ Xen] is an efficient open-source virtualization ("hypervisor") platform which includes a recent merge with QEMU. It is free open source under a GPL license. Installation for the desktop must be from source (see the website for details). A commercial version is offered by Citrix.

A [[#Xen virtual machine host|Xen virtual machine host]] can also be installed automatically with [[#Xen virtual machine host|certain 64-bit CPUs]], using the 64-bit Ubuntu [[#Servers|Server]] LiveCD. (An Ubuntu desktop can then later be added -- see [[#Servers|Ubuntu server]]).

===VMWare===
[http://www.vmware.com/ VMWare] is a commercial virtualization platform that currently offers a free license (renewable yearly) for use with its [http://www.vmware.com/download/server/ server software]. Installation instructions are on the website.
==== Keyboard errors in VMware guest ====
After installing VMWare 6.5, and installing a guest OS, the Function, arrow and Del/End/etc keys do not function.  This is a bug with VMWare麓s code.
Add this line to ~/.vmware/config (create file if necessary) to fix this issue:
 xkeymap.nokeycodeMap = true

===Crossover for Linux===
Codeweavers' [http://www.codeweavers.com/products/cxlinux/ Crossover Office for Linux] is a subscription-based commercial package that allows many Windows programs to be run on Ubuntu without the need for a Microsoft OS license or a complete virtualization system. See the website for more info. Codeweavers releases older versions of this product as the free package Wine.

===Wine===
[http://www.winehq.org/ Wine] is a free open-source package that essentially consists of an older and more limited implementation of CrossOver for Linux. It is provided by Codeweavers. Like CrossOver for Linux, no Microsoft license or virtualization platform is required to run Windows programs.
 sudo apt-get install wine

Also consider installing Microsoft's TrueType fonts:
 sudo apt-get install msttcorefonts

====Internet Explorer 6====
Internet Explorer 6 can function under Wine, albeit imperfectly. For most purposes, Firefox can be used (with the User Agent Switcher plugin) to mimic Internet Explorer, but for those instances when it can't, IE6 may be useful. A beta implementation of Internet Explorer 7 is also available from this package. For more info, see [http://www.tatanka.com.br/ IEs 4 Linux].
*Make sure you have [[#Wine|wine]] and cabextract packages: 
 sudo apt-get install wine cabextract

*Download IEs 4 Linux and install:

 wget <nowiki>http://www.tatanka.com.br/ies4linux/downloads/ies4linux-latest.tar.gz</nowiki>
 tar zxvf ies4linux-latest.tar.gz
 cd ies4linux-*
 ./ies4linux --no-gui

===Transgaming Cedega===

[http://www.transgaming.com/ Cedega] is a commercial application (similar to CrossOver Office and Wine), for installing and running some Windows applications, specifically games, without the need for virtualization or a Microsoft license. It provides 3D support, software acceleration support, and a high level of DirectX support. Installation instructions are found on the website.

===Mono===
[http://www.mono-project.com/Main_Page Mono] is a free open source project sponsored by Novell to allow .NET programs to function in Linux (Ubuntu) and Mac OS X. The most recent version is available [http://www.mono-project.com/Other_Downloads here].
 sudo apt-get install mono-2.0-devel

====Moonlight====
[http://www.mono-project.com/Moonlight Moonlight] is part of the Novell Mono project that is an open source implementation of Silverlight (the Microsoft multimedia presentation platform). It is based on FFMpeg. It is made to work best with the Firefox 3 web browser, as a plugin. It is available [http://www.go-mono.com/moonlight/ here].

=====Netflix under Moonlight=====
Netflix streaming requires Silverlight 2.0. The current version of Moonlight is 1.0 (corresponding to Silverlight 1.0). [http://www.mono-project.com/MoonlightRoadmap Moonlight 2.0 is anticipated] for mid-year 2009. Until this project is complete, or until Netflix agrees to stream video using Flashplayer, there are currently no methods for streaming Netflix in Linux.

==Edutainment Applications==
There are many, many superb applications that can be installed with a single click.
::Applications -> Add/Remove Software -> Edutainment.

Below are a few examples that can be installed from this menu:
*[http://www.stellarium.org/ Stellarium] -- an astounding planetarium for the desktop
*[http://k3dsurf.sourceforge.net/ K3DSurf] -- a program for modeling 3,4,5, and 6 dimensional models.
*[http://www.bibletime.info/ Bibletime]-- a Bible study tool for KDE.
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zekr Zekr] -- an Islamic Quran study tool (available in Utilities instead of Edutainment)
*Oregano -- a program for electrical engineering schematics
*[http://rlplot.sourceforge.net/ RlPlot] -- a high quality graph generator
*[http://www.mnemosyne-proj.org/ Mnemosyne] -- a flash-card tool
*[http://gramps-project.org/ Gramps] -- map your family-tree and co-operate with genealogy projects.

===Google Earth===
[http://earth.google.com/ Google Earth] gives you an annotated eagle's eye view of our planet. This is a free proprietary package (you must accept the license to use this package).
 sudo apt-get install googleearth-package
 make-googleearth-package --force
:Doubleclick on the resulting .deb file.

::::-- or --

To install the latest Linux binary, download and save the GoogleEarthLinux.bin package from [http://earth.google.com/intl/en/download-earth.html Google Earth downloads].
<!---> wget <nowiki>http://dl.google.com/GoogleEarthLinux.bin</nowiki><--->
Then install:
 chmod +x GoogleEarthLinux.bin
 ./GoogleEarthLinux.bin

Run:

:Applications -> Internet -> Google Earth 3D planet viewer

You should turn off the Google Earth -> View -> Atmosphere setting, or you might see clouds everywhere and the ground won't show up.

====Troubleshooting====
If Google Earth opens, shows the splash screen, and then crashes, you鈥檙e probably experiencing a common issue. Running ~/google-earth/googleearth in a terminal will show this error:
./googleearth-bin: relocation error: /usr/lib/i686/cmov/libssl.so.0.9.8: symbol BIO_test_flags, version OPENSSL_0.9.8 not defined in file libcrypto.so.0.9.8 with link time reference

To fix this, browse to the folder you installed Google Earth into. By default this will be google-earth in your home folder. Find the file libcrypto.so.0.9.8 and rename it to something else, like libcrypto.so.0.9.8.bak. Google Earth should now start correctly.

 cd ~/google-earth
 sudo mv libcrypto.so.0.9.8 libcrypto.so.0.9.8.bak
 sudo ln -s /usr/lib/libcrypto.so.0.9.8 ~/google-earth/libcrypto.so.0.9.8

:(Note: You can also specify /home/''user''/google-earth instead of ~/google-earth ).

For other issues, see the [https://help.ubuntu.com/community/GoogleEarth Ubuntu help pages on Google Earth].

====Uninstall Google Earth====
To uninstall run the ''uninstall'' shell script located in the /home/''user''/google-earth folder (or whichever folder you installed google-earth into).

==Proprietary Applications==
Proprietary software helps you maximize your Internet experience, but is not open source. The software available includes Multimedia Codecs, Java Runtime Environment, and plug-ins for Firefox.

====Restricted Extras====
The Ubuntu Restricted Extras will install Adobe Flash Player, Java Runtime Environment (JRE) (sun-java-jre) with Firefox plug-ins (icedtea), a set of Microsoft Fonts (msttcorefonts), multimedia codecs (w32codecs or w64codecs), mp3-compatible encoding (lame), FFMpeg, extra Gstreamer codecs, the package for DVD decoding (libdvdread4, but [[#DVD Playback Capability|see below]] for info on libdvdcss2), and the unrar archiver. This is a single command approach.
 sudo apt-get install ubuntu-restricted-extras

==Games Applications==
There are some phenomenal games for Ubuntu Linux.
*[http://whdb.com/2008/top-25-linux-games-for-2008/ Best Linux Games for 2008].
*[http://rangit.com/software/top-8-linux-games-of-2007/ Best 25 Linux Games of 2007].
*[http://ubuntu-gamers-arena.org/ Ubuntu Gamers Arena].

There are hundreds of free, open-source games available in Ubuntu. Most (including the KDE Games collection and the Gnome Games collection) can be accessed:

::Applications -> Add/Remove Software -> Games

Examples are:
*[http://games.kde.org/game.php?game=kmahjongg KMahjongg] -- the solitaire Mahjongg tile-matching game.
*[http://pouetchess.sourceforge.net/wiki/index.php/Main_Page PouetChess] -- an excellent 3-D chess game.
*[http://www.pokerth.net/ PokerTH] -- a very nice Texas Hold 'Em Poker
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tux_Racer Planet Penguin Racer] -- Penguin slides down a 3-D luge run, catching fish. ([http://extremetuxracer.com/ Extreme Tux Racer] is a newer version, but works in 32-bit only.)
*[http://home.gna.org/ksirk/ Ksirk] -- play Risk against the computer or in a multiplayer environment.
*[http://torcs.sourceforge.net/ TORCS] -- the 3-D Car Racing game
*[http://pingus.seul.org/ Pingus] -- a Lemmings clone (similar to Super Mario Bros.) that uses penguins instead of lemmings.
*[http://www.frozen-bubble.org/ Frozen Bubble] -- the award-winning, addicting, time-wasting, bubble-popping game.
*[http://fretsonfire.sourceforge.net/ Frets on Fire] -- similar to Guitar Hero. You can [http://www.geetarfreaks.webs.com/Viva%20La%20Music.html import songs from Guitar Hero] and from [http://fretsonfire.wikidot.com/custom-songs community sites].

====Vdrift====
[http://vdrift.net/ Vdrift] is a free open source 3-D racing game, similar to Need for Speed, with realistic physics, multiple drift tracks, and multiplayer games. Support for joysticks, mice and keyboard is included. A binary package for Linux is available from the website.

===Action===
Incredible action games (including those from the Top 25) are available in Ubuntu. Many can be installed using:

::Applications -> Add/Remove Software -> Games

Examples are:

*[http://icculus.org/alienarena/rpa/about.html Alien Arena] -- a multi-player first person shooter action game with free servers. The repositories have version 7.0-1. For the current version 7.2 see the website.
*[http://www.openarena.ws/ OpenArena] -- an open-source multi-player first person shooter action game, with free servers. The repositories have version 7.7. For the current 8.1 version see the website.
*[http://www.tremulous.net Tremulous] -- a Halo-like multiplayer first person shooter action game. The repositories have the current version.
*[http://sauerbraten.org/ Sauerbraten] - a multiplayer graphics-rich first person shooter game evolved from Cube.

====Nexuiz====
*[http://www.alientrap.org/nexuiz/ Nexuiz] is an open-source multi-player first person shooter game with free servers and tournaments.
The current version 2.4.2 is in the repositories.
 sudo apt-get install nexuiz nexuiz-music

You must have desktop effects turned off (System -> System Settings -> Desktop). There are a few other problems. See [http://alientrap.org/forum/viewtopic.php?t=3926 the Nexuiz forums]. Some recommend running from a shell:
 sudo ./nexuiz-linux-glx.sh

or

 sudo ./nexuiz-linux-sdl.sh
 
*A 35 map community pack is available [http://www.alientrap.org/nexuiz/downloads.php here]. To install, extract the map pack to /home/''username''/.nexuiz/data (or ~/.nexuiz/data ).

==== UrbanTerror====
[http://www.urbanterror.net UrbanTerror] is a multiplayer first person shooter action game. It uses the open-source quake 3 engine and features many real weapons and free-to-use servers for multi-player functionality. See the [http://www.urbanterror.net/page.php?6 Installation instructions] at the website.

*Alternative installation with a script:
::*[http://89.106.68.26/linux/urbanterror4/urt40-linux-installer.sh UrbanTerror Installation Script 1] or [http://vlaai.snt.utwente.nl/pub/games/urbanterror/urt40-linux-installer.sh UrbanTerror Installation Script 2]

::* After downloading the script open Terminal into your download directory then make the script executable with the following command:
 sudo chmod +x urt40-linux-installer.sh
::* Now double click on the script to execute and follow the directions
::* The install will take a while, as the script executes a download of the necessary files which are about 541MB
* After the install you will have a nice UrbanTerror icon on your desktop (unless you installed as root)

====Spring====
[http://spring.clan-sy.com/ The Spring Project] is a scripting engine platform to develop and play free multiplayer games such as [http://www.imperialwinter.com/ Star Wars Imperial Winter] and [http://spring.clan-sy.com/wiki/Complete_Annihilation#Introduction Complete Annihilation]. See [http://spring.clan-sy.com/wiki/Ubuntu_install#Graphical_Interface these installation instructions] for adding the repository, then installing as a package.

====PlaneShift====
[http://www.planeshift.it/ PlaneShift] is a promising free full-immersion online fantasy game (MMPORG). Client downloads and patches are available [http://www.planeshift.it/download.html here].
*Make the downloaded binary installation file executable:
 cd ''/directory_where_downloaded''
 chmod +x PlaneShift-v.0.42-x64.bin
*Run the executable binary as root (this must be done from the command line Terminal):
 sudo ./PlaneShift-v.0.42-x64.bin
*Follow the instructions for installation. When prompted whether to manually set permissions, answer "no."
*During installation, most users have recommended installing this game to your /home directory as a single user installation, instead of to /opt for all users. This avoids permissions problems. I was able to install to /opt, but it takes some effort.  
*Make sure your user belongs to the games group:
:System -> User Manager -> ''user'' -> Groups -> check games
*Download the updater patch psupdaterlinux64.zip and unzip it to your download directory.
*Run the updater as root:
 chmod +x psupdater
 chmod +x psupdater.bin
 sudo ./psupdater
*Register for a free account at [http://www.planeshift.it/register.html PlaneShift Registration].
*If you installed the game to the menu, it will be in
:Applications -> Lost & Found -> Client and Setup
To run it from the menu, I had to edit the menu entries by checking the box: "Run in terminal."
Alternatively, run it from the command-line Terminal:
 sudo /opt/PlaneShift/pssetup
 sudo /opt/PlaneShift/psclient

Notes: This game ran very slowly for me on a 32-bit installation with a DSL connection and I gave up. The 64-bit installation worked better, but there were still many freezes. This is a game very much in development, and is still in alpha stage.

====PrBoom - the classic Doom2 game====
[http://prboom.sourceforge.net/ PrBoom] is a free open source port of the original first person shooter action game, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doom_II Doom].
 sudo apt-get install prboom freedoom timidity timidity-interfaces-extra

There are [http://www.doomworld.com/10years/bestwads/ thousands of extra maps (Wads)] available for this game. It is easiest to keep a directory for your wads in your home directory:
 mkdir /home/''user''/wads

Place your doom2.wad, tnt.wad, or plutonia.wad (from your original game) into this folder. If you don't have one, you can copy the Freedom version of doom2.wad from /usr/share/games/freedoom into this folder. Place any new .wad's you have downloaded from the Internet into this folder as well. Then run the game using both the original iwad map as well as your new .wad map (you will only see the new map).
 prboom -iwad /home/''user''/wads/doom2.wad -file /home/''user''/wads/''new_wad''.wad

Note: Only doom2.wad, tnt.wad, or plutonia.wad can be used as an iwad. You must have one of these in addition to any new wad you wish to use. When in doubt, use doom2.wad. 

:Note: this game can also be installed using Applications -> Add/Remove Software -> Games as Freedoom, but you must also install timidity and timidity-interfaces-extra.

====Wing Commander Privateer====
The Linux version of this [http://priv.solsector.net/ free version of Wing Commander] can be downloaded as a binary [http://sourceforge.net/project/downloading.php?groupname=privateer&filename=PrivateerGold1.02a.bz2.bin&use_mirror=superb-east here].

==Graphics and Video Applications==
Graphics and Video Applications allow you to edit your favourite photos, create stunning 3D drawings, or professionally edit your videos and movies.

===Kino (Non-linear Video Editing Suite)===
[http://www.kinodv.org/ Kino] is a widely used GUI-based non-linear video editing suite for Linux.
 sudo apt-get install kino mjpegtools

===Cinelerra (Non-linear Video Editing Suite)===
[http://cinelerra.org/ Cinelerra Community Version] is a complete high-end open source video editing suite that is a derivative of a similar commercial system. Follow the [http://cinelerra.org/getting_cinelerra.php#ubuntu installation instructions for Ubuntu Intrepid].

===KdenLive (Non-linear Video Editing Suite for KDE)===
[http://www.kdenlive.org/ Kdenlive] is a GUI-based non-linear video editing suite for KDE based on FFmpeg and the MLT video framework. It is optimised for KDE 4.
 sudo apt-get install kdenlive mjpegtools

===Dia (Diagram editor)===
[http://live.gnome.org/Dia Dia] is a free open source GTK-based diagram creation program for Gnome. It is similar to Visio.
 sudo apt-get install dia

===Kivio (Diagram editor)===
[http://www.koffice.org/kivio/ Kivio] is an open source flow-chart and diagram creation program that is part of the KOffice Suite for KDE. It supports Dia stencils.
 sudo apt-get install kivio

===GIMP (Image Manipulator)===
[http://www.gimp.org/ Gimp] is a powerful, full-featured, free open-source graphics and image editor, similar to Adobe Photoshop.
 sudo apt-get install gimp
There is an extra set of brushes, palettes, and gradients for The GIMP.
 sudo apt-get install gimp-data-extras

===Inkscape Vector Illustrator===
[http://www.inkscape.org/ Inkscape Vector Illustrator] is an open source drawing program similar to Illustrator and CorelDraw.
 sudo apt-get install inkscape

===recordMyDesktop (Desktop Session Recording)===
[http://recordmydesktop.sourceforge.net/about.php recordMyDesktop] is a desktop recording utility, which has both pyGTK and a pyQT4 GUI frontends available. Recordings are saved in Theora video/Vorbis audio files.
To install: 
 sudo apt-get install recordmydesktop

===Istanbul (Desktop Session Recording)===
[http://live.gnome.org/Istanbul Istanbul] is a desktop recorder for the Gnome desktop. It records your session into an OGG Theora video file.
 sudo apt-get install istanbul

===Wink (Presentation Editor)===
[http://www.debugmode.com/wink/ Wink] is a open source tutorial and presentation editor. It allows you to capture screenshots and use them for presentations.
 sudo apt-get install wink

===Digikam (Photo Organiser)===
[http://www.digikam.org Digikam] is a comprehensive open source digital photo organiser and editor. Install it:  
 sudo apt-get install digikam kipi-plugins digikam-doc

===Google Picasa (Photo Organiser)===
[http://picasa.google.com/linux/ Google Picasa] is a photo editor and organiser similar to Digikam. It allows uploads to a Google web server for online exchange.
For more info, see the [http://picasa.google.com/linux/faq.html Picasa for Linux FAQ]. A self-installing .deb file is available at [http://picasa.google.com/linux/download.html#picasa27 Picasa 2.7 downloads].

===Camorama (Web Cam)===
[http://camorama.fixedgear.org/ Camorama] is a simple GTK-based (i.e. Gnome-based) interface for webcams using the v4l (video for linux) drivers.
 sudo apt-get install camorama

==Internet Applications==
Internet applications enable you to make full use of your Internet connection. Web browsers, Email clients, Instant Messengers, and more are included in this category.

===Web Browsers===
====Mozilla Firefox====
[http://www.mozilla.com/en-US/ Mozilla Firefox] is the ubiquitous web browser. Based on open source components, it is trademarked and cannot be altered or re-distributed with any change that involves the name or trademarks.
Install the current version:
 sudo apt-get install firefox

=====Firefox Plug-ins=====
======Adblock plug-in (block ads in a web page)======
[http://adblockplus.org/en/ Adblock Plus] blocks ads that appear in web pages. You can subscribe to a free filter service, and can add ads to block with a single click. 
 sudo apt-get install mozilla-firefox-adblock

*You can also add this extension from Firefox -> Tools -> Add-ons -> Get Add-ons -> Browse All Add-ons. (This method will also ensure that automatic updates are installed by Firefox.)

