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UbuntuHelp:UbuntuStudio/UsbAudioDevices

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Introduction

Most modern Linux distributions use a hot-pluggable architecture for USB devices. This is very useful for everyday use, but it becomes difficult for pro-audio use, as ALSA device numbers (hw:X) are not stable across reboots, or even when removed and reinserted. This means that Jack has to be reconfigured after every restart or change. This document describes a method of maintaining ALSA device numbers for USB devices, including MIDI devices. It is not intended for beginning users, as the configuration is relatively arcane.

Preparation

Ensure that all of your USB audio devices are connected and detected by ALSA. Do this in a terminal by executing the command: foo@bar:~$ cat /proc/asound/cards My configuration is copied below.

 0 [Intel          ]: HDA-Intel - HDA Intel
                      HDA Intel at 0xefffc000 irq 20
 1 [BCR2000        ]: USB-Audio - BCR2000
                      BEHRINGER BCR2000 at usb-0000:00:1d.3-1, full speed
 2 [default        ]: USB-Audio - USB Audio CODEC 
                      Burr-Brown from TI               USB Audio CODEC  at usb-0000:00:1d.3-2, full s
 3 [U0x46d0x8c6    ]: USB-Audio - USB Device 0x46d:0x8c6
                      USB Device 0x46d:0x8c6 at usb-0000:00:1d.7-5, high speed
 4 [U49            ]: USB-Audio - USB Axiom 49
                      M-Audio USB Axiom 49 at usb-0000:00:1d.0-2, full speed

The first column is the ALSA device (major) number. In this case, on my laptop i have the following:

  • device 0 (hw:0) is the inbuilt Intel High Definition Audio chipset.
  • device 1 (hw:1) is a Behringer BCR2000 MIDI controller
  • device 2 (hw:2) is a Behringer UCA202 soundcard
  • device 3 (hw:3) is the laptop's inbuilt microphone
  • device 4 (hw:4) is an M-Audio Axiom 49 MIDI keyboard

Take note of your configuration. Now, in the same terminal, execute the following: foo@bar:~$ lsusb My configuration is copied below:

Bus 004 Device 001: ID 0000:0000  
Bus 005 Device 003: ID 1397:00bc  
Bus 005 Device 002: ID 08bb:2902 Texas Instruments Japan 
Bus 005 Device 001: ID 0000:0000  
Bus 002 Device 003: ID 0763:0199 Midiman 
Bus 002 Device 002: ID 0430:0005 Sun Microsystems, Inc. Type 6 Keyboard
Bus 002 Device 001: ID 0000:0000  
Bus 003 Device 005: ID 0a5c:4503 Broadcom Corp. 
Bus 003 Device 004: ID 0a5c:4502 Broadcom Corp. 
Bus 003 Device 003: ID 413c:8126 Dell Computer Corp. 
Bus 003 Device 002: ID 0a5c:4500 Broadcom Corp. 
Bus 003 Device 001: ID 0000:0000  
Bus 001 Device 005: ID 046d:08c6 Logitech, Inc. 
Bus 001 Device 001: ID 0000:0000  

Note that active USB devices have two pairs of hexadecimal numbers for an ID, such as 08bb:2902, and generally have a manufacturer's name, such as Texas Instruments Japan. This is where you may have to do some investigation. By removing a USB device and executing foo@bar:~$ lsusb you can see which device corresponds to which ID and manufacturer. In this case, I have detached the UCA202:

Bus 004 Device 001: ID 0000:0000  
Bus 005 Device 003: ID 1397:00bc  
Bus 005 Device 002: ID 0000:0000                         <----------- HERE! 
Bus 005 Device 001: ID 0000:0000  
Bus 002 Device 003: ID 0763:0199 Midiman 
Bus 002 Device 002: ID 0430:0005 Sun Microsystems, Inc. Type 6 Keyboard
Bus 002 Device 001: ID 0000:0000  
Bus 003 Device 005: ID 0a5c:4503 Broadcom Corp. 
Bus 003 Device 004: ID 0a5c:4502 Broadcom Corp. 
Bus 003 Device 003: ID 413c:8126 Dell Computer Corp. 
Bus 003 Device 002: ID 0a5c:4500 Broadcom Corp. 
Bus 003 Device 001: ID 0000:0000  
Bus 001 Device 005: ID 046d:08c6 Logitech, Inc. 
Bus 001 Device 001: ID 0000:0000  

Make a note of the ID number pair - ie, 08bb:2902. These numbers represent the Vendor ID (vid) and Product ID (pid) of the device, and will come in handy for configuring the ALSA device numbers. Through a process of elimination, I discover that my USB devices have the following ID numbers:

  • the Behringer BCR2000 MIDI controller is ID 1397:00bc (and has no manufacturer's name)
  • the Behringer UCA202 soundcard is ID 08bb:2902
  • the M-Audio Axiom 49 MIDI keyboard is ID 0763:0199 and has the manufacturer's name 'Midiman'

There's another way to discover this information, but it requires scrolling through pages and pages of output. It's how I discovered the inbuilt microphone. I had to closely examine the output of: foo@bar:~$ sudo lsusb -v | less We use 'sudo' here so that we can see all the information about the device. Here's the (very long) information for the BCR2000:


Bus 005 Device 003: ID 1397:00bc  
Device Descriptor:
  bLength                18
  bDescriptorType         1
  bcdUSB               1.10
  bDeviceClass            0 (Defined at Interface level)
  bDeviceSubClass         0 
  bDeviceProtocol         0 
  bMaxPacketSize0        64
  idVendor           0x1397 
  idProduct          0x00bc 
  bcdDevice            1.00
  iManufacturer           1 BEHRINGER
  iProduct                2 BCR2000
  iSerial                 0 
  bNumConfigurations      1
  Configuration Descriptor:
    bLength                 9
    bDescriptorType         2
    wTotalLength          117
    bNumInterfaces          2
    bConfigurationValue     1
    iConfiguration          0 
    bmAttributes         0x40
      (Missing must-be-set bit!)
      Self Powered
    MaxPower                0mA
    Interface Descriptor:
      bLength                 9
      bDescriptorType         4
      bInterfaceNumber        0
      bAlternateSetting       0
      bNumEndpoints           0
      bInterfaceClass         1 Audio
      bInterfaceSubClass      1 Control Device
      bInterfaceProtocol      0 
      iInterface              0 
      AudioControl Interface Descriptor:
        bLength                 9
        bDescriptorType        36
        bDescriptorSubtype      1 (HEADER)
        bcdADC               1.00
        wTotalLength            9
        bInCollection           1
        baInterfaceNr( 0)       1
    Interface Descriptor:
      bLength                 9
      bDescriptorType         4
      bInterfaceNumber        1
      bAlternateSetting       0
      bNumEndpoints           2
      bInterfaceClass         1 Audio
      bInterfaceSubClass      3 MIDI Streaming
      bInterfaceProtocol      0 
      iInterface              0 
      MIDIStreaming Interface Descriptor:
        bLength                 7
        bDescriptorType        36
        bDescriptorSubtype      1 (HEADER)
        bcdADC               1.00
        wTotalLength           81
      MIDIStreaming Interface Descriptor:
        bLength                 6
        bDescriptorType        36
        bDescriptorSubtype      2 (MIDI_IN_JACK)
        bJackType               1 Embedded
        bJackID                 1
        iJack                   0 
      MIDIStreaming Interface Descriptor:
        bLength                 6
        bDescriptorType        36
        bDescriptorSubtype      2 (MIDI_IN_JACK)
        bJackType               2 External
        bJackID                 2
        iJack                   0 
      MIDIStreaming Interface Descriptor:
        bLength                 6
        bDescriptorType        36
        bDescriptorSubtype      2 (MIDI_IN_JACK)
        bJackType               1 Embedded
        bJackID                 3
        iJack                   0 
      MIDIStreaming Interface Descriptor:
        bLength                 9
        bDescriptorType        36
        bDescriptorSubtype      3 (MIDI_OUT_JACK)
        bJackType               1 Embedded
        bJackID                 4
        bNrInputPins            1
        baSourceID( 0)          2
        BaSourcePin( 0)         1
        iJack                   0 
      MIDIStreaming Interface Descriptor:
        bLength                 9
        bDescriptorType        36
        bDescriptorSubtype      3 (MIDI_OUT_JACK)
        bJackType               2 External
        bJackID                 5
        bNrInputPins            1
        baSourceID( 0)          1
        BaSourcePin( 0)         1
        iJack                   0 
      MIDIStreaming Interface Descriptor:
        bLength                 9
        bDescriptorType        36
        bDescriptorSubtype      3 (MIDI_OUT_JACK)
        bJackType               2 External
        bJackID                 6
        bNrInputPins            1
        baSourceID( 0)          3
        BaSourcePin( 0)         1
        iJack                   0 
      Endpoint Descriptor:
        bLength                 9
        bDescriptorType         5
        bEndpointAddress     0x81  EP 1 IN
        bmAttributes            2
          Transfer Type            Bulk
          Synch Type               None
          Usage Type               Data
        wMaxPacketSize     0x0040  1x 64 bytes
        bInterval               0
        bRefresh                0
        bSynchAddress           0
        MIDIStreaming Endpoint Descriptor:
          bLength                 5
          bDescriptorType        37
          bDescriptorSubtype      1 (GENERAL)
          bNumEmbMIDIJack         1
          baAssocJackID( 0)       4
      Endpoint Descriptor:
        bLength                 9
        bDescriptorType         5
        bEndpointAddress     0x02  EP 2 OUT
        bmAttributes            2
          Transfer Type            Bulk
          Synch Type               None
          Usage Type               Data
        wMaxPacketSize     0x0004  1x 4 bytes
        bInterval               0
        bRefresh                0
        bSynchAddress           0
        MIDIStreaming Endpoint Descriptor:
          bLength                 6
          bDescriptorType        37
          bDescriptorSubtype      1 (GENERAL)
          bNumEmbMIDIJack         2
          baAssocJackID( 0)       1
          baAssocJackID( 1)       3
Device Status:     0x0001
  Self Powered

By looking for the 'iProduct' and iManager' strings that correspond to the information from foo@bar:~$ cat /proc/asound/cards You can identify some devices. However, the process of identifying some internal devices (such as my microphone) came down to a lot of investigation - look for