======Noscript plug-in (controls scripts)======
The [http://noscript.net/ Noscript] plugin is considered one of the most important security measures for browsing the Internet. Most viruses and trojans gain access to computers from the Internet through scripts. This plugin allows you to choose which scripts to allow and blocks the rest.
 sudo apt-get install mozilla-noscript

*You can also add this extension from Firefox -> Tools -> Add-ons -> Get Add-ons -> Browse All Add-ons. (This method will also ensure that automatic updates are installed by Firefox.)

======User Agent Switcher plug-in for Firefox======
The [http://chrispederick.com/work/user-agent-switcher/ User Agent Switcher] plugin allows a browser to masquerade as another browser, allowing (most of the time) browser-specific content to be displayed.

*You can add this extension from Firefox -> Tools -> Add-ons -> Get Add-ons -> Browse All Add-ons. (This method will also ensure that automatic updates are installed by Firefox.)

======Video Download Helper plug-in for Firefox======
The [https://addons.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/addon/3006 Video Download Helper] plugin allows the download of videos (including Flash videos) from sites like YouTube.

*You can add this extension from Firefox -> Tools -> Add-ons -> Get Add-ons -> Browse All Add-ons. (This method will also ensure that automatic updates are installed by Firefox.)

======Unplug Download Management======
The [https://addons.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/addon/2254 UnPlug] add-on lets you save video and audio which is embedded on a webpage.

*You can add this extension from Firefox -> Tools -> Add-ons -> Get Add-ons -> Browse All Add-ons. (This method will also ensure that automatic updates are installed by Firefox.)

======Adobe Acrobat Reader for Firefox Plug-in======
*Read [[#Add Extra Ubuntu Repositories|Add Extra Ubuntu Repositories]]
 sudo apt-get install acroread mozilla-acroread acroread-plugins

======Adobe Flash Player for Firefox Plug-in======
To install the official Adobe Flash plugin (Flash 10) for Firefox:
 sudo apt-get install adobe-flashplugin

======Gnash Plug-in (Open source Flash Player replacement)======
[http://www.gnashdev.org/ Gnash] is available in a 64-bit version as well as a 32-bit version. It is the open source replacement for Adobe Flashplayer.
 sudo apt-get install gnash

After installing, change your web browser's Preferences -> Applications so that SWF and SPL files use Gnash.

======Java Runtime Environment (JRE) for Firefox plug-in======
This package also installs the Java Runtime Environment. (JRE is also installed when OpenOffice or [[#Restricted Extras|ubuntu-restricted-extras]] is installed.)
 sudo apt-get install sun-java6-jre sun-java6-plugin
Note: You must accept the license to use this product.

======Kaffeine Plug-in for Firefox======
This package also installs the Kaffeine player.
 sudo apt-get install kaffeine-mozilla

======MPlayer plug-in for Firefox======
This package also installs MPlayer.
 sudo apt-get install mozilla-mplayer

======VLC plug-in for Firefox======
This package also installs the VLC player.
 sudo apt-get install mozilla-plugin-vlc

======Helix player plug-in for Firefox======
This package also installs the [https://helixcommunity.org/ Helix player], which is the open source player that plays Real Player content in Linux.
 sudo apt-get install mozilla-helix-player

=====FireFTP for Firefox=====
[http://fireftp.mozdev.org/ FireFTP] is a Firefox extension for FTP transfers.

=====Firefox Widgets=====

====IceCat====
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_IceCat IceCat] is Firefox distributed without the Mozilla trademark restrictions. It is endorsed by the Debian project (on which Ubuntu is based). It is formerly known as IceWeasel and is also known as IceApe Browser.
Install the current version:
 sudo apt-get install iceape-browser

====SeaMonkey====
[http://www.seamonkey-project.org/ SeaMonkey] is an open-source integrated internet application suite (including web browser, IM (IRC) client, Email client, RSS/News reader, and web development tools). It is based on the same components as the Mozilla products and shares the trademark and branding restrictions. There are many [https://addons.mozilla.org/en-US/seamonkey/ plugins], similar to those for Thunderbird and Firefox. Install:
 sudo apt-get install seamonkey

====IceApe====
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naming_conflict_between_Debian_and_Mozilla IceApe] is an open-source integrated internet application suite (including web browser, IM (IRC) client, Email client, RSS/News reader, and web development tools). It is based on the same components as the Mozilla product SeaMonkey, but has no restrictive trademark licensing, and is endorsed by the Debian project (on which Ubuntu is based). 
Install the current version:
 sudo apt-get install iceape

====Opera====
[http://www.opera.com/ Opera] is a proprietary browser and internet suite (currently free on PCs) also used in some mobile devices and gaming consoles. It includes email, an address book, IRC chat, integrated BitTorrent, and webfeeds. A limited number of plugins are also available.
 sudo apt-get install opera

===Download Managers===
====Downloader for X====
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downloader_for_X Downloader for X] is a GTK-based free-standing download manager utility. Still included in current repositories, the project appears dead. It is open-source, but does not have a GPL license.
 sudo apt-get install d4x

===Email Clients===
====Evolution====
[http://projects.gnome.org/evolution/ Evolution] is the default Gnome-based email client in Ubuntu. If not installed:
 sudo apt-get install evolution
=====Evolution and PGP=====
Email messages can be encrypted in [[#PGP_.28Message_Encryption.29|PGP]] and sent by email using Evolution. See [http://support.real-time.com/linux/email/client/evolutionpgp.html this tutorial] for an example how to configure it.

====KMail====
[http://kontact.kde.org/kmail/ KMail] (Kontact Mail) is the default email client included with [[#Kontact Personal Information Manager|Kontact]] in KDE (Kubuntu). Kontact includes email, an address book, a calendar, reminders, pop-up notes, a link to the Akregator News/RSS reader, time-tracking, and more. Install:
 sudo apt-get install kontact

====Thunderbird====
[http://www.mozilla.com/en-US/thunderbird/ Mozilla Thunderbird] is a licensed and trademarked free open-source email client that is compatible with Firefox. Install:
 sudo apt-get install mozilla-thunderbird

=====Enigmail=====
[https://addons.mozilla.org/en-US/thunderbird/addon/71 Enigmail] is an add-on to Thunderbird that allows you to easily encrypt your email using [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretty_Good_Privacy OpenPGP], which is included in the kernel by default. It also allows you to create and manage the encryption keys. Go the website and click "Download Now". Install:
:Thunderbird -> Tools -> Add-ons -> Install -> select downloaded file

=====New Mail Icon for Thunderbird=====
[https://addons.mozilla.org/en-US/thunderbird/search?q=new+mail+icon&cat=all "New Mail Icon"] is an experimental tray add-on which notifes you of new mail. Download from the website. Install: 
:Thunderbird -> Tools -> Add-ons -> Install -> select downloaded file

===Newsreaders===
====Akregator====
[http://akregator.kde.org/ Akregator] is the default news/RSS reader included with Kubuntu (KDE). Usage instructions are found in the [http://akregator.kde.org/wiki/index.php/Handbook Handbook]. Install:
 sudo apt-get install akregator

====RSSOwl====
[http://www.rssowl.org/ RSSOwl] is a Java-based RSS | RDF | Atom Newsfeed Reader.
These installation instructions only work with RSSOwl version 1_2_3.

In order to use the internal browser, install first the packages '''xulrunner''' and '''firefox''' , either via Synaptic Manager or by typing this command into Terminal:
 sudo apt-get install firefox xulrunner

Change to your "opt" directory:
 cd /opt

Download the tar.gz-archive into your opt directory:
 sudo wget <nowiki>http://belnet.dl.sourceforge.net/sourceforge/rssowl/rssowl_1_2_3_linux_bin.tar.gz</nowiki>

Extract the archive and remove the extracted file:
 sudo tar zxvf ./rssowl_1_2_3_linux_bin.tar.gz && sudo rm ./rssowl_1_2_3_linux_bin.tar.gz

Make a startscript:
 sudo nano /usr/bin/runRSSOwl.sh

and add the following lines to your starter-script file /usr/bin/runRSSOwl.sh

     export MOZILLA_FIVE_HOME=/usr/lib/xulrunner
     export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$LD_LIBRARY_PATH:${MOZILLA_FIVE_HOME}:${LD_LIBRARY_PATH}
     cd /opt/rssowl_1_2_3_linux_bin
     ./run.sh

Make the startscript executable:
 sudo chmod u+x /usr/bin/runRSSOwl.sh

Now you always can start RSSOwl:
 runRSSOwl.sh

After having started the application "RSSOwl": 

Go to --> View and enable "View Newstext in Browser".

Then go to --> Tools --> Preferences... --> General and enable in misc-section "Open any news automatically in browser".

Go to --> Tools --> Preferences... --> Browser and enter the path to the executable (my path was /usr/lib/firefox/firefox).
Finally enable 鈥渦se external browser鈥?at the bottom.

===Instant Messengers===
====Pidgin====
[http://www.pidgin.im/ Pidgin] is an open source IM application. It is the default in the Ubuntu (Gnome) desktop. You can access multiple services with it.
 sudo apt-get install pidgin

====Kopete====
[http://kopete.kde.org/ Kopete] is the default Instant Messenger application for Kubuntu. You can access multiple services with it. Install:
 sudo apt-get install kopete

=====Kopete Styles=====
Additional [http://www.kde-look.org/index.php?xcontentmode=24x26 styles for Kopete] are available from KDE-look. Install from:
::Kopete -> Settings -> Configure -> Chat Window -> Style -> Get New...  

=====GoogleTalk on Kopete=====
[[#Kopete|Kopete]] can be configured to work with [http://www.google.com/talk/about.html GoogleTalk] Instant Messaging (but not VOIP) using the Jabber protocol.
See these [http://www.google.com/support/talk/bin/answer.py?answer=57557 GoogleTalk instructions].

====Konversation (IRC client)====
[http://konversation.kde.org/ Konversation] is the default Kubuntu Internet Relay Chat (IRC) client. It functions similar to the venerable mIRC. "A little less action and a little more Konversation." -- Elves Install:
 sudo apt-get install konversation

====aMSN====
aMSN is an MSN Messenger utility that functions like the original client. It is not necessary if you use [[#Pidgin|Pidgin]]. Install it:
 sudo apt-get install amsn

To enable Drag-and-Drop capabilities to aMSN for easy file transfer see [http://www.ubuntugeek.com/how-to-enable-drag-and-drop-capabilities-to-amsn.html Ubuntu Geek].

====Emesene====
[http://www.emesene.org/ Emesene] is an MSN messenger client that uses a simplified interface similar to the original client. It is not necessary if you use [[#Pidgin|Pidgin]]. Install it:
 sudo apt-get install emesene

===Videoconferencing and VOIP===
Videoconferencing and voice over Internet (VOIP) applications are merging into integrated applications. Most of these applications now allow placing calls to non-Internet based telephones for a small fee.

====Ekiga====
Formerly known as Gnomemeeting, [http://www.gnomemeeting.org/ Ekiga] is a SIP compliant fully functional open source integrated VOIP and videoconferencing program.
 sudo apt-get install ekiga

====Skype====
[http://www.skype.com/ Skype] is a proprietary integrated VOIP and video conferencing program similar to Ekiga.
 sudo apt-get install skype

=====How to install Skype on a 64-bit system=====
The current version of Skype is for 32-bit systems. To use on a 64-bit system:
*Install needed packages:
 sudo apt-get install ia32-libs lib32asound2 libqt4-core libqt4-gui

*Download the current Skype .deb package from the Skype website:
 wget -O skype-install.deb <nowiki>http://www.skype.com/go/getskype-linux-ubuntu</nowiki>

*Install the Skype .deb package:
 sudo dpkg -i --force-architecture skype-install.deb

*Start Skype:
:Applications menu -> Internet -> Skype

====Wengophone====
[http://www.wengophone.com/index.php/mp_download_wp_lin Wengophone] is an integrated VOIP and videoconferencing client available on many platforms. Wengophone was initially an open-source GPL-licensed package ('Wengophone Classic'). Both the Classic version (available as a .deb file) and the current proprietary binary version are available from the website. Wengophone Classic has been rebranded as [http://www.qutecom.org/ QuteCom] (but a new Linux version is not yet available there).

*Install the Wengophone Classic version:
 sudo apt-get install wengophone

====Gizmo5====
[http://www.gizmo5.com Gizmo5] is an Internet soft-phone application that uses the SIP protocol. It is similar to Skype and can be used for making cheap phone calls.
 sudo apt-get install gizmo5

==== Asterisk VOIP PBX system ====
[http://www.asterisk.org/ Asterisk] is an enterprise-grade, free open source PBX and telephony system for VOIP. 
 sudo apt-get install asterisk

====Kiax====
[http://www.kiax.org/ Kiax] is an open source ("limited" GPL) IAX (Inter-Asterisk eXchange) application. It is used for making VoIP calls from an Asterisk PBX.
 sudo apt-get install kiax

Run from terminal with:

 kiax

===FTP Clients===
You might wish to use a dedicated [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_Transfer_Protocol FTP] client instead of the one in your browser.
====Filezilla====
[http://filezilla-project.org/ Filezilla] is the ubiquitous free open-source FTP client and server for all platforms.
 sudo apt-get install filezilla

===Filesharing / P2P===
Do not share copyrighted material or content that is otherwise illegal to share.

====Transmission (BitTorrent Client)====
Transmission is the GTK-based default [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BitTorrent_(protocol) BitTorrent] client in Ubuntu (Gnome).
 sudo apt-get install transmission

====KTorrent====
[http://ktorrent.org/ KTorrent] is the default BitTorrent client in Kubuntu. Install:
 sudo apt-get install ktorrent

====Azureus====
[http://azureus.sourceforge.net/howto_linux.php Azureus] is a Java-based BitTorrent client.
 sudo apt-get install azureus

====QTorrent====
QTorrent is a PyQT-based BitTorrent Client that is supposed to be very fast.
 
[http://thegraveyard.org/qtorrent.php QTorrent]

====Apollon (P2P Filesharing)====
[http://apollon.sourceforge.net/index.html Apollon] is an older BitTorrent client oriented towards KDE. It uses plugins for compatibility with multiple networks.
 sudo apt-get install apollon gift

====MLDonkey (P2P eMule/eDonkey2000)====
MLDonkey is a P2P file sharing program (and network) that is able to use different network protocols. To install the MLDonkey core server, follow [https://help.ubuntu.com/community/MLDonkey these instructions].

=====MLDonkey GUI frontends=====
*Install the Gnome GUI frontend for MLDonkey:
 sudo apt-get install mldonkey-gui
*Another GUI is called [http://sancho.awardspace.com/ Sancho].
*[http://extragear.kde.org/apps/kmldonkey/ KMLDonkey] is the KDE (Kubuntu) frontend  for [http://mldonkey.sourceforge.net/Main_Page MLDonkey].
 sudo apt-get install kmldonkey

===Privacy===
====PGP (Message Encryption)====
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretty_Good_Privacy PGP] (OpenPGP and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Privacy_Guard GnuPGP]) is a tool to encrypt your messages (such as email) to be unlocked only by someone who has a key to unlock it.
=====Seahorse=====
[http://projects.gnome.org/seahorse/ Seahorse] is the GUI for Gnome to manage the key pairs and other options of [http://www.gnupg.org/ GnuPGP]. It can also manage your [[#SSH|SSH]] keys. For more info see [http://ubuntu-tutorials.com/2007/08/14/privacy-and-encryption-with-pgp-signing-and-encrypting-email-files/ this tutorial]. Run:
:Applications -> Accessories --> Passwords and Encryption Keys

====Tor (Network Privacy)====
[http://www.torproject.org/ Tor] is a project to allow privacy while using the Internet and limit usage tracking. Install:
 sudo apt-get install tor privoxy

then see the [http://www.torproject.org/docs/tor-doc-unix.html.en installation guide].
=====Tor GUIs=====
There are two main GUIs for Tor.
*[http://vidalia-project.net/ Vidalia] is a cross-platform Qt-based GUI for Tor. See [http://www.tuxfeed.com/2008/03/22/howto-setup-vidalia-tor-gui-with-ubuntu/ these instructions] to install it.
*[http://www.anonymityanywhere.com/tork/ TorK] is the KDE interface, used in Kubuntu, but which can run in Ubuntu (Gnome) as well. 
 sudo apt-get install tork

In addition, a Torbutton is available for Firefox, which toggles Tor usage. Install as a Firefox add-on or:
 sudo apt-get install torbutton-extension

==Multimedia Applications==
Multimedia applications include music and video playback, CD and DVD playback and recording, and Internet TV as well as "terrestrial" (i.e. broadcast, satellite, and cable) TV viewing on your computer. [http://maketecheasier.com/the-ultimate-guide-to-manage-your-audiovideo-files-in-linux/2009/03/03 Here] is a nice review of some of the applications that enables conversion and handling of these types of files.

===CDs and DVDs===
====DVD Playback Capability====
To play encrypted DVDs, the libdvdcss2 package is essential. libdvdcss2 is a simple library designed for accessing DVDs like a block device without having to bother about the decryption. More information about this package can be found at [http://www.videolan.org/developers/libdvdcss.html VideoLAN].

*You can install libdvdcss2 as a 64-bit .deb package without installing the Medibuntu repositories:
 wget -c <nowiki>http://packages.medibuntu.org/pool/free/libd/libdvdcss/libdvdcss2_1.2.10-0.2medibuntu1_amd64.deb</nowiki>
 sudo dpkg -i libdvdcss2_1.2.10-0.2medibuntu1_amd64.deb

:or a 32-bit .deb package:
 wget -c <nowiki>http://packages.medibuntu.org/pool/free/libd/libdvdcss/libdvdcss2_1.2.10-0.2medibuntu1_i386.deb</nowiki>
 sudo dpkg -i libdvdcss2_1.2.10-0.2medibuntu1_i386.deb

*You can also use guidelines provided at [https://help.ubuntu.com/community/Medibuntu Medibuntu]. This will install the Medibuntu repositories on your system and then install the libdvdcss2 package:
 sudo wget <nowiki>http://www.medibuntu.org/sources.list.d/jaunty.list</nowiki> --output-document=/etc/apt/sources.list.d/medibuntu.list
 sudo apt-get update
 sudo apt-get install medibuntu-keyring
 sudo apt-get update
 sudo apt-get install libdvdcss2

::You can also install 32 bit or 64 bit Windows multimedia codecs (if you haven't already done so using [[#Restricted Extras|ubuntu-restricted-extras]]):
 sudo apt-get install w32codecs
:or
 sudo apt-get install w64codecs

*Instead of downloading directly from Medibuntu, you could also use the script included with the libdvdread4 package to download and install libdvdcss2:
 sudo apt-get install libdvdread4
 sudo /usr/share/doc/libdvdread4/install-css.sh

====K9copy DVD-Ripper====
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K9copy K9copy] is the free open source [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD_ripper DVD backup], copying, compression, and authoring utility that requires [[#DVD Playback Capability|libdvdcss]]. For other info, see [http://www.dvd-guides.com/content/view/213/59/ this] or [http://www.my-guides.net/en/content/view/77/26/ this] guide. You can also easily create MPEG-4 videos with this utility.
 sudo apt-get install k9copy

====dvd::rip====
[http://www.exit1.org/dvdrip/ dvd::rip] is a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD_ripper DVD backup]/copy program, written in GTK-based perl, that uses the [http://www.transcoding.org/cgi-bin/transcode transcode] video/audio processing and conversion tools. See the website for installation and official documentation. For other info, see [http://www.my-guides.net/en/content/view/136/26/ this dvd::rip tutorial].

====DVD Fab DVD Ripper====
[http://www.dvdfab.com DVD Fab] is the favoured DVD backup tool for today's DVD encryption methods. It must be run in Wine (since it is a Windows application). It comes as a fully featured 30-day trial, but see [http://geek-out-blog.blogspot.com/2009/01/how-to-restart-dvdfab-trial-period.html these instructions] for fine-tuning the trial period.

====Handbrake====
[http://handbrake.fr/?article=download Handbrake] is a GPL-licenced open source tool for converting DVD to MPEG-4 (iPod format) that is an alternative to k9copy. A self-installing .deb file is available from the website for download.

====FFMPEG video / audio conversion====
FFMPEG is the swiss-army knife of video and audio format conversion. It succeeds when no other program can. It is free and open source. If it not yet installed on your system as part of another package (it is used by many video/audio editors), then install it:
 sudo apt-get install ffmpeg

*To convert many different formats, read the [http://ffmpeg.mplayerhq.hu/ffmpeg-doc.html FFMPEG documentation]. Also see [http://howto-pages.org/ffmpeg/ this tutorial].

Example: To convert a saved Flash video (.flv) to an MPEG-2 format playable on a DVD, convert:
 ffmpeg -i ''samplevideo.flv'' -target ntsc-dvd ''samplevideo.mpg''
Then use [[#K3b (CD/DVD burner)|K3b]] (or [[#Gnomebaker (CD/DVD burner)|Gnomebaker]]) to write the mpg file to a New DVD Data Project.
:*For PAL use -target pal-dvd. For widescreen, use -target film-dvd. For other conversion tips, see [http://ubuntuforums.org/archive/index.php/t-1006250.html this forum]. (Note: Most Flash video has very low resolution, with a screen size of 360x270, for example. You may see a slight diminishment in resolution if you wish to convert it to 720x480 (which is the NTSC standard size) or other screen size. You can keep the original screen size and resolution by omitting the -target parameter.) If your original file is 16:9 widescreen and you desire a 4:3 letterbox output for playing on an overscanned TV, you may need to pad the file so that the widescreen is not compressed (see [http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=1010648 this forum]):
 ffmpeg -i ''samplevideo.flv'' -target ntsc-dvd -s 648x364 -padleft 36 -padright 36 -padtop 58 -padbottom 58 ''samplevideo.mpg''

*You can also use the WinFF GUI and add the command (as above) as a "Preset," for subsequent use. For example:
:Video converter (WinFF) ->  Edit -> Presets ->
:: Preset Name: Letterbox -> Preset Label: 16:9 Widescreen to 4:3 Letterbox
:: Preset command: -target ntsc-dvd -s 648x364 -padleft 36 -padright 36 -padtop 58 -padbottom 58
::Ouput file extension: mpg -> Category: DVD
:::-> Add/Update -> Save

*To convert to MPEG-4 (mp4) files, use
 ffmpeg -i ''samplevideo.flv'' ''outputvideo.mp4''

=====FFMPEG GUI=====
[http://winff.org WinFF] is a free, GPL-licensed open source GUI frontend for FFMPEG. Install:
 sudo apt-get install winff
:Run:
:Applications -> Multimedia -> Video converter (WinFF)

=====Join video segments=====
Individual video segments (MPEG-2, for example) can easily be joined:
 cat ''samplevideo1.mpg'' ''samplevideo2.mpg'' ''samplevideo3.mpg'' > ''samplevideo123.mpg''

:You can then write the resulting MPEG-2 file to a DVD and play it in most DVD players.

====Save any streaming Flash video====
An easy way is to install the [[#Video Download Helper plug-in for Firefox|Video Download Helper plug-in for Firefox]].

Otherwise, most Flash videos download to the /tmp directory while you watch the video, creating a randomly-named video file there (such as Flashuh4G6s). When you close the webpage, this file in the /tmp directory will be erased. After the entire video has downloaded, but before you close the webpage, copy that file (such as Flashuh4G6s) to your home directory (where it will not be erased). Of course, for this to work, you must change your Flash (or Gnash) settings to allow an unlimited buffer. While watching your Flash video, ''right click'' to bring up the Flash -> Settings window. Set the Buffer to "Unlimited."

Once you have copied the file, rename it appropriately with the .flv added to the filename. You can then watch it using VLC or Mplayer.

[http://ihatehate.wordpress.com/2009/03/30/how-to-download-save-streaming-video-from-the-internet-using-linux/ Here] is another method that involves making a symbolic link.

====Convert Flash video audio to mp3====
Once you have downloaded flash video content (.flv) from the Internet (using the [[#Video Download Helper plug-in for Firefox|Video Download Helper plug-in for Firefox]], for example), the audio component can be converted to an mp3 using this command (from the command line Terminal). (This will work for any type of video file, not just Flash.)
 ffmpeg -i ''nameofvideoclip.flv'' -ab 160k -ac 2 -ar 44100 -vn ''nameoffile.mp3''

where -i indicates the input, -ab indicates the bit rate (in this example 160kb/sec), -vn means no video ouput, -ac 2 means 2 channels, -ar 44100 indicates the sampling frequency. See [http://ffmpeg.mplayerhq.hu/ffmpeg-doc.html#SEC11 FFMPEG docs] for more info.

====DVD Author====
[http://dvdauthor.sourceforge.net/ DVD author] allows you to create menus and format your MPEG-2 videos onto a DVD disc so that you can play it in a commercial DVD player. DVD Author is a command line tool, but several GUI's exist. Install:
 sudo apt-get install dvdauthor

=====QDVDAuthor=====
[http://qdvdauthor.sourceforge.net/ QDVDAuthor] is a Qt-based GUI for DVD Author. Install:
 sudo apt-get install qdvdauthor

====Gnomebaker (CD/DVD burner)====
[http://sourceforge.net/projects/gnomebaker Gnomebaker] is the default CD/DVD burning application for the Gnome desktop, installed by default in Ubuntu.

====K3b (CD/DVD burner)====
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K3b K3b] (KDE Burn Baby Burn) is the default KDE CD and DVD burning utility included in Kubuntu, but can run well in Gnome. (Due to licensing requirements, mp3 capabilities must be installed separately as the libk3b3-mp3 package). Install:
 sudo apt-get install k3b libk3b3-extracodecs

====Ripper X CD Ripper/Encoder====
[http://sourceforge.net/projects/ripperx/ Ripper X] is a GTK-based (i.e. Gnome) open source utility to rip CD audio tracks to OGG, MP3, or FLAC formats. It supports CDDB lookups.
 sudo apt-get install ripperx

====Asunder CD Ripper/Encoder====
[http://littlesvr.ca/asunder/ Asunder] is a GTK-based open source CD ripper/encoder which saves to Wav, MP3, OGG, FLAC, or WavPack. Self-installing .deb packages are available [http://www.getdeb.net/app.php?name=Asunder here].

====Audex CD Ripper/Encoder====
[http://www.kde-apps.org/content/show.php/Audex?content=77125 Audex] is a port to KDE4 of the KAudioCreator package used in KDE 3. It can create output for LAME (MP3-compliant), OGG Vorbis (oggenc), FLAC and RIFF WAVE. It must be installed from source, currently (see the website).

====EasyTag (ID3 Tag Editor)====
[http://easytag.sourceforge.net/ EasyTag] is an open-source GTK-based ID3 Tag Editor for mp3 and other file formats. Install:
 sudo apt-get install easytag

Run:
:Applications -> Sound & Video -> EasyTAG

===Music Players===
====Rhythmbox====
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythmbox Rhythmbox] is the default music player in Ubuntu (Gnome), relying on the Gstreamer framework.

====Amarok====
[http://amarok.kde.org/ Amarok] is the default music player in Kubuntu. Install:
 sudo apt-get install amarok

=====Amarok themes=====
[http://www.kde-look.org/index.php?xcontentmode=55 Amarok themes] can be downloaded from KDE Look and installed.
*Download the theme (ending in .tar.bz2) to your home directory (or chosen directory).
*Amarok -> Settings -> Appearance -> Install New Style
*Select the downloaded file.

====Audacious====
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audacious_Media_Player Audacious] is a compact, fast music player that is a fork of XMMS. It resembles WinAmp and can use WinAmp and XMMS skins. It supports many plugins and is ideal for streaming content. Install:
 sudo apt-get install audacious

You can switch switch between the "PulseAudio Output Plugin" and the "ALSA Output Plugin" under
::Audacious -> Preferences -> Audio -> Current output plugin.

====Banshee Music Player====
[http://banshee-project.org/ Banshee] is a Gstreamer, [[#Mono|Mono]] and Gtk-based music player for Linux and Mac OS X. It supports multiple mp3 players (including the iPod).There are plugins for podcasts, internet radio, and more. 
 sudo apt-get install banshee

====Exaile Music Manager and Player====
[http://www.exaile.org/ Exaile] is a GTK-based music player that supports many formats, incorporates a Shoutcast directory, a plugin for iPod, Last.FM support, tabbed playlists, and other features.
Install:
 sudo apt-get install exaile

====Songbird Music Player====
[http://getsongbird.com/ Songbird] is an open source music player from Mozilla with an appearance meant to resemble iTunes. It is in current development and does not yet have full support for mp3 players (such as the iPod). It incorporates a Shoutcast internet radio interface. The current beta version can be downloaded from the website.

===Video and Music Players===
Most current video multimedia players play many video formats, including the Flash video .flv format.

====MPlayer Multimedia Player====
[http://www.mplayerhq.hu/design7/info.html Mplayer] is a video player with a wide range of formats supported (including RealMedia and Windows-codecs) and a wide variety of outputs. 
 sudo apt-get install mplayer

=====SMPlayer=====
[http://smplayer.sourceforge.net/ SMPlayer] is an enhanced frontend for MPlayer.
 sudo apt-get install smplayer

=====Dump a video stream to disc=====
You can dump a video stream to disc using Mplayer:
 mplayer -dumpstream ''streamurl''

If you don't know the exact URL of the stream you wish to save, you can discover it from the webpage it is embedded in by using the Firefox add-on [[#Unplug_Download_Management|UnPlug]]. Do not save streams that are illegal to download.

====VLC Multimedia Player====
[http://www.videolan.org/ VLC] is a cross-platform multimedia player that supports many formats without need for additional codecs. It can not only [http://wiki.videolan.org/Documentation:Streaming_HowTo/Receive_and_Save_a_Stream receive video streams] (also see [http://tom.zickel.org/vlcmp4/ here] to convert it to mp4), but can act as a server for video streams, as well. It is one of the only players that can view and backup almost any DVD format, no matter which copy protection is used. See [http://www.freedvdripper.net/guides/rip-dvd-convert-video-with-free-vlc-player.html these tips] for using VLC to backup/rip encrypted DVDs.
 sudo apt-get install vlc

=====Playing VCD on VLC=====
How to play VCDs:
Open file, In the Open Disc dialogue, click at Disc tab and chosing VCD at disc type gives me this:
 vcdx:///dev/hdd :audio-track=0
in the advanced options /dev/hdd is my CD-ROM drive, obviously. Remove x and change that to:
 vcd:///dev/hdd :audio-track=0

====Xine-UI Multimedia Player====
[http://xinehq.de/ Xine UI] is a multimedia player based, of course, on the xine platform. It can also play streamed video from the Internet and supports most formats, including some uncommon ones.
  sudo apt-get install xine-ui

====Kaffeine Video Player====
[http://kaffeine.kde.org/ Kaffeine] is the default video player in Kubuntu. Install:
 sudo apt-get install kaffeine

====RealPlayer 11 Multimedia Player====
The Linux Realplayer is actually based on the open-source [https://player.helixcommunity.org/ Helix player]. Helix itself can be installed as a package easily (read [[#Helix player plug-in (automatically installs helix-player)|Helix plug-in]]) and used instead of Realplayer. These instructions are to install the proprietary version of RealPlayer only.

Download [http://www.real.com/linux Real Player official linux player]

Open a terminal and cd to the directory you have downloaded realplayer's .bin file. Then issue the following commands

 chmod +x RealPlayer11GOLD.bin
 sudo ./RealPlayer11GOLD.bin''

When it asks for installation path enter /usr/local/RealPlayer

For all other questions just choose default by pressing enter.

If you have installed mozilla-mplayer package you will need to delete the mplayer firefox plugin for real player videos. Other wise all real player files will open with mplayer. For that please do this 

 cd /usr/lib/firefox/plugins
 sudo rm mplayerplug-in-rm.*

Please remember to restart firefox and when ever you click on a real player video choose the option open with and use /usr/bin/realplay

===Internet TV===
====Miro Player====
[http://www.getmiro.com/ Miro Player] (formerly Democracy TV Player) is an open-source Internet TV and video player that allows you to watch Internet TV and videos. Unlike other video players, it contains a structured guide that includes more than 2500 channels, has built-in BitTorrent, and has features that can automatically save videos, such as from YouTube.
 sudo apt-get install miro

====Myth TV====
See [[#MythTV|MythTV]]

====Sopcast Internet TV====
[http://www.sopcast.org Sopcast] is an interface to play live P2P video streams through the [[#VLC Multimedia Player|VLC media player]]. Install VLC first. This is a Chinese program and most content is hosted in China and may not be legal in your area. Please consult local regulations.

Download:
 wget <nowiki>http://sopcast-player.googlecode.com/files/sopcast-player_0.2.1-1_i386.deb</nowiki>

(replace the i386 with amd64 if you have a 64-bit system).

Install:
 sudo dpkg -i sopcast-player_0.2.1-1_i386.deb

Run:
:Applications->Internet->SopCast Player

====Zattoo====
[http://www.zattoo.com/ Zattoo] is a free Internet TV player that allows you to watch terrestrial television from various countries in Europe. See the [http://zattoo.com/en/download/linux Zattoo Download] page for further instructions on installation. For screenshots and an alternate installation guide, see [http://www.ubuntugeek.com/watching-live-tv-on-your-ubuntu-desktop-with-zattoo.html this UbuntuGeek guide].

*Install dependencies first:
 sudo apt-get install libgtkglext1 adobe-flashplugin

*Download the latest .deb package from [http://zattoo.com/en/download/linux Zattoo Download] page.
  wget <nowiki>http://zattoo.com/release/download.php</nowiki>

*Install the downloaded .deb package:
 sudo dpkg -i *.deb

*Run Zattoo:
::K -> Application -> Multimedia -> Zattoo Player

::Note: you have to register for a free account when the player starts.

=== Media Centers and PVR (Personal Video Recorder)===
There are a number of open-source Media Centers for Linux, some of which include personal video recorder functions. For a full list of open-source media centers, see [http://www.telematicsfreedom.org/en/project/14/floss-media-center-state-art this guide].
 
==== MythTV ====
[http://www.mythtv.org/ MythTV] is a media center with PVR (personal video recorder) for retrieving, recording, and playing broadcast and Internet TV and other multimedia content. It has many options and plugins for expansion. To be useful, you will need a [http://www.mythtv.org/wiki/index.php/Tuner_Card compatible TV tuner card]. For setup tips, see [http://parker1.co.uk/mythtv_ubuntu.php this guide]. Install:
 sudo apt-get install mythtv

==== Mythbuntu ====
[http://www.mythbuntu.org Mythbuntu] is an integrated Ubuntu (Xubuntu) desktop optimised for MythTV usage. In can be used instead of adding MythTV to a Ubuntu desktop.

====XBMC====
[http://xbmc.org/ XBMC] is a free, mature, open-source cross-platform media center. It does not have a PVR capability nor as many functions as MythTV, but has a very nice interface.
*Add these [[#Add Extra Ubuntu Repositories|third party repositories]]:
 deb <nowiki>http://ppa.launchpad.net/team-xbmc-intrepid/ubuntu</nowiki> intrepid main
 deb-src <nowiki>http://ppa.launchpad.net/team-xbmc-intrepid/ubuntu</nowiki> intrepid main
*Install:
 sudo apt-get update
 sudo apt-get install xbmc

==== Boxee ====
[http://www.boxee.tv/ Boxee] is an XBMC-like open source package to allow streaming video over the Internet, including from YouTube and other sites. It is a fork of XBMC, and is still in alpha development and testing stage. It is currently available for 32-bit systems only, and recommended for Hardy. A current version is anticipated soon. (Note: Boxee does not run Netflix on Linux, despite their ads). See these [http://app.boxee.tv/download download instructions].

====Elisa====
[http://elisa.fluendo.com/ Elisa] is a cross-platform media center that uses the Gstreamer multimedia framework. Commercial plugins are available from Fluendo. It supports PVR and Music Jukebox . Install:
 sudo apt-get install elisa

====LinuxMCE====
See [[#Linux MCE (Media Center Edition)|LinuxMCE]].

===Multimedia Servers===
====MPD Multimedia Playing Server====
[http://mpd.wikia.com/wiki/What_MPD_Is_and_Is_Not MPD] is a music server meant for LAN usage. It can be controlled from remote clients. It can also stream internet streams.

====TiMidity++ MIDI Sound Server====
[http://timidity.sourceforge.net/ TiMidity] is a MIDI software synthesizer required by several games and other MIDI-dependent applications.
 sudo apt-get install timidity

===Multimedia Encoders===

====SOX (encodes/decodes audio)====
[http://sox.sourceforge.net/ SoX] is a somewhat confusing command-line utility to convert audio formats. See [http://sox.sourceforge.net/sox.html this usage guide]. Install:
 sudo apt-get install sox

Run:
 sox

===Internet Radio===
====Last FM====
[http://www.last.fm/ LastFM] is a service for sharing music recommendations and individual radio streams. It is included as an option in Amarok, or can be installed separately: 
 sudo apt-get install lastfm

====Shoutcast Internet Radio====
[http://classic.shoutcast.org Shoutcast] is the first and last free mp3 streaming service. Hundreds of radio streams can be played through Amarok, Audacious, or other multimedia player. Simply [[#Associate default applications|associate]] the .pls streams with your favourite player ([[#Audacious|Audacious]] or XMMS2 recommended).

====StreamTuner Stream Directory Browser====
[http://www.nongnu.org/streamtuner/ StreamTuner] lists streams available on the Internet through a GTK-based interface. It lists Shoutcast and Live365 streams, among others. Install:
 sudo apt-get install streamtuner

====BBC program recording====
*[http://linuxcentre.net/getiplayer/ get_iplayer] allows BBC streams (through their iplayer service) for UK users, as well as Hulu streams for US users, to be recorded to mp4, wav and mp3 files (depending on content). See the website for usage.
*iPlayer can be run in Wine using [http://bbciplayerlinux.sourceforge.net/index.php/Main_Page these instructions].

== Home Automation / Home Theater / Home Security ==
=== Complete Systems ===
==== Linux MCE (Media Center Edition) ====
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinuxMCE LinuxMCE] is an integrated home theater/home security/home automation/telephone PBX/intercom system for your home. It incorporates [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MythTV MythTV], [http://plutohome.com/ Pluto] home automation, [http://www.lavrsen.dk/twiki/bin/view/Motion/WebHome Motion] security surveillance, [http://www.asterisk.org/ Asterisk] PBX, [http://www.cadsoft.de/vdr/ VDR] video disk recorder, and other home automation/security/theater packages in an integrated platform. It is available in 32 and 64 bit versions. LinuxMCE can run either as a standalone Home Theater PC or can co-ordinate a fully networked home, using the networking capabilities that are intrinsically part of the Kubuntu Linux OS. For more info see the [http://www.linuxmce.org LinuxMCE website].

The most recent stable version runs on Kubuntu 7.10 (Gutsy). An alpha version for Kubuntu 8.10 (Intrepid) has been released, and the full version is anticipated soon. LinuxMCE can be installed at the same time as the Kubuntu OS (on a new PC with an nVidia graphics card), with a single DVD installation. Alternatively, Kubuntu can be installed first and LinuxMCE then installed from a 2 CD installation.

===Home Security===
====Zoneminder surveillance system====
Zoneminder manages surveillance cameras and stores images on the hard disk. Images can be viewed using a [[#LAMP_server_installation|(LAMP) server]] remotely. X10 devices can be triggered using built-in perl scripts. For more info see the [http://www.zoneminder.com/ Zoneminder website].

Install:
 sudo apt-get install zoneminder ffmpeg

=====Myth Zoneminder=====

[http://mythtv.org/wiki/index.php/MythZoneMinder MythZoneminder] allows you to view your security cameras through Myth TV, essentially. It is a plugin that interfaces the two packages Zoneminder (which must be working on your system) and Myth TV (which must also be working.) See the [http://mythtv.org/wiki/index.php/MythZoneMinder#Install_MythZoneMinder installation instructions].

It can be found in Synaptic as the mythzoneminder package.
 sudo apt-get install mythzoneminder

==Productivity Applications==
===Office Suites===
====Open Office====
[http://www.openoffice.org Open Office] is installed by default in Ubuntu, with Writer (Word equivalent), Presentation (PowerPoint equivalent), Calc spreadsheet (Excel equivalent), and Base relational database (Access equivalent).

=====Open Word 2007 Documents in Open Office=====
The latest edition of OpenOffice opens .docx (i.e. Word 2007) documents by default.

====KOffice====
The [http://www.koffice.org/ KOffice] suite is part of the KDE project and is mean to provide the capabilities of the OpenOffice suite without the licensing restrictions of OpenOffice. It can be used in any version of Ubuntu. Install:
 sudo apt-get install koffice

====AbiWord====
[http://www.abisource.com/ AbiWord] is a fast, collaboration-enabled word processor. For the most current version see [http://abisource.com/wiki/Install_on_Ubuntu the AbiWord web site]. To install from the repositories:
 sudo apt-get install abiword

===Personal Information Managers===
====Kontact Personal Information Manager====
[http://kontact.kde.org/ Kontact] is the default PIM included with Kubuntu. Kontact includes email, an address book, a calendar, reminders, pop-up notes, a link to the Akregator News/RSS reader, time-tracking, and more. Its many functions resemble MS-Outlook. Through connectors it interfaces with many [http://kontact.kde.org/groupwareservers.php groupware servers] (such as Kolab and eGroupware). Install:
 sudo apt-get install kontact

====Mozilla Sunbird (Calendar)====
[http://www.mozilla.org/projects/calendar/sunbird/ Sunbird] is a group calendaring project that interfaces with Thunderbird and Firefox.
 sudo apt-get install sunbird

*A related package known as SeaMonkey Calendar can also be installed.
 sudo apt-get install mozilla-calendar

====BasKet Note Pads====
[http://basket.kde.org/ BasKet Note Pads] is a personal note-taking application that resides on your computer and can be used for creating "to-do" lists. It is great for centralising your thoughts in one place. Install it:
 sudo apt-get install basket

====Planner (Project planning & management)====
[http://www.simpleprojectmanagement.com/planner/ Planner] is an [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Project MS-Project]-like planning and management tool.
 sudo apt-get install planner

====Time Tracker====
You can keep track how long you use an application with TimeTracker. Keep records for billing or simply limit your Internet usage.

===Financial Software===
====GnuCash (Personal Finance Management)====
[http://www.gnucash.org/ GnuCash] is a free, open source GPL-licensed personal finance manager that uses double entry accounting like professional accountants. It is GTK-based (Gnome 2). The current version can be installed from source files (see the website for installation instructions), or the package version can be installed:
:Applications -> Add/Remove Programs -> Office -> GnuCash Finance Management

or from the command-line terminal:
 sudo apt-get install gnucash

====KMyMoney (Personal Finance Management)====
[http://kmymoney2.sourceforge.net/index-home.html KMyMoney] is a personal finance manager that uses double entry accounting, the method professional accountants use. It is similar to MS-MyMoney and Intuit QuickBooks. It is designed for the KDE desktop. Install:
:Applications -> Add/Remove Programs -> Office -> KMyMoney

or from the command-line terminal:
 sudo apt-get install kmymoney2

====Moneydance (Personal Finance Management)====
[http://moneydance.com/ Moneydance] is a commercial cross-platform Java-based personal finance manager similar to KMyMoney that sells for $40 per license.

====SQL-Ledger (Enterprise Finance Management)====
[http://www.sql-ledger.org/ SQL-Ledger ERP] is a free, open-source, platform independent double-accounting-method system and enterprise resource planner (inventory, work and purchase orders, taxes, etc.) that uses the MySQL database. It uses a web browser for an interface and be accessed remotely. It is extremely comprehensive and is available in many languages. Install:
 sudo apt-get install sql-ledger

====WebERP (Enterprise Finance Management)====
[http://www.weberp.org/ WebERP] is a free, open-source enterprise resource planner and accounting suite similar to SQL-Ledger that uses a web browser as an interface. It runs on the [[#LAMP server installation|LAMP server]]. It is somewhat difficult to implement and use, but conforms to strict accounting guidelines. Set up your LAMP server first, then install using the web site instructions.

====Phreebooks (Enterprise Finance Management)====
[http://www.phreebooks.com/ Phreebooks] is a free open-source enterprise resource planner and accounting suite similar to WebERP. It also runs on a [[#LAMP server installation|LAMP server]]. It is in active development in 2008. A demo is available at the website.

====Quasar (Enterprise Finance Management)====
[http://www.linuxcanada.com/ Quasar] is a proprietary Linux-based accounting suite similar to Quickbooks. For a single user without point-of-sale or networking needs, it is free. For other users it costs CA$500 per seat. An installer for KDE-based systems is [http://outkastsolutions.co.za/outkast/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_details&gid=14&Itemid=31 here].

===Groupware===
Groupware solutions include shared calendars, group email servers, groups address lists, group projects, and internal messaging. They require (one or more) servers with [[#LAMP_server_installation|LAMP]] or similar [[#Servers|server]] stacks.

====Groupware Servers====
Groupware servers are meant to operate on a server platform. You must install the server version of Ubuntu/Ubuntu first. Read [[#Servers|Servers]].

=====Kolab=====
[http://www.kolab.org/ Kolab] is the most comprehensive open-source groupware solution available and is distributed as a multi-platform solution. (It integrates easily with both Ubuntu (including Evolution) and KDE/Kubuntu (including Kontact).) It is free and open source with a GPL license (unlike other groupware solutions), yet enterprise support is also available. It is scalable to large organizations and is Outlook (MS-Exchange) and Mozilla compatible. This is a German package, however, and documentation in English is limited, which can make installation challenging. The Kolab website provides its own instructions for [http://wiki.kolab.org/index.php/Kolab2_Installation_-_Source installation from source] (currently v. 2.2). In brief:

*Install the compiler and other necessary stuff:
 sudo apt-get install build-essential
*Make a directory for the Kolab installation and make it universally accessible:
 sudo cd /
 sudo mkdir /kolab
 sudo chmod 777 /kolab

*''Optional:''  If you wish to mount kolab in its own partition, then create a new partition (using Gparted, for example). Figure out the device name of your extra partition:
 fdisk -l
:It should be something like /dev/sda3.
:Mount /dev/sda3 (or whatever your partition is) as /kolab by editing /etc/fstab:
 sudo nano /etc/fstab
:and adding the line:
 /dev/sda3  /kolab  ext3  defaults,rw 0 0
:then reboot and make sure there are no errors.

*Make a directory into which to download kolab:
 mkdir /kolabtmp
*Download all the current Kolab files:
 cd /kolabtmp
 wget -r -l1 -nd --no-parent <nowiki>http://ftp.gwdg.de/pub/linux/kolab/server/beta/kolab-server-2.2.1-beta-1/ix86-debian4.0</nowiki>
<!--->*Copy the downloaded files to your /kolab directory.
 cp /kolabtmp/* /kolab
*I'm not sure the next step is necessary, but it ensures your installation will go to /kolab:
 sudo mkdir /usr/local/kolab
 sudo ln -s /usr/local/kolab /kolab<--->
*Install Kolab (as root using sudo -s):
 sudo -s
 sh install-kolab.sh 2>&1 | tee kolab-install.log
*Reboot your system.
*Stop Kolab services and run the configuration utility:
 sudo /kolab/bin/openpkg rc all stop
 sudo /kolab/sbin/kolab_bootstrap -b
:Obviously, you should know all your details, such as your fully qualified host name, domain details, etc., before doing this step. If you are not familiar with [http://www.openldap.org/ OpenLDAP]and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LDAP LDAP] basics, you should learn about it, as Kolab uses the slapd OpenLDAP server daemon.
*Restart all Kolab services:
 sudo /kolab/bin/openpkg rc all start
*Login to the web administrator interface using "manager" and the password you set at bootstrap configuration:
 <nowiki>https://yourhost.yourdomain.name/admin</nowiki>

======Kolab Debian package======
*There is an Ubuntu/Kubuntu/Debian package for Kolab (v. 2.1), but no support for it exists. In fact, it is due to be removed from the Debian packages because of this lack of support. The installation instructions are included below for reference, and if you have success installing from the package, please add the steps you took to make it work.
 sudo apt-get install kolabd kolab-webadmin

To reconfigure setup after the original installation, stop all web services:
 sudo /etc/init.d/apache2 stop
 sudo /etc/init.d/kolabd stop
 sudo /etc/init.d/kolab-cyrus stop
 sudo /etc/init.d/postfix stop
 sudo /etc/init.d/saslauthd stop
 sudo /etc/init.d/slapd stop

and then start the Kolab bootstrap setup:
 sudo kolab_bootstrap -b

and proceed with configuration for your server/domain.

Then restart all the services (e.g. sudo /etc/init.d apache2 start).

Notes: Kolab uses its own server components, and it is best to run Kolab on a dedicated server. However, it is possible to run other servers on the same machine, as long as you choose alternate ports if the server modules conflict.

=====Citadel=====
[http://www.citadel.org/ Citadel] is a turn-key fully open source groupware solution (that is also Kolab compliant) with a structure rooted in bulletin-board systems, and is therefore user friendly. Installation instructions are found at the website.

=====eGroupware=====
[http://www.egroupware.org/ eGroupware] is a robust and stable free open source groupware solution (with GPL license) based on the LAMP stack (the default server stack included with Ubuntu Server) and the Postfix mail server (both of which should be installed first). There is a new version recently available, with a new corporate sponsor in Germany and a commercial enterprise version. Compatibility with many clients has been improved. Egroupware provides the easiest installation and quickest setup time of all groupware solutions. Much of the documentation for the current version, unfortunately, is not in English.
 sudo apt-get install egroupware

=====Open-Xchange=====
[http://www.open-xchange.com/wiki/index.php?title=Quick_install_guide_for_the_Server_Edition_Ubuntu8.04 Open-Xchange] is a proprietary groupware solution (meant as an MS-Exchange replacement) that has released a "community edition" based on commercial versions. The latest .deb package is for Hardy Heron 8.04. It is compliant with many different types of clients, including Kontact, Outlook, and Palm PDAs. Installation instructions are at the website and are not trivial.

=====OpenGroupware=====
[http://www.opengroupware.org/ OpenGroupware] is a groupware solution based on the postgreSQL database. There is an enterprise version and a limited open source version, and development appears to have been stagnant in 2008. Installation must be from source, as packages are very outdated. See the website for details.

=====Zarafa=====
[http://zarafa.com/?q=en/content/community-0 Zarafa] is the leading European MS-Exchange replacement/groupware solution. It is proprietary, but a GPL-licensed (except for trademarks) free open-source community edition was released in 2008. Download instructions are available from the website.

=====Zimbra=====
[http://www.zimbra.com/community/downloads.html Zimbra] is a proprietary groupware solution that offers an open source "community edition". Although currently free, the community edition is limited in features and does not have a GPL license. All submitted modifications and contributions become the property of Yahoo.

The latest version is for Hardy Heron 8.04 LTS and can be downloaded as a .tar.gz file from the website.

=====SugarCRM Server=====
[http://www.sugarcrm.com/crm/ SugarCRM] is a commercial customer relationship management (CRM) platform and groupware server (sales, marketing, support, project management, calendaring) system with a community edition. It supports MySQL and MS SQL databases. For more info see [http://www.ubuntugeek.com/install-sugarcrm-community-edition-in-ubuntu-810-server.html SugarCRM Server Setup].

====Groupware Clients====
Many groupware solutions have connectors to interface with clients such as Kontact/KMail and Mozilla Thunderbird (or SeaMonkey).

=====Kontact Personal Information Manager=====
The [[#Kontact_Personal_Information_Manager|Kontact Personal Information Manager]], included in Ubuntu by default, [http://kontact.kde.org/groupwareservers.php interfaces with many groupware servers].

=====KDE Groupware Wizard=====
Kubuntu provides a wizard (script) to help clients (such as Kontact/Kmail) connect to a groupware server. Currently supported groupware servers are Kolab, eGroupware, SUSE Linux Openexchange, and Novell Groupwise.

===== Yahoo!zimbra Desktop in Ubuntu 8.04  =====
Zimbra Desktop is a desktop that collaborates with Zimbra servers. For more info see [http://www.ubuntugeek.com/how-to-setup-yahoozimbra-desktop-in-ubuntu-804-hardy.html Yahoo!zimbra Desktop Installation Guide].

=====Oracle Calendar Desktop Client=====
The [http://www.oracle.com/technology/products/cs/user_info/ocalendar/desktop_index.html Oracle Calendar Desktop Client] is proprietary calendaring software for use with Oracle groupware/database systems.

Download Oracle Calendar Desktop Client:
 wget <nowiki>http://www.k-state.edu/infotech/calendar/oracle-10-clients/DesktopClients/Linux/cal_linux_1011.tar.gz</nowiki>

Extract:
 tar -xvf cal_linux_1011.tar.gz

Change into the extracted files directory:
 cd OracleCalendar_inst/

Prepare the files:
 mv cal_linux cal_linux.bak; cat cal_linux.bak | sed "s/export LD_ASSUME_KERNEL/#xport LD_ASSUME_KERNEL/" > cal_linux; rm cal_linux.bak

Change permissions:
 chmod +x gui_install.sh cal_linux

Start the GUI installer:
 sudo sh gui_install.sh

===Wiki software===
Wiki software allows an organization to have a manual that can be edited by a number of collaborators. Wikipedia is the best known example.

====MediaWiki====
[http://www.mediawiki.org MediaWiki] is the free, open source server software that Wikipedia uses. It is scalable to very large uses. It runs on the [[#LAMP server installation|LAMP server stack]] (which uses the MySQL database and is available as an installation option with the (K)ubuntu [[#Servers|server]]), or it can be used with a postgreSQL database. Installation instructions are [http://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Manual:Installation_guide here].

====Twiki====
[http://twiki.org Twiki] is an open source wiki engine used by many small to medium size companies internally. It has an active development team with multiple plugins. See the website for installation instructions.

====TiddlyWiki====
[http://www.tiddlywiki.com/ TiddlyWiki] is an open source personal wiki. It is ideal for creating a list of things to do, note taking, or as a collaboration tool for a small team. It is a single HTML file that can reside on your computer or can even be uploaded to a web server and be used as a simple website. It is developed using a Firefox browser as an interface. Installation instructions are on the website.

===Development===
====Kompozer Web Development Editor====
[http://kompozer.net/ Kompozer] is a Gecko-based web authoring system that combines web page editing with web file management in a WYSIWYG manner. I supports XML, CSS, and JavaScript in an XUL architecture.
 sudo apt-get install kompozer

====Quanta Plus (Web IDE)====
[http://quanta.kdewebdev.org/ Quanta Plus] is an integrated development environment integrated with the KDE desktop. It allows webpage development, database design, and XML design and scripting, for example, using multiple development tools. The latest stable version is 3.5, however, and integrates with the KDE 3.5 environment (Ubuntu Hardy Heron). You should therefore use Ubuntu Hardy Heron with this product. (There is also a commercial version (Quanta Gold), also oriented towards KDE 3).
 sudo apt-get install quanta kompare kxsldbg cervisia

====Netbeans IDE====
[http://www.netbeans.org/features/ Netbeans] is a free open-source integrated development environment used to create applications using Ajax, Ruby, pHp, Groovy, Java, Javascript, C++, and other scripting tools. 
 sudo apt-get install netbeans

====BlueFish Web Development Editor====
[http://bluefish.openoffice.nl/ BlueFish] is a GTK-based (Gnome-oriented) editor to write websites, scripts and programming code. It supports perl, Python, pHp, CSS, XML, Java, Javascript, C, SQL, and other formats.
 sudo apt-get install bluefish

==Web Publishing==

===Drupal (Web content publishing)===
[http://drupal.org/ Drupal] is the leading open-source website creation and content collaboration tools. A modular approach to website building, from simple out-of-the-box websites to complex sites is possible with a short learning curve. Get more info on how to [http://drupal.org/getting-started get started]. Drupal requires a prior installation of a [[#LAMP_server_installation|LAMP]] server stack.

Drupal is available as a package from Synaptic, or from the command-line terminal:
 sudo apt-get install drupal5

===Joomla (Web content publishing)===
[http://www.joomla.org/ Joomla] is a powerful open source website creation and content management tool that allows website creation for use in every arena from the simple to complex corporate environments. [http://docs.joomla.org/Beginners Info for beginners] is a good place to start.

===Scribus (Desktop publishing)===
[http://www.scribus.net/ Scribus] is an open-source package that provides professional-appearing desktop publishing.
 sudo apt-get install scribus

===Plone (Content Management System)===
[http://plone.org/ Plone] is a free, open source (GPL-licensed) multi-platform content management system used by many large organizations around the world. It is available with an integrated installer [http://plone.org/products/plone here].

== Science, Technology, and Engineering Applications==
What .. you thought Ubuntu was just for play?
<!--- ===LabVIEW===
[http://www.ni.com/linux/labview.htm LabVIEW] is a leading platform for designing test, measurement, and control systems.  You can build applications that range from simple temperature monitoring to sophisticated simulation and control systems. --->
===Health applications===
====WorldVistA (Enterprise Electronic Health Record)====
[http://worldvista.org WorldVistA] is the largest and most robust CCHIT-approved electronic health record platform in the public domain. It is GPL licensed, is based on the US Veterans Administration health record system, and can be installed as an integrated database, server, and client system on Linux systems. (A Windows interface is available for networked Windows users.) Download and installation instructions are [http://worldvista.org/Software_Download/worldvista-ehr-auto-installers here].

===Mathematical solutions===
[http://www.scilab.org/ Scilab], Octave, and Freemat are three open source solutions for solving complex mathematical equations.
====Octave====
Gnu [http://www.gnu.org/software/octave/about.html Octave] is a free, open source (GPL licensed) platform for solving linear and non-linear equations, similar to (and mostly compatible with) Matlab. It interfaces well with [http://www.gnuplot.info/ Gnuplot]. For troubleshooting tips, see [http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=1034174 this thread]. Install:
 sudo apt-get install octave3.0

Also recommended:
 sudo apt-get install libatlas3gf-base gnuplot qtoctave

Note: [https://forja.rediris.es/frs/?group_id=60&release_id=299 QTOctave] is a GUI for Gnuplot or Easyplot 1.1, and and the ATLAS library is an algebra-software-optimization set of utilities.

[http://www.amion.com/ep/eplot.html EasyPlot 1.1] is an alternative to GnuPlot, with a [https://forja.rediris.es/frs/?group_id=60&release_id=299 version] that can be used with QTOctave. It must be installed from source.

An older GUI for Octave/Gnuplot is [http://www.xm1math.net/qgfe/ qgfe] (available as the package qgfe).

====Freemat====
[http://freemat.sourceforge.net/ Freemat] is a free, open source (GPL licensed) platform for solving linear and non-linear equations, similar to (and mostly compatible with) Matlab. Install from Add/Remove Programs (Edutainment) or 
 sudo apt-get install freemat

===Amateur Radio applications===
[http://www.w1hkj.com/Fldigi.html Fldigi] is a free, open-source (GPL) application for digital-mode amateur radio communications using a sound card.  Enable "Community Maintained Software (universe)" in Software Sources; then install either from Add/Remove Programs under (Amateur Radio) or by typing
 sudo apt-get install fldigi

==Utilities==
Utilities facilitate everyday tasks, such as keeping the clock up to date, archiving utilities, and more.

===Archiving Utilities===
====BChunk====
BChunk is a command-line utility that allows you to convert .cue and .bin files into an .iso file (so that they can be opened and manipulated in Ubuntu). 
'''Warning: If the bin/cue image has audio tracks, they will be lost.'''

Get BChunk
 sudo apt-get install bchunk

To convert .cue and .bin files, navigate to the folder and run this command (replacing filenames with your own):
 bchunk inputfilename.bin inputfilename.cue outputfilename.iso

After the file is converted into ISO you can mount it using:
 sudo mount -o loop outputfilename.iso /media/output

Navigate to /media/output and you should see all the content there. You can then copy it anywhere.

To unmount:
 sudo umount /media/output

====HJSplit Files Joiner/Splitter====
HJSplit for Linux (Java version).
*Make sure you have Java Runtime Environment installed:
 sudo apt-get install sun-java6-jre
*Download the HJSplit JAR file:
 wget http://www.freebyte.com/download/hjsplit/hjsplit_g.jar
*Create the directory for HJSplit:
 sudo mkdir /opt/hjsplit
*Move the file to an appropriate directory:
 sudo mv hjsplit_g.jar /opt/hjsplit/ 
*Run:
 cd /opt/hjsplit/ && java -jar hjsplit_g.jar 
:Note: You could also make a terminal shortcut (menu item) in K Menu Editor.

====Rar====
Rar archives files into the proprietary .rar format.
 sudo apt-get install rar
This application is a 40-day trial.

====Unrar====
Unrar extracts files archived with the proprietary .rar format. This application is free for noncommercial use. It is installed with the [[#Restricted Extras|ubuntu-restricted-extras]] package. If not, install:
 sudo apt-get install unrar

====7-Zip====
The open-source 7-Zip archive format was originally designed for Windows (and DOS) but is also available for Ubuntu. The GNU/Linux version of 7-Zip does not come with a GUI, but Ark can hook into 7-Zip to handle 7z archives. Install:
 sudo apt-get install p7zip-full

===Hard Drive Utilities===
====KDiskFree (Hard drive properties monitor)====
[http://docs.kde.org/stable/en/kdeutils/kdf/using-kdf.html KDiskFree] is a KDE utility for monitoring free disk space, etc.
 sudo apt-get install kdf

===Clock Utilties===

===Screensavers===

===Partition Managers===
====GParted Partition Manager====
[http://gparted.sourceforge.net/ Gparted] is a Gnome-based partition manager that can be used with KDE.
*This utility works best as a LiveCD. Download the Gparted .ISO image [http://sourceforge.net/project/showfiles.php?group_id=115843&package_id=271779 here]. Follow [https://help.ubuntu.com/community/BurningIsoHowto these instructions] to burn the .ISO image to CD. Use the GParted LiveCD as your partition manager.
*You can also install the package:
 sudo apt-get install gparted

====QTParted Partition Manager====
[http://qtparted.sourceforge.net/ QTParted] is a QT-based partition manager still in development. It is similar to Partition Manager. 
 sudo apt-get install qtparted ntfsprogs

===Network Monitors===
There are two types of network monitors: those that monitor your own system's network settings and those that monitor network traffic. The latter includes security tools that can also be used as hackers tools. While we don't espouse the latter, it is worthwhile to know about these tools so you are aware of security risks to your network. A list of available tools is at [http://www.ubuntu-unleashed.com/2008/06/top-security-tools-in-ubuntu.html Top Ubuntu Security Tools].
 
====KSniffer====
[http://ksniffer.sourceforge.net/ KSniffer] is a network traffic analyzer for KDE. Install:
 sudo apt-get install ksniffer

====KNemo (Network interfaces monitor for systray)====
[http://www.kde-apps.org/content/show.php?content=12956 KNemo] is the network interface monitor for KDE 3. It is not compatible with KDE4.
 sudo apt-get install knemo

====Netstat====
[http://www.faqs.org/docs/linux_network/x-087-2-iface.netstat.html Netstat] is the Linux command-line tool to monitor network status and functions. There are many usage parameters. See the manual for help.
 netstat

=====Knetstats=====
Knetstats is the version for KDE 3.5's systray. A version for KDE 4 does not yet exist.
 sudo apt-get install knetstats

=====Cacti Monitoring Server=====
[http://www.cacti.net/ Cacti] is a complete, free open source network graphing solution designed to harness the power of [http://oss.oetiker.ch/rrdtool/ RRDTool]鈥檚 data storage and graphing functionality. Cacti provides a fast poller, advanced graph templating, multiple data acquisition methods, and user management features out of the box. It uses MySQL and PHP (part of the LAMP server stack). All of this is wrapped in an intuitive, easy to use interface that makes sense for LAN-sized installations up to complex networks with hundreds of devices. For more info see [http://www.ubuntugeek.com/install-and-configure-cacti-monitoring-tool-in-ubuntu-810-intrepid-ibex-server.html Cacti Server Setup].

=Ubuntu System Administration=
==Automating Tasks==
Tasks (cron events) can be automated/scheduled using a GUI interface.

:System -> Administration -> Task Scheduler

==Boot Menu==
===Login Menu settings===
You can change the Login menu settings from the GUI interface:

:System -> Administration -> Advanced -> Login Manager

You can choose an integrated theme or select individual components of the login screen/process.

===GRUB boot manager settings===
*If you have multiple operating systems (OS) on your computer, you are likely using a GRUB boot manager to select which one to start at bootup. You can edit the options for GRUB from a GUI interface:

:System -> Administration -> Advanced -> GRUB Editor

*To edit the settings manually from the command line Terminal:

 sudo nano /boot/grub/menu.lst

==Default Applications==
You can choose which program to use as your default program for a specific task.

:System -> Administration -> Default Applications

==Kill a process==
Sometimes a program (or "process") just freezes. To "kill" (or end) the program/process:
:System -> Administration -> System Monitor -> highlight the errant process -> Kill process

==Enabling NUM LOCK On Startup==
:System -> Administration -> Keyboard & Mouse -> Keyboard ->"turn on Numlock on Startup"

==System Backup==
# System -> Administration ->  Keep (Backup System)
# Click "Add a Directory to Backup"
# Select directories you wish to backup
# Select a location to place the backup
# Set how often you wish the backups to take place, and how long to keep them
# Click "Backup Now"
# Select the directory groups you wish to backup.

==System Recovery==
# System -> Administration ->  -> Keep (Backup System)
# Click "Restore a Backup"
# Select the directory groups you wish to restore.

==User Administration==
# System -> Administration ->  User Management -> Administrator Mode

===Add New Users===

# "New" button
# Change the "Login Name" to the desired username
# Click the "Passwords and Security" tab
# Enter the desired password

===Modify Users===
# Select the user you wish to modify
# Click the "Modify" button

===Removing Users===
# Select the user you wish to remove
# Click the "Delete" button

===Change your user groups===
It is quite often necessary to have extra privileges to do certain tasks. These privileges are assigned to your user by belonging to certain groups. The tasks are allowed to be performed by any user belonging to the group associated with that task.

:''Example:'' a "sudoer" is a user who can perform certain administative tasks, such as updating the system. To become a "sudoer" a user must belong to the "sudo" group. 

:Applications menu -> System -> User Manager -> ''user'' -> Groups --> check sudo 

To become an administrator, you must belong to the adm, admin, and sudo groups.
To be a virtualbox user, you must belong to the virtualbox group. To change printer settings you must belong to lpadmin. To use the cdrom, you must belong to cdrom. To use hot-pluggable devices, you must belong to plugdev. To share Samba folders (on a Windows-based network), you must belong to sambashare. To access NTFS files using the virtual filesystem fuse, you must belong to the fuse group. To use many games, you must belong to the games group. The list is long, and not always obvious.

Unfortunately, while this is the feature that gives Linux such a high-level of security, it can also take diligence to remember to add your user to certain groups. It is not uncommon for programs and functions on your system not to work merely because you don't have privileges to do so because you forgot to add your user to the appropriate group(s). 

Of most importance, you must already be an administrator in order to change membership in groups. Therefore, if you create a new user and intend to give that user administrative privileges (by assigning the user to the administrative groups), you must do so from your original administrator account (the one you set up at installation) or from another administrative user account.

===Timekpr (Parental controls)===
[http://timekpr.blogspot.com/ Timekpr] is a program to track and control the computer usage of user accounts. 
*If updating, remove any prior versions:
 sudo dpkg --purge timekpr
*Add the timekpr [[#Add Extra Ubuntu Repositories|third-party repositories]]:
 deb <nowiki>http://ppa.launchpad.net/nedberg/ubuntu</nowiki> jaunty main
 deb-src <nowiki>http://ppa.launchpad.net/nedberg/ubuntu</nowiki> jaunty main
*Install:
 sudo apt-get install timekpr
:When prompted which default display manager to use, select "gdm"
*Start:
:System -> Administration -> Timekpr Control Panel

===Web content filtering===
[http://dansguardian.org/ DansGuardian] provides web filtering capability, similar to NetNanny. It is useful for limitng objectionable content in publicly accessible workstations, or for filtering objectionable content for younger users. It integrates with ClamAV, and uses several criteria for filtering websites (which is difficult to modify). It is used with [https://www.banu.com/tinyproxy/ Tinyproxy] (best for individual users) or the [http://www.squid-cache.org/ Squid] proxy (best for a network server). Install:
 sudo apt-get install dansguardian tinyproxy

:or

 sudo apt-get install dansguardian squid

See [https://help.ubuntu.com/community/Servers/DansGuardian these installation instructions] for setup details. In brief, 
*Edit the dansguardian configuration file:
 sudo nano /etc/dansguardian/dansguardian.conf

:comment out the UNCONFIGURED line:
 #UNCONFIGURED

:If using tinyproxy instead of Squid, change the proxyport to 8888:
 proxyport 8888

*Reinstall dansguardian:
 sudo apt-get install --reinstall dansguardian

*Set your browser to use the localhost:8080 proxy. For example, in Firefox:
:*Firefox -> Edit -> Preferences -> Advanced -> Network -> Settings
:*Manual proxy configuration -> HTTP proxy: localhost -> Port: 8080

*A [http://sourceforge.net/projects/dgwebminmodule Webmin module] is available to administer settings. Also, a [http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=207008&page=8 GUI] to change Dansguardian settings called [http://www.ubuntume.com/webstrict Webstrict] is in development.
*A [http://www.dageek.co.uk/ipcop/addonz/dansgui.htm GUI for use with IPCop] (based on the webmin module) is also available.

==Working with Menus==

==Create an encrypted folder==
With Ubuntu, you can create a folder whose contents are encrypted. See [https://help.ubuntu.com/community/EncryptedPrivateDirectory these instructions].

==Printers==
The new CUPS interface recognizes many printers. Specific printers not recognized can often be installed using instructions found at [http://www.openprinting.org/printer_list.cgi the Linux Foundation OpenPrinting database].

===Add a Printer===
:System -> Administration ->  Printing -> New Printer -> New Printer

Most of the time, your printer (if connected and turned on) will be detected automatically.

My network printer with its own IP address at 192.168.0.124 was correctly installed at
:socket://192.168.0.124:9100.

You can also choose printers on a Windows system via Samba and other types of networked printers, in addition to directly connected printers.

====Use CUPS web interface====
From any web browser, go to the URL:
: <nowiki>http://localhost:631</nowiki>

==Create a symlink from a file to another location==
 ln -s /path/to/source /path/to/destination

If /path/to/destination require superuser rights, use:
 sudo ln -s /path/to/source /path/to/destination

This is similar to, but more powerful than, creating Shortcuts, with which former Windows users may be familiar.

== Assign a root password ==
To be able to log in as root directly, you must assign a root password. This can be done with:
 sudo passwd root
Afterwards, you can use
 su
to get a root prompt. You would then use the root password.

== Get a root prompt without using a root password ==
If you have not set a root password (or don't know it), you can obtain root user privileges anyway. From the command-line Terminal:
 sudo -s

::or
 sudo su

::or
 sudo bash

You will use your own user password instead of a root password.

You could also get a prompt to become any other user on the computer by typing:
 sudo su <username>

==Use the File Manager as root==
 gksudo nautilus

==Manually Mount and Unmount a device==

To manually mount a device:
 mount /dev/hda
replace /dev/hda with the location of the device.

To manually unmount a device:
 umount /dev/hda
replace /dev/hda with the location of the device.

==Windows Compatibility==
===Mounting NTFS Partitions (with read/write privileges)===

Find out the name of your ntfs partition:
 sudo fdisk -l

Method 1:
In this example, the NTFS drive is listed by fdisk as /dev/sda2, but yours may differ.

Make a mount point for the drive:
 sudo mkdir /media/WindowsNTFS

Edit fstab:
 sudo nano /etc/fstab

Comment out the automatically added lines by Ubuntu installation:
 #/dev/sda2  auto nouser,atime,noauto,rw,nodev,noexec,nosuid 0 0
 #/dev/sda2 /mnt auto user,atime,noauto,rw,nodev,noexec,nosuid 0 0

and instead add the line:
 /dev/sda2 /mnt/WindowsNTFS ntfs-3g quiet,defaults,rw 0 0

Note: There are many ways to mount the drive, depending on your needs. The [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fstab fstab] file controls this process. See [http://www.tuxfiles.org/linuxhelp/fstab.html How to edit and understand fstab] and  [http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=283131 Intro to using fstab].

In this example, I indicated that the file system was an ntfs-3g filesystem, so did not use the auto option (which detects the filesystem automatically). I used rw to specify read/write privileges for all users, but umask=0 and umask=000 are accepted by some kernels.


Method 2:
Edit fstab:
 sudo nano /etc/fstab
When Ubuntu installation finishes, it mounts all ntfs partitions automatically with ntfsprogs, adding a line similar to the following to fstab: 
 UUID=8466268666267956 /media/sda1     ntfs    defaults,gid=46 0       1
Change this line to:
 UUID=8466268666267956 /media/sda1     ntfs-3g    defaults,nls=utf8,locale=zh_CN.UTF-8,rw,gid=46 0       1
In this example, I have a Chinese-language Windows installation on my first partition, so I set the locale parameter (locale=zh_CN.UTF-8) so that my Chinese documents can display correctly. Setting rw (same as umask=0 or umask=000) lets me read/write the partition without sudo. gid=46 specifies that the drive will belong to the group of hot-pluggable devices (plugdev) and is not necessary unless your ntfs drive is a hot-pluggable one (such as an external USB drive). nls=utf8 is the default and is optional for most ntfs users, but there are other options for Chinese (and other specialized character-set users).

===Mounting FAT32 Partitions===
Follow the above instructions, but use vfat instead of ntfs-3g.

In other words, if you have made a mount point directory /mnt/WindowsFAT32 and your FAT32 drive is /dev/sda3, then edit the /etc/fstab file to include the line:
 /dev/sda3 /mnt/WindowsFAT32 vfat quiet,defaults,rw 0 0

==Synchronize clock to network time server==
The Network Time Protocol (NTP) allows time synchronization of your computer to time servers on the Internet.To enable it:

*Applications menu -> System Settings -> Date & Time
*Check the "Set date and time automatically" option
*Choose an ntp time server near you.

=Hardware=
==CPU==
==Graphics Card==

===Install Latest Nvidia/ATI drivers===
Upon initial installation and after the first reboot, you will be prompted whether to use the current proprietary nVidia drivers. If you wish to use them, follow the prompts.

====Fix Intel 915 resolution problem====
 sudo apt-get install 915resolution

=====Screen Keeps Flickering=====

If you have an Intel Corporation Mobile 915GM/GMS/910GML card, your screen may flicker every 5-10 seconds. To prevent this:

* System -> Administration -> Advanced -> Service Manager
* Uncheck "Detect RANDR (monitor) changes"

===Reconfigure xserver-xorg===
 sudo dpkg-reconfigure xserver-xorg

==== xorg.conf ====
Before installing any driver for ATI or nvidia, please make backup xorg.conf before following this method. 
 sudo cp /etc/X11/xorg.conf /home/user
If you have edited this file but would like it to be automatically updated again, run the following command:
 sudo dpkg-reconfigure -phigh xserver-xorg
If you want to try this xorg.conf after installing the driver, you must back up your xorg.conf as following. And then, edit /etc/X11/xorg.conf in text editor. '''Add or modify''' this xorg.conf sample.

=====xorg.conf for nvidia =====

  Section "Screen"
  Identifier "Default Screen"
  Device "Configured Video Device"
  Monitor "Configured Monitor"
  SubSection "Display"
  Depth 16
  Modes "1280x1024" "1024x768"
  Option "AddARGBGLXVisuals" "True"
  EndSubSection
 
  Option "AddARGBGLXVisuals" "True"
  Defaultdepth 24
  EndSection
  Section "Module"
  Load "glx"
  Load "GLcore"
  Load "v4l"
  EndSection
  Section "Device"
  Identifier "Configured Video Device"
  Boardname "vesa"
  Busid "PCI:1:0:0"
  Driver "nvidia"
  Screen 0
  EndSection
  
  Section "Device"
  Identifier "Device0"
  BoardName "Generic Geforce 5500"
  Driver "nvidia"
  Vendorname "NVIDIA Corporation"
  Option "DualHead" "1"
  Option "ShadowFB" "1"
  Option "FPScale" "1"
  Option "TwinView" "True"
  Option "TwinViewOrientation" "RightOf"
  Option "UseEdidFreqs" "True"
  Option "Metamodes" "1024x768,1024x768"
  Option "UseDisplayDevice" "DFP"
  EndSection
  
  Section "Device"
  Identifier "Videocard0"
  Driver "nv"
  VendorName "NVIDIA Corporation"
  BoardName "GeForce 7600 GT"
  EndSection
  
  Section "InputDevice"
  Identifier "Generic Keyboard"
  Driver "kbd"
  Option "XkbRules" "xorg"
  Option "XkbModel" "pc105"
  Option "XkbLayout" "us"
  EndSection
 
  Section "InputDevice"
  Identifier "Configured Mouse"
  Driver "mouse"
  EndSection
  Section "ServerLayout"
  Identifier "Default Layout"
  screen 0 "Default Screen" 0 0
  EndSection
  
  Section "Extensions"
  Option "Composite" "Enable"
  EndSection

=== Installation of ATI and nVidia Graphics drivers ===
==== nVidia Driver ====
If you have problems with nVidia drivers after upgrading, check [http://www.ubuntugeek.com/common-problems-and-solutions-for-nvidia-restricted-drivers-after-ubuntu-810-intrepid-ibex-upgrade.html this guide] for solutions to common problems with nVidia.

*Please make a backup of xorg.conf before following this method. 
Install the nvidia-settings package:

  sudo apt-get install nvidia-settings

Download nVidia driver at [http://www.nvidia.com/Download/index.aspx?lang=en-us http://www.nvidia.com/Download/index.aspx?lang=en-us] and place it at your home directory. After downloading, close all open windows and press <CTRL> <ALT> F1. Log in and enter password and then just connect to the internet. 
Press <ALT> F2, kill gdm or kdm season by entering sudo killall <your desktop manager>, example: 
  sudo killall gdm      
Install the nvidia driver. Make sure you are in the nvidia driver directory. If you downloaded it and placed it on the Desktop, make sure to change directories first.
 cd Desktop
To install it, enter /NVIDIA-Linux-x**-***.**-pkg1.run. For example, if you downloaded Nvidia version 173.80:
 sudo sh NVIDIA-Linux-x86-173.80-pkg1.run
choose yes to any verbose response. After you are finished installing the driver, reboot your computer.
 sudo reboot

==== ATI Driver ====
If you have problems with ATI drivers after upgrading, check [http://wiki.cchtml.com/index.php/Ubuntu_Jaunty_Installation_Guide this link] for solutions to common problems with ATI.

==Monitors / Displays==
===Turn off power saving===
Even when on AC power, the power saver feature of Ubuntu sometimes changes the screen brightness to the battery setting on laptops. This is a problem with the ACPI power management module.
: To access the Guidance Power Manager module, click on the power icon on the desktop taskbar. 
: Change the brightness setting for "Battery powered" to maximum.

You can also turn off power management settings (invoked when the computer is idle):
:System -> Administration -> Display -> Power Control -> uncheck "Enable display power management"

===Configure Dual Monitors with nVidia===
*Make sure that the nVidia driver has been installed and is functioning properly on your first screen. Also, make sure both monitors are connected.

*Open the command-line terminal Konsole and type:
 sudo nvidia-settings

*Select "X Server Display Configuration".
::*You should see 3 boxes (2 if your card doesn't have an S-Video out). From here you can configure all of your card's outputs.
::*Check the "(Disabled)" box.
::*Select "Configure...".
:::* The most common choice is TwinView. Select it.

*Setup the desired screen resolutions and positions of your two active displays.
::*The new display will likely have resolution set to "Auto" to match your first. Change this if you wish.
::*Leave the first screen's position as "Absolute" and set your second display's position relative to that.
::*"Clone" means the same output on both.

*Once you are satisfied with your settings, hit Apply to test them.
::*Note: if your displays are side-by-side, the kicker may extend across both screens as well as any maximized applications. This will be corrected when the X server is restarted.
::*If everything else is ok, hit "Save to X Configuration File". Now hit Ctrl+Alt+Backspace to restart X. You now have 2 screens!

*(The NVIDIA X Server Settings application can be also found in K -> System Settings to change settings later, but this does not always work because settings need to be changed as the root user.)

*Troubleshooting: if the X server fails to reload you can recover your old X configuration. In a terminal:
 sudo cp /etc/X11/xorg.conf.backup /etc/X11/xorg.conf

==Hard Drives and USB Storage==
==Optical Drives==
==Printers & Scanners==
The new CUPS interface recognizes many printers. Specific printers not recognized can often be installed using instructions found at [http://www.openprinting.org/printer_list.cgi the Linux Foundation OpenPrinting database].
===Brother printers===
Most Brother printers are auto-detected or can be installed directly from the CUPS interface. For information on a specific model, see [http://www.openprinting.org/printer_list.cgi?make=Brother the Linux OpenPrinting site].

==Sound==
Many programs require ALSA sound. If you are not hearing sound, try selecting ALSA as the default sound system:
:System -> Administration -> System Settings -> Sound

Also check your program's preferences section to make sure ALSA is selected. This is necessary for many multimedia packages, for example.

===Pulse Audio===
Jaunty has Pulse Audio version 0.9.14 and Pulse Audio Volume control 0.97 in the repositories. On my system I had to install them:
 sudo apt-get install pulseaudio pavucontrol padevchooser

I then had to enable my ''user'' to belong to the pulseaudio groups:
::System -> User Manager -> ''user'' -> Groups -> 
::check pulse pulse-access and pulse-rt

Configure Pulse Audio:
:System -> Settings -> PulseAudio Preferences Sound Audio preferences

I also had to set PulseAudio as my default sound system:
:System -> System Settings -> Multimedia -> Device Preference

::Note: Unfortunately, not all programs like PulseAudio. Many programs require special plugins for PulseAudio. YMMV. Pulse Audio still has many bugs. Installing PulseAudio disables ALSA for many soundcards. You may end up with no sound at all if you install PulseAudio. If this happens you may have to uninstall it.

===Airport Express===
====Airport Express with Pulse Audio====
The Airport Express (AEX) is a network device with an audio output jack that can be connected to speakers or an amplifier. You can stream audio over the network (wired or wirelessly) to (or from) this device.

These capabilities require the newest version 0.9.15 of Pulse Audio and Pulse Audio Volume Control 0.98, as well as pulseaudio-module-raop (for Airport Express). Instead of (or after) installing the default 0.9.14 packages from the Jaunty repositories, obtain them by [[#Add Extra Ubuntu Repositories|adding the repositories]] from [https://launchpad.net/~themuso/+archive/ppa this Launchpad site]:

 deb <nowiki>http://ppa.launchpad.net/themuso/ppa/ubuntu</nowiki> jaunty main
 deb-src <nowiki>http://ppa.launchpad.net/themuso/ppa/ubuntu</nowiki> jaunty main

:then download the GPG key [http://keyserver.ubuntu.com:11371/pks/lookup?op=get&search=0x0B47F0A6B88A1AA8 here]

:and save it as themuso.gpg.

:then install the repository key and update:
 sudo apt-key add themuso.gpg
 sudo apt-get update

then install:
 sudo apt-get install pulseaudio pavucontrol paprefs padevchooser pulseaudio-module-raop

Then configure Pulse Audio:

:Menu -> Settings -> PulseAudio Preferences Sound Audio preferences -> Network Access

and check both:

:Make discoverable network sound devices available locally
:Make discoverable Apple Airtunes devices available locally

Note: Make sure your [[#Firewall|firewall]] is not blocking ports 5353, 5000, and 6000.

My AEX is discovered, but I got no sound through it until I selected it as the default sink (output) from the PulseAudio Device Chooser.
:K menu -> Multimedia -> PulseAudio Device Chooser -> Manager -> Devices -> Sinks
::I then noted the name of my Airport Express device to be raop.Base-Station-e60157.local, so I entered that as the sink:
:PulseAudio Device Chooser -> Default sink -> Other -> raop.Base-Station-e60157.local

Now, any devices (or multimedia players) setup to play through PulseAudio will play through the stereo attached to the Airport Express.

====GSTransmit====
[http://www.el-tunes.com/ GSTransmit] is a tool to allow GStreamer-based utilities to stream output to an Apple AirTunes Device (such as the Airport Express), without using Pulse Audio. It is available as a self-installing .deb file from the website.

====raop-client====
Another method to stream audio to the Airport Express without Pulse Audio uses raop-client, a tool written in Ruby. See information [http://mriou.wordpress.com/ here].

====Airfoil====
You can stream media from a PC running Windows or Mac OS X that is connected to an Airport Express network to your Ubuntu Linux desktop, using [http://www.rogueamoeba.com/airfoil/ Airfoil]. (Unfortunately you cannot send media output from Ubuntu ''to'' the Airport Express network, only receive from it.) This can be useful in a distributed multimedia system, for example, in which your Ubuntu PC is connected to a media center. You must be running [[#Mono|Mono]]. You can download the .deb package [http://www.rogueamoeba.com/airfoil/linux/speakers.php at Rogue Amoeba]. Installation instructions are at [http://getsatisfaction.com/rogueamoeba/topics/airfoil_cant_connect_to_linux_airfoil_speakers Rogue Amoeba Linux support].

== Mice ==
===Activate side-mouse-buttons in FireFox===
Adding two lines to xorg.conf will activate side-mouse-buttons in FireFox. 

*This should work with most brands of the 5-button mouse. Here is a list of mice that worked with this instruction.

::: Logitech MX310
::: Logitech MX510
::: Logitech MX518
::: Logitech MX700
::: Logitech MX Revolution
::: Intellimouse Explorer (first edition)
::: Razer Copperhead 

*Backup X.org configuration file
 sudo cp /etc/X11/xorg.conf /etc/X11/xorg.conf.bak

*Modify the X.org configuration file
 kdesu kate /etc/X11/xorg.conf

*Find the Input Device section for your mouse and add two lines as shown below.
::*You may also increase the number of buttons if your mouse has more than 7 -- just fix the rest of the section based upon the number of buttons.
:::::Note: "back/forward", "wheel click" & "tilt left/right" all count as   buttons

*Change:
 Section "InputDevice"
  Identifier "Configured Mouse"
  Driver "mouse"
  Option "CorePointer"
  Option "Device" "/dev/input/mice"
  Option "Protocol" "ExplorerPS/2"
  Option "ZAxisMapping" "4 5" 
  Option "Emulate3Buttons"       "true"
 EndSection

::to:
 Section "InputDevice"
  Identifier "Configured Mouse"
  Driver "mouse"
  Option "CorePointer"
  Option "Device" "/dev/input/mice"
  Option "Protocol" "ExplorerPS/2"
  Option "ZAxisMapping" "4 5"
  Option "Emulate3Buttons" "true"
  Option "Buttons" "7"
  Option "ButtonMapping" "1 2 3 6 7"
 EndSection

==Touchpad==
For Synaptics Touchpads:
 sudo apt-get install gsynaptics

For more info, see [https://help.ubuntu.com/community/SynapticsTouchpad the Ubuntu help wiki].

==Remote Controls==
===LIRC (Infrared Remote Controls)===
[http://www.lirc.org/ LIRC] (Linux Infrared Control) allows you to use [http://lirc.sourceforge.net/remotes/ most infra-red remote controls]. This can be installed from 
Applications -> Add/Remove Packages -> Settings -> Infrared Remote Control
:or
 sudo apt-get install lirc

==Bluetooth==
[http://www.bluez.org/ BlueZ] is the package that allows Bluetooth connectivity in Ubuntu Linux. This package is included within the current kernel of Ubuntu. To add utilities to check whether your Bluetooth adapter's firmware is current, install:
 sudo apt-get install bluez-utils bluez-firmware
then run
 sudo dfutool

===WiiMote===
The Wiimote (Wii Remote Control) uses both Bluetooth and Infra-red technology. It communicates with Ubuntu Linux using the incorporated BlueZ Bluetooth drivers and/or LIRC drivers. (It can function with Bluetooth alone, however.) You will need a Bluetooth receiver on your PC (such as a Bluetooth USB stick or built-in Bluetooth receiver, for example). (Note: not all Bluetooth receivers will work with the Bluez drivers. Check [http://www.wiili.org/index.php/Compatible_Bluetooth_Devices this list] or test yours first.)

*Install the [https://help.ubuntu.com/community/CWiiD cwiid] Wiimote controller package and the lswm Wiimote discovery package:
 sudo apt-get install wminput lswm

*Install the drivers (or just reboot):
 modprobe uinput

:Note: You can also add uinput to the modules files so it loads automatically at bootup:
 sudo echo "uinput" >>/etc/modules

Run (while pressing button 1/2 on the Wiimote):
 sudo wminput

For more info, and to learn how to enable the infra-red functions, see [http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=993376 this guide].

==USB==
==Wireless Cards==
===Atheros Cards===
Atheros Wireless cards should work automatically with the new kernel by installing the proprietary driver. At installation, after the first reboot, you will be prompted whether to use the proprietary drivers.

It should no longer be necessary to install the following package:
 sudo apt-get install madwifi-tools 

These instructions for the Atheros 802.11 b/g integrated card are here for reference only (or if you wish to install them manually instead):
*Download the latest [http://snapshots.madwifi-project.org/ 'snapshot' driver from Madwifi]. When I was doing it, the version was:
 madwifi-hal-0.10.5.6-current.tar.gz
*Extract the files
*Make sure your linux headers and build-essential packages are installed:
 sudo apt-get install build-essential
 sudo apt-get install linux-headers-$(uname -r)
*Unload any drivers already running.
 sudo ifconfig ath0 down
 sudo ifconfig wifi0 down
*Change to the directory where you extracted the driver.
 cd <directory_where_driver_unzipped>
*From that directory, run the installation scripts:
 cd scripts
 sudo ./madwifi-unload
 sudo ./find-madwifi-modules.sh $(uname -r)
 cd ..
*Complete the installation by compiling the source and installing it.
 sudo make
 sudo make install
*Add the installed drivers to your system.
 sudo modprobe ath_pci

Following this, Network Manager was able to see the wireless card and I was able to configure everything else (WEP / WPA key, etc.) from there.

Complete instructions are available at [http://madwifi-project.org/wiki/UserDocs/FirstTimeHowTo MadWifi UserDocs].

=====Atheros AR242x=====
Alternate instructions for installing the Atheros AR242x card are [http://madberry.org/2008/11/how-to-get-atheros-ar242x-to-work-on-810-intrepid-ibex/ here].

===3G===
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3G 3G protocols] allow wide area cellular communications that include not only cellphone voice transmission but also integrated broadband internet connections. This can be integrated into a single device, or communications can be received through an EVDO adapter. Examples of 3G radio interfaces include Mobile WiMax, CDMA-2000, TD-CDMA, EDGE, and DECT. For info using 3G with the Ubuntu Network Manager, see [https://wiki.ubuntu.com/NetworkManager/Hardware/3G this page]. For additional info on using 3G with Ubuntu, see [https://wiki.ubuntu.org/NetworkManager/Hardware/3G/Probing this guide].

====he220r1====
[http://huaweie220.blogspot.com/ he220r1] is a (K)ubuntu driver package for the Huawei e220 USB modem. It has also been found to work with other 3G devices, such as Nokia, Sony Ericsson, and Motorola. See the website for download and installation instructions.

====T-Mobile Option 225 (Web'N'Walk) Stick====
[http://www.relst.nl/site/index.php/handleidingen/200-make-your-t-mobile-web-n-walk-stick-option-225-work-with-ubuntu.html This website] offers a driver optimised for the T-Mobile Web'n'Walk Stick/Option 225.

===EVDO Cards===
EVDO cards include USB modems and adapters to receive wide-area cellular broadband Internet connections.
====Sprint====
Sprint EVDO cards can be used most easily through KPPP. For instructions, read the [http://www4.sprint.com/pcsbusiness/downloads/Sprint_Mobile_Broadband_Setup_Guide.pdf Sprint Mobile Broadband Setup Guide]. Also see the [http://www.evdoforums.com/thread5925.html EVDO Forums].

====Verizon====
See this [http://www.crystalnetworking.net/?p=17 Crystal Networking guide].

=====Tethering your PC to your Verizon cell phone=====
This is a per-minute plan in which you can use Verizon broadband services through your cell phone (such as the Motorola RAZR) connected to your PC via a USB cable.
See [http://www.aselabs.com/articles.php?id=224 this guide].

==Digital Cameras==
==WebCams==
See the [https://help.ubuntu.com/community/Webcam Ubuntu webcam guide] for more info. Many webcams that worked in Hardy Heron may not work in Intrepid Ibex. This may be due to a migration from v4l (video for Linux) to v4l2. See [http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=983574 this discussion].

===EasyCam===
[https://help.ubuntu.com/community/EasyCam EasyCam2] is a utility for finding and installing drivers for your webcam. See [https://help.ubuntu.com/community/EasyCam these installation instructions].

===iSight===
Linux drivers for the digital iSight camera (connected by FireWire), using ALSA for sound, are [http://sourceforge.net/projects/lisight/ here]. The video component is already supported by current kernels (see [http://lisight.sourceforge.net/ here] for more information).

===Luvcview (USB webcam viewer)===
Luvcview can be used to view your USB webcam to test it. Install:
 sudo apt-get install luvcview

View your webcam:
 luvcview -f yuv

==Netbooks==
Ubuntu can be installed on netbooks. At this time the Ubuntu Netbook Remix (or equivalent) is preferred to the standard Gnome-based desktop, especially for new users. [https://wiki.ubuntu.com/UNR Ubuntu Netbook Remix] is provided to several individual netbook manufacturers (such as Asus and Acer) to be optimised for that device. (You can contact your specific netbook manufacturer for specific details on this product.) If you already have Ubuntu Netbook Remix (or eeebuntu Netbook Remix) installed, you can choose to add the full Ubuntu (Gnome) desktop, if you wish:

 sudo apt-get install ubuntu-desktop

*Asus eeePC 1000H
::*Reduce font size one or two sizes, and set the screen DPI to 120.
::*[http://www.eeebuntu.org/index.php?page=nbr eeebuntu Netbook Remix] is available for this device.
*Dell Mini 9
::*Ubuntu Netbook Remix runs on this device well. See [http://www.ubuntumini.com/2008/10/ubuntu-810-intrepid-ibex-on-dell-mini-9.html this guide].
*HP Mini 1000 Mi
::*A custom edition of Ubuntu is installed on this version of [http://www.hp.com/united-states/campaigns/mini1000/hpmini1000_mie.html this device]. No additional configuration is necessary.


Another method is to install Ubuntu onto your netbook from scratch using a [[#Run Ubuntu LiveCD from a USB pendrive|USB flashdrive LiveCD]].


===Acer Aspire One===
There are several Ubuntu-based OS specially customised for the Acer Aspire One. Some of them are:
* [http://wiki.debian.org/DebianAcerOne DebianAcerOne]
* [http://www.kuki.me/ Kuki Linux]
* [http://www.linux4one.it/ Linux4One]
* [http://ubuntuaceraspireone.nireblog.com/post/2009/04/21/lord-linux-stable-rev2-acer-aspire-one Lord-Linux]
* [http://www.eeebuntu.org/index.php?page=nbr eeebuntu Netbook Remix] is available for this device as well. See [http://osnews.com/story/20743/Eeebuntu_2_0_SD_Card_Installation_on_the_Aspire_One this article] for the necessary tweaks.

Also see [https://help.ubuntu.com/community/AspireOne the Ubuntu website] for detailed tweaks and fixes. More useful information can be found in the [http://www.aspireoneuser.com/forum/viewforum.php?f=28 Ubuntu Linux sub-forum] at aspireoneuser.com

==Palm==
==Other==
===Mobile Devices===
Ubuntu Linux offers an operating system for Mobile Devices (such as the Samsung Q1 Ultra or Elektrobit MIMD) with a unique and simplified interface. For more information see the [http://www.ubuntu.com/products/mobile Ubuntu MID Edition] site.

===GPS===
[http://tuxmobil.org/linux_gps_navigation_applications.html Tux Mobil] has a list of Linux applications for use with GPS devices, and compatible hardware. Two GPS packages are available from the Ubuntu/Kubuntu respositories: 

*[http://viking.sourceforge.net/mediawiki/index.php/Main_Page Viking] is a free open source package to view GPS data in maps, and to plot co-ordinates. This has been [http://www.fsckin.com/2008/04/06/review-four-linux-gps-packages/ reviewed] as the best Linux GPS mapping program.
 sudo apt-get install viking
*[http://www.gpsdrive.de/ GPS Drive] is a free navigation software package that displays your position on a zoomable map using your GPS device. It is GTK-based but can be used in Kubuntu. It uses the [http://gpsd.berlios.de/ gpsd] daemon that interfaces with a variety of [http://gpsd.berlios.de/hardware.html GPS hardware]. A [http://www.gpsdrive.de/download.shtml .deb package] of the current version is also available from the website. Install:
  sudo apt-get install gpsdrive
*[http://www.tangogps.org tangoGPS] is a beautiful, lightweight GPS mapping program that uses map data from the [http://www.openstreetmap.org/ Openstreetmap] project. Is is a GPL-licensed open source project. A .deb package can be found [http://www.tangogps.org/gps/cat/Download here].

=Networking=
 
==Network Manager==
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetworkManager Network Manager] is the default network manager in Ubuntu. It has a tray applet that allows you to switch between Internet connections (such as wireless APs or wired connection). 

==Wicd Network Manager==
[http://wicd.sourceforge.net/ Wicd] is a GTK-dependent networking manager written in Python that can be used in all variants of Ubuntu. Some users report it to be faster and more stable than Network Manager. To avoid networking conflicts, Wicd requires the removal of Network Manager prior to installation.
 sudo apt-get install wicd

==Filesharing==
===NFS===
NFS is the default networking protocol for network file sharing in *nix systems (including Ubuntu Linux).

===Samba File Sharing===
Samba is a networking protocol that allows compatibility with Windows-based networks.
*Install Samba:
 sudo apt-get install samba samba-tools system-config-samba

:Note: samba-tools and system-config-samba are optional. 

*Modify Samba settings.
:*Method 1:

:System -> Administration -> Advanced -> Samba
:(Note: this is available only if you installed system-config-samba.)

It is recommended that your user be a member of the sambashare [[#Change your user groups|group]], as well.

:*Method 2:
:Enable File Sharing Server With User Login (Very Reliable Method)

:Do the following on the machine that has the files to be shared:

::*Add current user to Samba:
 sudo smbpasswd -a username
::(replacing username with your login username)

::*Open the samba config file:

 sudo nano /etc/samba/smb.conf

::*Add the directories to be added (right at the end) in the following format:

 [Pictures]
 path = /home/username/<folder_to_be_shared>

::(Replace username with your username and <folder_to_be_shared> with the folder you want to share)

::Press CTRL+X and then Y to save.

::*Restart Samba
 sudo /etc/init.d/samba restart

*On Windows access the folder in the following format in Windows Explorer:
 \\192.168.x.x
::(replace 192.168.x.x with the actual IP address of your server which is serving the folder)

*On Linux type the following in Konqueror or Nautilus:
 smb://192.168.x.x
::(replace 192.168.x.x with the actual IP address of your server serving the folder)

Note: If you use Sharing in KDE's System Settings panel, be aware that there is a small bug, reported [https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/kdenetwork/+bug/95452 here]. In brief, you need to comment out/delete any instances of these two lines in /etc/smb.conf :
 case sensitive
 msdfs proxy

====Recognizing Win98 machines====
Microsoft networking is extremely quirky. To enable recognition of PCs with Windows 98, edit your Samba configuration file:
 sudo nano /etc/samba/smb.conf
Then add the following lines to the file:
 [global]
 # THE LANMAN FIX
 client lanman auth = yes
 client ntlmv2 auth = no

===Integrating into Mac OS X Network===
See [http://www.zaphu.com/2008/04/30/five-guides-on-how-to-integrate-ubuntu-into-a-mac-os-x-network/ this guide] for information on integrating Ubuntu into an existing Mac OS X Appletalk network.

==Local Area Network==
==Modems / Dial-up==
GPPP is the default modem dialing application.

:Applications -> Internet -> GPPP Internet Dial-up

==Wireless==
===Network Manager===
Network Manager has been redesigned for Intrepid Ibex and now works quite well. You should not require other network managers, and, in fact, more than one network manager can cause conflicts. 

It can be accessed from the tray icon.

===Manual configuration from the command-line===

3 steps for WEP:

 sudo iwconfig eth[N] essid [SSID]
 sudo iwconfig eth[N] key restricted s:[PASSWORD]
 sudo dhclient

WPA is more complicated:

 su
 mkdir /etc/wpa_supplicant
 cd /etc/wpa_supplicant
 echo network = { > wpa_supplicant.conf
 echo ssid="SSID" >> wpa_supplicant.conf
 echo key_mgmt=WPA-PSK >> wpa_supplicant.conf
 echo psk="PRESHAREDKEY" >> wpa_supplicant.conf
 echo } >> wpa_supplicant.conf
 cd /etc/network
 vim interfaces

Now add after "auto eth[N] ..." & "iface eth[N] .." (press 'i'):

 wpa-driver wext # or whatever driver your network card needs
 wpa-conf /etc/wpa_supplicant/wpa_supplicant.conf

Save the file ('Esc', ':x', 'Enter') and restart your system.

==Remote Access==
There are several methods of remote access. VNC sharing allows you to view and control a remote computer's desktop. (Windows users use a similar proprietary protocol called remote desktop protocol (RDP)). XDMCP allows a complete remote X-windows based login. Remote connections are hazardous unless proper security precautions are taken to prevent unauthorized logins and to ensure encryption of transmitted data.

====SSH====
Secure Shell or SSH is a network protocol that allows data to be exchanged over a secure channel (or "tunnel")  between two computers. Encryption provides confidentiality and integrity of data. SSH client is installed by default in Ubuntu so you can connect to another computer that is running a SSH server.

=====Connect to a remote SSH server=====
======From the command-line terminal======
Install the [https://help.ubuntu.com/8.10/serverguide/C/openssh-server.html OpenSSH] client (if not already installed):
 sudo apt-get install openssh-client

From the command-line Terminal type:

 ssh -C <username>@<computer name or IP address>

:Note: The -C option indicates compression, which speeds up transmission through the tunnel.

For example:

 ssh -C joe@remote.computer.xyz

:or:

 ssh -C mike@192.168.1.1

:or
 ssh -C 192.168.1.1 -l mike

:Note: -l specifies the login id.


If the SSH server is listening on a port other than port 22 (the default), you can specify that in your connection (with the -p option). For example, if the SSH server is listening on port 11022, connect:

 ssh -C joe.friday@remote.computer.xyz:11022

:or

 ssh -C remote.computer.xyz -p 11022 -l joe.friday

If you have made a public/private key using ssh-keygen, the private key must be stored in /home/''user''/.ssh. The key should be accessible only to ''user''
 sudo chmod 600 /home/''user''/.ssh/identity

:or

 sudo chmod 600 /home/''user''/.ssh/id_rsa 

To login with the key:

 ssh -C remote.computer.xyz -p 11022 -l joe.friday

Note: You can run the command as a menu item, but the command must be "run in terminal."

======Port forwarding through SSH======
See [http://ubuntuguide.org/wiki/Ubuntu:Feisty#Using_SSH_to_Port_Forward Using SSH to Port Forward] for full details. 

In brief, use 
 ssh -C <remote ip> -p <SSH tunnel port> -L <local port>:<remote computer>:<remote port> -l <user>

This specifies that any communications from your computer (localhost) going out through <local port> will be transmitted securely through the the SSH tunnel port.
To use VNC through the tunnel, you would use an application like Krdc or Vinagre:
 krdc vnc:/localhost:<local port>

Note that for VNC, the default <local port> is 5900. In general, a remote VNC server (such as Krfb) is also listening on the default <remote port> 5900 as well. The default <SSH tunnel port> is 22, as discussed above. All these can be changed, however, if you desire greater security. 

For me, I noticed that I had to set <remote computer> to be the internal LAN IP address of the remote computer (such as 192.168.1.155) instead of the remote router's IP address, which is specified in <remote IP>. (If the remote computer has a static IP address (i.e. is directly connected to the Internet without an intervening router), then <remote computer> and <remote ip> would be the same.)

''Example'':
For extra security, my SSH Server uses <SSH tunnel port>=11022. I want to VNC to a remote computer on a remote LAN with a router whose IP address is <remote ip> = 244.205.123.123. The remote computer to which I want to connect has a static IP address within the remote LAN of <remote computer> = 192.168.1.155.  I have set up a [[#Krfb VNC server|Krfb VNC server]] on this computer that is listening on <remote port> = 6912 (instead of the default 5900). I setup port forwarding on the router of this remote LAN to forward port 6912 to this server computer. I want to VNC to this remote computer from my laptop, through the Internet. My laptop VNC client (Krdc) will use the default <local port> = 5900. My name is <user> = joe.friday. This is my story. 

 ssh -C 244.205.123.123 -p 11022 -L 5900:192.168.1.155:6912 -l joe.friday
 krdc vnc:/localhost:5900

If you have set up a private/ public key pair with a passphrase, or if your SSH server requires a passphrase, of course, you will be prompted for the passphrase after issuing the SSH command.

Note: Port forwarding assumes that the ports are also forwarded through the router(s) and through any firewalls. See the documentation for your router(s) and firewall to learn how to do this. The advantage of SSH tunneling is that only the <SSH tunnel port> needs to be open and forwarded by a router. All encrypted communications will go through your router using this single port. This is what makes the communications secure.

======PuTTY======
[http://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~sgtatham/putty/ PuTTY] is a GTK-based GUI client-interface for SSH connections and eases the setup for port forwarding, SSH public key authentication, and automated login.
 sudo apt-get install putty

A user would run Putty to create the SSH tunnel (instead of the ssh command) and then run Krdc. Note that PuTTY security keys are not generally compatible with SSH security keys. I was not able to get PuTTY to work with Krdc.

======Connect using SSH Agent======
With SSH Agent you can automate the use of public key authentication and open an XDM or VNC session using a script. See [http://kimmo.suominen.com/docs/ssh/#ssh-agent this tutorial].

=====Setup an SSH server=====
Install the [https://help.ubuntu.com/8.10/serverguide/C/openssh-server.html OpenSSH] server:
 sudo apt-get install openssh-server

Note: The OpenSSH server can also be installed when doing a [[#Servers|server]] installation as an option from the LiveCD.

Note: An OpenSSH server can also be set up on a Windows server using Cygwin. See [http://pigtail.net/LRP/printsrv/cygwin-sshd.html these instructions].

======Limit authorized SSH users======
See [http://ubuntuguide.org/wiki/Ubuntu:Feisty#How_to_limit_the_user_accounts_that_can_connect_through_ssh_remotely How to limit the user accounts that can connect through SSH].

======OpenSSH Public Key Authentication======
See this [http://sial.org/howto/openssh/publickey-auth/ OpenSSH Public Key Authentication Tutorial].

In brief, it is necessary to generate a public / private key pair. On your client machine, generate the pair:
 ssh-keygen

A prompt asks for a passphrase. If you wish to use SSH without a password from a secure client (to which no one but you has access), leave the passphrase blank. If you enter a passphrase,  you will be asked for this passphrase each time you use the SSH client.  By default, a 2048-bit RSA key pair is generated and stored in the /home/''user''/.ssh folder. The private key is named id_rsa and is meant to stay in that folder. The public key is id_rsa.pub and is meant to be copied to the SSH server. On the SSH server, there is a similar folder /home/''user''/.ssh (for whichever ''user'' is hosting the SSH server). In that folder is a file called authorized_keys2. The contents of id_rsa.pub must be copied into that authorized_keys2 file. (You can use a text editor or can concatenate the files with the cat command).

To keep keys private, they should be accessible only to ''user'', the owner of the file. For example,
 chmod 600 /home/''user''/.ssh/id_rsa

This makes the file only accessible to ''user''. You could also make the entire .ssh folder accessible only to ''user'':

 chmod 700 /home/''user''/.ssh

====VNC====
Virtual Network Computing (VNC) mirrors the desktop of a remote ("server") computer on your local ("client") computer (it is not a separate remote login, as is XDMCP). A user on the remote desktop must be logged in and running a VNC server (such as [[#Krfb VNC server|Krfb]] or Vino). Keyboard and mouse events are transmitted between the two computers. VNC is platform-independent 鈥? a VNC viewer on one operating system can usually connect to a VNC server on any other operating system.

=====Krfb VNC server=====
Krfb is the default VNC server in Kubuntu/KDE (use Vino in Ubuntu/Gnome). It can be started from:

Applications menu -> Internet -> Krfb

*You can change the listening port in the Network section. Your router must forward this port to your computer (or you must use an [[#Port forwarding through SSH|SSH tunnel]]). A user trying to connect must know the listening port as well and explicitly specify it during the VNC connection.
*You can accept uninvited connections in the Security section. You can require a password for these connections.

*A user can connect using [[#Krdc VNC client|Krdc]] or any other VNC client.

======How to use Krfb with SSH tunneling securely======
It is less secure to leave Krfb's listening port open to the Internet, even with a password. (This can expose you to password cracking attempts.)

It is more secure to use SSH to tunnel your VNC connection. Under [[#Port forwarding through SSH|SSH port forwarding]], Krfb's listening port is the <remote port>. To increase security, this listening port can be changed from the default 5900. Only the Kfrb server and the SSH client need to specify the <remote port> in a secure connection.

======X11VNC Server======
*To install an X11VNC server to share your desktop with other computer, type each of these commands in order:
    sudo apt-get install x11vnc
    mkdir ~/.vnc
    x11vnc -storepasswd YOUR_PASSWORD ~/.vnc/x11vnc.pass
    echo "/usr/bin/x11vnc -rfbauth ~/.vnc/x11vnc.pass -o ~/.vnc/x11vnc.log -loopbg -display :0" > ~/.kde/Autostart/x11vnc.sh
    chmod +x ~/.kde/Autostart/x11vnc.sh

*You can test the server by running the shell script:
 ~/.kde/Autostart/x11vnc.sh

::and after restarting KDE, the script should start the VNC server automatically.

*For customization of x11vnc server, edit the commands in the x11vnc.sh file enter after viewing "man:/x11vnc" in Konqueror, where a description of parameters for x11vn is given.

*See [https://help.ubuntu.com/community/VNC#krfb Ubuntu help on VNC] for more info on other VNC servers.

======Using VNC with SSH======
See [http://ubuntuguide.org/wiki/Ubuntu:Feisty#How_to_Run_a_Windows_machine_from_Ubuntu_securely_using_VNC Using VNC] for additional information.

=====Krdc VNC client=====
Krdc is the default VNC client in Kubuntu. Use Vinagre in Ubuntu/Gnome.
*K-Menu -> Internet -> Krdc
*To connect to a VNC server, simply type
 krdc vnc:/<remote IP>

*If the remote (Krfp) VNC server is using a <remote port> other than the default 5900 port, use
 krdc vnc:/<remote IP>:<remote port>

*Krdc can also connect to a Windows server using RDP (Remote Desktop Protocol). 
 krdc rdp:/<remote IP>:<remote port>

======Using Krdc VNC client with SSH======
See [http://jeltsch.org/node/209 this howto] for an automated setup using a script (it did not work for me, but it might for you).

In brief, you would initiate an [[#Port forwarding through SSH|SSH tunnel with port forwarding]] using Putty or the command line:
 ssh -C <remote ip> -p <SSH tunnel port> -L <local port>:<remote computer>:<remote port> -l <user>
::then you would start Krdc:
 krdc vnc:/localhost:<local port>

<local port> will usually be the default 5900, in which case you could simply use
 krdc vnc:/localhost

=====XVNC4Viewer VNC Client=====

You can also install XVNC4Viewer (if you prefer it over Krdc) using:
 sudo apt-get install xvnc4viewer

====FreeNX====
[https://help.ubuntu.com/community/FreeNX FreeNX] is a remote desktop display server/client solution that natively incorporates SSH tunneling (unlike VNC). It is therefore more secure than VNC (unless VNC is coupled with SSH tunneling).

=====FreeNX Server=====
The Free server .deb package can be downloaded from [http://www.nomachine.com/select-package.php?os=linux&id=1 No Machine free server downloads].

*Alternatively, [[#Add Extra Ubuntu Repositories|add the following repositories]]:
 deb <nowiki>http://ppa.launchpad.net/freenx-team/ubuntu</nowiki> intrepid main
 deb-src <nowiki>http://ppa.launchpad.net/freenx-team/ubuntu</nowiki> intrepid main

*Install the package:
 sudo apt-get update
 sudo apt-get upgrade
 sudo apt-get install freenx

=====FreeNX Client=====
Download the self-installing .deb file from [http://www.nomachine.com/select-package-client.php No Machine Client downloads].

====XDMCP====
[http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/XDMCP-HOWTO/index.html XDMCP] allows a separate remote login by an authorized user. This login is separate from the local user.
*XDMCP is not secure over the Internet and should only be used within a LAN. It cannot be tunnelled through SSH. It is turned off by default in Ubuntu. To enable it, edit the KDE configuration file:

 kate /etc/kde3/kdm/kdmrc

*Find and change the line from false to true so that it reads:

 [Xdmcp]
 Enable=true

====Telnet====

====VPN====
=====OpenVPN=====
[http://openvpn.net/ OpenVPN] is a free, pseudo-open-source VPN solution. Installation instructions for the source package are available at the website.

====LTSP (Thin client support)====
[http://www.ltsp.org/ LTSP] adds [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_client thin-client] support to Linux servers. The package is free, GPL-licensed, and the client can be used to run programs on either Linux or Windows LTSP servers. Installation instructions are [https://help.ubuntu.com/community/UbuntuLTSP/LTSPQuickInstall here].

====iTALC (Thin client for Education)====
[http://italc.sourceforge.net/ iTALC] is a free, open source (GPL-licensed) thin client solution that supports both (K)Ubuntu Linux and Windows XP. It has been used widely in educational settings to monitor, share, and control multiple workstations. See the website for download and installation instructions.

=== Web meetings ===
Web meeting software allows video conferencing among many clients, with one server as host.

====DimDim====
[http://www.dimdim.com/opensource/dimdim_open_source_community_edition.html DimDim OpenSource Edition] is a free community version of a commercial product of the same name. Scheduling and recording to notes are not available in the community edition, but the other features are. Servers are bundled into a VMWare appliance for easy installation on any platform.

====WebHuddle====
[https://www.webhuddle.com/ WebHuddle] is a free, open source Java-based browser client (and server) for web meetings.

==Security==
Ubuntu by default is a fairly safe system. However, if you intend to use Ubuntu as a server, or for critical applications in which loss of data (by accident or by malicious intrusion) would be disastrous, you should learn how to make Ubuntu more secure. A good introduction to [http://www.psychocats.net/ubuntu/security#bestpractices Ubuntu Security Best Practices] is available.
 
===Firewall===
Network communications go through "channels" called ports. You can restrict which ports are available ("open") for network communications, creating a barricade to unwanted network intrusion. Firewalls do this job for you. But I guarantee that if you install one before you know how to use it that one or more networking programs on your system will stop working. Read every bit of documentation about a firewall before installing it -- you won't regret the time invested. All of these packages modify [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iptables iptables], which is the set of rules that controls network access in and out of your computer. (You can modify iptables manually from the command line, as well, but if you are that much of an expert, you probably don't need this guide.)

====Firestarter====
[http://www.fs-security.com/ Firestarter] is an intuitive firewall manager used to set the iptables values which provide firewall capabilities in Linux (including Ubuntu). It has a very easy-to-use GUI. 
 sudo apt-get install firestarter

====Guarddog====
[http://www.simonzone.com/software/guarddog/ Guarddog] is a GUI firewall configuration utility that has been used for KDE. It has a complex array of configuration, and is difficult to use for some beginners. 
 sudo apt-get install guarddog

====Uncomplicated Firewall====
[https://launchpad.net/ufw Uncomplicated Firewall] is installed in Ubuntu Intrepid Ibex by default, but is disabled by default. It is configurable through the command-line interface (i.e. Konsole). See [http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=823741 this forum thread ] , [http://www.ubuntu-unleashed.com/2008/05/howto-take-use-setup-and-advantage-of.html or this usage tutorial] for tips on how to set up and use it.
If not installed, it can be installed:
 apt-get install ufw

=====Gufw=====
[http://gufw.tuxfamily.org/index.html Gufw] is a graphical user interface for Uncomplicated Firewall. A self-installing .deb file is available from the website. For sample screenshots see [http://www.ubuntugeek.com/gufw-simple-gui-for-ufw-uncomplicated-firewall.html this UbuntuGeek guide].

===Anti-virus===
If you are running a file server, interface frequently with Windows drives, or use virtualization, you will want a virus checker for your Windows files.
====ClamAV====
[http://www.clamav.net/ ClamAV] is the open source virus tool for Linux. To install ClamAV with a KDE frontend:
 sudo apt-get install klamav

===Anti-spam===
====Spam Assasin====
[http://spamassassin.apache.org/ SpamAssasin] is written in perl, and is mostly for use with a server (such as a groupware server or Apache).

===Rootkit checkers===
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rootkit Rootkits] are malicious [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trojan_horse_(computing) trojan]-like programs to allow an intruder to become a root user and therefore have complete administrative control over the system. There aren't many rootkits in the wild for Linux. Still, this is a growing security problem (especially in other operating systems) and it is a matter of time before more rootkits appear in Linux. Checking for rootkits isn't always successful from a system that is already infected. Your rootkit checker should therefore be run from another system, or a [[#Run Ubuntu LiveCD from a USB pendrive|USB pendrive with a Ubuntu LiveCD installation]]. See the rootkit checker manuals for instructions how to do this. If you are infected with a rootkit, you must backup all your files and re-install your system. (Thank goodness this is easy with Ubuntu, unlike with other operating systems).
====Chkrootkit====
[http://www.chkrootkit.org/ Chkrootkit] checks locally for signs of a rootkit. See the [http://www.chkrootkit.org/README chkrootkit manual] for usage instructions.
:Install:
 sudo apt-get install chkrootkit
:Run:
 sudo chkrootkit

====Rootkit Hunter====
[http://www.rootkit.nl/projects/rootkit_hunter.html Rootkit Hunter] is compatible with (K)ubuntu systems. See the [http://sourceforge.net/docman/display_doc.php?docid=35179&group_id=155034 usage instructions].
:Install:
 sudo apt-get install rkhunter
:Run:
 sudo rkhunter

===Security hardening===
====Nmap====
[http://nmap.org/ Nmap] is a free open source utility for network exploration (including showing open ports and running services) and security auditing. Install:
 sudo apt-get install nmap

Scan your own PC:
 nmap localhost

(Once you have found out which ports are open, use a [[#Firewall|firewall]] to close the ones you don't want open.)

=====Nmap GUI=====
Install:
 sudo apt-get install nmapfe

Or you can try

Install:
 sudo apt-get install zenmap

====Nessus====
[http://www.nessus.org Nessus] is a proprietary comprehensive vulnerability scanning suite that is free for personal, non-enterprise usage. See the website for details.

====AppArmor====
[http://en.opensuse.org/AppArmor AppArmor] is a set of security enhancements developed by Novell for SUSE Linux. It is installed in (K)ubuntu by default.

=====Disable AppArmor=====
AppArmor can prevent some services from running as expected. To disable it:
 /etc/init.d/apparmor stop
 update-rc.d -f apparmor remove
 apt-get remove apparmor apparmor-utils

====SELinux====
[http://www.nsa.gov/selinux/info/faq.cfm SE Linux] (Security Enhanced Linux) is an NSA (US National Security Administration) recommended set of tools for enhanced security in Linux systems. It enforces strict access controls (privileges) and is meant for mission-critical installations. It is not suitable for the casual desktop user. It was first available in Hardy Heron and is being updated for Intrepid Ibex. It is not compatible with AppArmor (which must first be removed).
 sudo apt-get install selinux

=Servers=
You can have a GUI desktop with an Ubuntu Server.  If you intend such as setup (or want to use packages that require server capabilities, such as Drupal with Apache, etc.), then it is best to install Ubuntu Server edition first and then install the Ubuntu (Gnome) desktop afterwards. For complete information see the [https://help.ubuntu.com/8.10/serverguide/C/index.html Ubuntu Server Guide].

Note that Intrepid Ibex is not a long-term support version, and there are many changes from Hardy Heron to Intrepid Ibex, including some new bugs in the Intrepid Ibex desktop. Unless new features, such as Xen (virtualization) support or the Tomcat (Java) server, are desired, many users recommend Hardy Heron's stability whenever a server/desktop combination is intended.

*Download the latest Ubuntu Server ISO image from [http://www.ubuntu.com/GetUbuntu/download Ubuntu downloads].
*See [https://help.ubuntu.com/community/BurningIsoHowto this guide] for burning the ISO image to a CD.
*Use the CD for installation of the server.

==LAMP server installation==
During [[#Servers|server]] installation, you will have the option of installing a LAMP (Linux, Apache, MySQL, pHp) server stack. Many (but not all) open source servers use this integrated server stack. Drupal, for example, needs to have a LAMP server installed. If you intend to install a groupware server, however, make sure it is compatible with a LAMP server stack before choosing this option. Many groupware servers will install LAMP (or their own variation) automatically, so you do not need to install the LAMP stack. Others will install and use postgreSQL instead of MySQL, so you would not need to install a LAMP server.

==Other servers==
During server installation, you can choose other servers to install, as well. These include a [[#Postfix (Mail Server)|Mail server]] (Postfix with Dovecot), a [[#Bind9 (DNS server)|DNS server]] (bind9), the [[#OpenSSH server|OpenSSH server]], a [[#Print server|print server]], a [[#Apache Tomcat (Java server)|Tomcat Java web server]], a [https://help.ubuntu.com/8.10/serverguide/C/samba-fileserver.html Samba file server] (for use with Windows networks), and a [[#Xen virtual machine host|virtual machine host]] (Xen). Again, if you are using a groupware solution, you should be careful about installing these services, as they may conflict with similar (but competing) servers which the groupware solution will install by default.

===OpenSSH server===
OpenSSH allows encrypted communications through a designated secure port. The OpenSSH server can be installed as an option during the Ubuntu Server LiveCD installation. Also see [[#Setup an SSH server|setting up an SSH server]].

===Postfix (Mail Server)===
[http://www.postfix.org/ Postfix] is a free open source mail server. It can be installed as the "Mail server" option when installing the Ubuntu [[#Servers|server]] from the LiveCD. It interfaces directly to [http://www.dovecot.org/ Dovecot], the free open source [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Message_Access_Protocol IMAP] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post_Office_Protocol POP3] server.

===Bind9 (DNS server)===
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BIND BIND] DNS servers are the most commonly used on the Internet. Bind9 is the current edition and is installed by selecting the "DNS server" option when installing Ubuntu server from the LiveCD. See the [http://www.bind9.net/manual/bind/9.2.5/Bv9ARM.html usage instruction here].

===Apache Tomcat (Java server)===
[http://tomcat.apache.org/ Tomcat] is a free open source platform from Apache which provides a "pure Java" HTTP web server environment for Java code to run (see [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_tomcat here] for more info).

It is not part of the Apache2 web server. Installation can be done by checking the "Install Tomcat server" option at the time of the initial Ubuntu server installation from LiveCD.

===Xen virtual machine host===
[http://www.xen.org/ Xen] is a free open source virtualization platform that allows the host to run "guest" operating systems simultaneously (see [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xen here] for more info). Xen implementation in the (K)ubuntu server is based on integration with [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel-based_Virtual_Machine KVM], the kernel-based virtualization platform in Linux. KVM integrates with [http://bellard.org/qemu/about.html QEMU] components, which have been merged with Xen.

Note: KVM requires a 64-bit processor with a virtualization extension, i.e. an [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X86_virtualization#Intel_Virtualization_Technology_.28Intel_VT.29 Intel VT] or [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X86_virtualization#AMD_virtualization_.28AMD-V.29 AMD-V] CPU, therefore this package currently is successful only with the 64-bit Ubuntu server installation and on those CPUs.

Installation can be done by checking the "Install virtual machine host" option at the time of the initial Ubuntu server installation from LiveCD.

===Print server===
Ubuntu uses the CUPS print server, which is integrated into the desktop. Installing a print server in Ubuntu Server is necessary only if you do not intend to use a desktop (i.e. you intend a "headless" server). Because this guide is orientated towards users who will install a Ubuntu desktop on top of the server, please see [https://help.ubuntu.com/8.10/serverguide/C/cups.html Ubuntu server documentation] for this option.

===Apache2 Webserver with PHP and Perl support===

To install an Apache webserver (but not the entire LAMP stack) with both PHP and Perl CGI support, see
[http://www.ubuntugeek.com/how-to-install-apache2-webserver-with-phpcgi-and-perl-support-in-ubuntu-server.html this guide].

===Network Monitoring and Management===
Monitor your network or datacenter with a framework of utilities. Comparable to IBM Tivoli (which can cost thousands of dollars), these solutions are generally available as either community or enterprise editions. 
*[http://www.hyperic.com/products/open-source-systems-monitoring.html Hyperic] is an open-source network monitoring framework that can be used in either a datacenter or a cloud environment (it is used for Amazon Cloud). Both a free community version and a subscription enterprise version are available.
*[http://www.groundworkopensource.com/community/community-edition.html Groundwork OpenSource] offers a community edition that integrates other packages such as Nagios, Nmap, and others. There is a subscription enterprise version as well. It has its roots in a university setting.
*[http://www.openqrm.com/ OpenQRM] is the GPL-licensed, free open-source community successor to the very popular network monitoring solution Qlusters. It is [http://sourceforge.net/project/showfiles.php?group_id=153504 available] as a Debian/Ubuntu package. See the website for details.
*Canonical offers the [http://www.canonical.com/projects/landscape Landscape] network management service for $150 per node, with a free trial available.
*[http://www.zenoss.com/ Zenoss] is a commercial network monitoring subscription package (about $150/node) with a limited free "core" edition also available.

====Nagios====
[http://www.nagios.org/ Nagios] is a free open source network monitoring solution. It is available as a [http://packages.ubuntu.com/search?keywords=nagios&searchon=names&suite=intrepid&section=all package installation in Ubuntu]. It is administered from a web interface (<nowiki>http://localhost/nagios</nowiki>) and is expandable using a large number of available plugins. Install:
 sudo apt-get install nagios3

==Add the Ubuntu desktop to a server==
Once you have completed installation of your Ubuntu server, you can add an Ubuntu desktop to it. This can only be done as root.
*Login with the administrator login/password which you created during Ubuntu Server installation.
*Create a root user password
 sudo passwd root
: and enter the password you intend to use for root
*Login with root user privileges
 sudo -s
(Note: To use this command, your user must be part of the sudo group. Use your user's password, not the root password.)
*Update your server
 apt-get update
 apt-get upgrade
*Install the Ubuntu desktop
 apt-get install ubuntu-desktop

Go get some coffee. And some lunch. Perhaps a movie. Come back later. When you get back to the command line prompt after installation is complete, reboot. Now you will have an "Ubuntu server."

==Internet Cafe software==
Internet Cafe (or CyberCafe) software is specialized LAN-administration software that includes time usage monitoring, billing, and administration. It can also be used in schools, libraries, and organizations with multiple monitored workstations requiring usage limits.
===OutKafe===
[http://outkastsolutions.co.za/outkast/index.php?option=com_openwiki&id=outkafe OutKafe] is a free, open-source, GPL-licensed cybercafe solution based on a postgreSQL database server stack. It is run on hundreds of sites. It is GTK-based.

===OpenKiosk===
[http://openkiosk.sourceforge.net/ OpenKiosk] is a free open source multi-platform server/client solution for administering and monitoring groups of workstations, such as in libraries, school labs, and internet cafes. Installation is from source files. See the website for details.
===CafePilot===
[http://www.dijitanix.com/ CafePilot] is a free multi-platform Java-based server/client solution for real-time monitoring and billing of Cybercafe workstations. A complete custom Ubuntu-based LiveCD server/multiple-client solution (including OS and many applications for unlimited workstations) is available for $100 [http://www.dijitanix.com/index.php/cucci here].

==Enterprise Network Firewall==
===IPCop===
[http://www.ipcop.org IPCop] is a free open source (GPL-licensed) firewall solution for use as an independent appliance (on a dedicated PC) in an enterprise network. It allows remote management and can protect multiple servers, including web and email servers. IPSec-based OpenVPN is supported. The CD image .iso and other files can be downloaded [http://sourceforge.net/project/showfiles.php?group_id=40604&package_id=35093 here]. Installation instructions are on the website.

===SmoothWall===
[http://www.smoothwall.org/ SmoothWall Express] is an award-winning, free, open source (with a GPL license) firewall solution for use as an independent appliance (on a dedicated PC) in an enterprise network. Download the installation CD .iso image [http://www.smoothwall.org/get/ here] (server OS included), burn onto a CD, and install on a new, dedicated PC. Many features, however, such as VPN server, database access authentications, and content filtering are only implemented in a commercial version, however, and are not available in the community version.

===Endian===
[http://www.endian.com/en/community/about/ Endian] is a very robust, free, open source universal threat management appliance similar to IPCop and Smoothwall. It also incorporates OpenVPN. Like Smoothwall, Dansguardian is used for content filtering (and is included in the community edition). Commercial and hardware versions with some additional features, automatic updates, and professional support are available. See the website for details.

= Tips & Tricks =
===Run Command===
You can run any application in your path using the Run Command. Use Alt+F2.

===Turn off Hot Keys===
This is the most evil option on any operating system, in my opinion. A mis-stroke enables any number of random events. Unfortunately, this problem is pervasive in operating systems and is difficult to turn off.

:System -> Administration-> Advanced -> Input Actions -> General Settings -> check "Disable KHotKeys daemon"
::System -> Administration-> Advanced -> Input Actions -> Gestures Settings -> check "Disable mouse gestures globally"

If you wish to be selective about it (this doesn't often work, however), start by disabling unnecessary desktop hotkeys.

:System -> Administration-> Advanced -> Keyboard & Mouse -> Keyboard Shortcuts 

Also, you may want to deactivate linking gestures to sticky and slow keys:

:System -> Administration -> Accessibility -> Activation Gestures -> uncheck "Use gestures for activating sticky keys and slow keys"

Note: You probably will have to disable hotkeys in many applications, as well.

:Hotkeys from the Synaptics Touchpad can be selectively turned off using [https://help.ubuntu.com/community/SynapticsTouchpad#Ubuntu this information from the Ubuntu documentation].

===Run Ubuntu LiveCD from a USB pendrive===
The Ubuntu LiveCD can be installed on and run from a USB pendrive. Settings can be "persistently" saved (but the LiveCD kernel modules can not be upgraded). Programs can be installed and run, however, and files saved to the USB drive. (The installed programs will remain installed). See [http://www.pendrivelinux.com/2008/10/15/ubuntu-810-persistent-flash-drive-install-from-live-cd/ these Pendrivelinux instructions]. An [[#Fresh Installation|Ubuntu Live CD]] is needed to do the install.

The USB "LiveCD" can also be used to install Ubuntu on computers (including [[#Netbooks|netbooks]]) that do not have CD-ROM/DVD drives.

USB pendrives to be used to run Ubuntu should have a minimum of 2 Gb (preferably 4 Gb). If you wish to install a fast, fully functional Linux system on a pendrive that has less memory than that, use [http://www.puppylinux.org/ PuppyLinux].

====Create a boot CD to allow booting from the USB drive====
Many computers do not allow booting from a USB drive (but they do allow booting from the CD-ROM). You can create a CD-ROM using [http://www.pendrivelinux.com/2008/11/23/usb-boot-cd-for-ubuntu-810/ these Pendrivelinux instructions] and set your BIOS to boot from this CD-ROM. When you boot from this CD-ROM, it will use the bootup files on the Ubuntu USB drive you previously created (in the step above).

====USB Creator====
You can make a "LiveCD" on a USB pendrive using USB Creator and either a LiveCD or an .iso version of the LiveCD stored on your hard drive. See [http://www.ubuntumini.com/2008/10/make-liveusb.html these instructions] or [http://www.pendrivelinux.com/ubuntu-810-install-using-the-built-in-usb-installer/ these PendriveLinux instructions]. Install:
 sudo apt-get install usb-creator

===Associate default applications===
*To assign the default DVD player (make sure you have [[#DVD Playback Capability|enabled DVD playback capability]] first:
:System -> Administration-> Advanced -> File Associations -> x-content -> video-dvd -> Applications Preference order -> Add...

:then choose your favourite media player. There are similar options for Blu-Ray (video-bluray) and HD DVD (video-hddvd). Set each individually.

*To assign the default player for playing mpegs (or other video formats):
:System -> Administration-> Advanced -> File Associations -> video -> mpeg -> Applications Preference order -> Add...

:then choose your favourite media player. You can do this for a host of video file formats, including .wmv (x-ms-wmv, or Microsoft WMV format), .flv (x-flv, or Flash video), quicktime, and so on.

*To assign .pls audio streams to play through [[#Audacious|Audacious]]:
:System -> Administration-> Advanced -> File Associations -> audio -> x-scpls -> Applications Preference order -> Move Audacious to the top (or Add... it).
:::Make sure *.pls appears in the Filename Patterns section.

===Capture a screenshot===
See [http://tips.webdesign10.com/how-to-take-a-screenshot-on-ubuntu-linux this tutorial].

===Run a KDE desktop from Ubuntu===
It is possible to install the KDE-based desktop (the default in Kubuntu) in Ubuntu.
 apt-get install kubuntu-desktop

There is a risk of software bloat and some incompatibilities between modules when doing this. At login, you can choose (as an option) whether to start the KDE (Kubuntu) desktop or the Gnome (Ubuntu) desktop. Nevertheless, when there are two modules trying to perform the same function (one from each desktop), it is possible to have conflicts.

===Kill (end) a process===
There are many tricks to try to fix a frozen PC. Press Alt+F2, and use killall to end the frozen application. Example:
 killall amarok
 killall firefox
Another trick to try is pressing AltGr+SysRq+K (RightAlt+PrintScreen+K). This will log you out. But, what happens if this does not work? Try pressing Ctrl+Alt+F1,login, enter your password and run:
 sudo killall gdm
 sudo startx

===View hidden files===
In the Nautilus file manager, press:
 Ctrl+ H

===Alien===
[http://kitenet.net/~joey/code/alien/ Alien] is a method for converting (Red Hat) .rpm packages into (Debian) .deb packages. It is not reliable and converted packages must be tested extensively for functionality, with line changes often required. It is often more reliable to [[#Create_a_.deb_package_from_source_files|create (Debian) .deb packages from source]], and even the Alien software maintainers do not recommend using Alien for important packages. 
To keep alien from changing the version number, use the following command
 alien -k rpm_file_name.rpm
Convert the package.rpm into a package.deb
 alien -d package-name.rpm
Convert the package.rpm into a package.deb, and install the generated package
 alien -i package-name.rpm
To convert .rpm to debian
 sudo alien -k *.rpm

=Software Troubleshooting=
===Permissions error on program startup===
If you get a permissions error, try the following:

 sudo chown -R ''user'' /home/''user'' 

::Note: Replace ''user'' with the actual username. This command changes the owner of the folder /home/''user'' to ''user''. -R means "recursively", i.e. including all subfolders.

===CD-ROM Troubleshooting===
If you receive the "cdrecord has no permission to open the device" error while burning using a CD burner, open a terminal and type:
  sudo chmod 777 /dev/scd0

::Note: replace "/dev/scd0" with your own device.

::Note: chmod 777 is the universal option for granting full permission to a folder. The 777 mask indicates that read, write, and execute permission is given to all users.



=Licenses=
Linux is largely a community of volunteers and as such represents one of the largest altruistic efforts on earth. This includes companies who decide to contribute their own software into the public domain for free use. The continued success of sharing depends on licenses that keep software free and usable for anyone who wants to use it. However, there must be a method for Linux users and developers to make money, as well. Licensing helps protect each of these efforts. See the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free-software_license Wikipedia Free Software Licensing article] and the [http://www.gnu.org/licenses/licenses.html GNU operating system licensing page] for more complete information.
==GPL license==
The GPLv3 license intends that the software module or package is free to use in any environment, and furthermore, any software that relies on that GPLv3-licensed module must in turn also be completely free. Commercial and proprietary software packages can't use or incorporate GPLv3-licensed modules.
==LGPL license==
The Lesser GPL license intends that the software module or package is free to use in any environment, including in commercial and proprietary software packages. This allows companies to develop proprietary packages which includes LGPL-licensed modules, from which they can make a profit. The disadvantage is that their products (which benefit from the LGPL-licensed modules) are not required to be in the public domain in turn. (Many companies often later donate their entire package into the public domain, however, after they no longer make a profit from them.)
==Proprietary licenses==
There is a vast array of proprietary licenses, all different. You never know what your limitations for software are unless you read every word. Most are attempts by lawyers to have an opportunity to create a lawsuit in the future. Some may be called "free" licenses but have many limitations which you will not be aware of until you are in the middle of a lawsuit. No license outside of the GPLv3 license is recommended. Be careful when committing your organization to a mission-critical software package with a proprietary license. Also see this outstanding  article on the [http://www.h-online.com/open/The-Open-Source-Enterprise-Trap--/features/112992 Open Source Enterprise Trap].

=Requests=
Place your requests here.

Remove mplayer mozilla-mplayer for firefox and instead replace with gecko-mediaplayer plugin.  gecko-mediaplayer plugin doesn't cause browser to crash and has less problems than mplayer-plugin.

*How can I contribute?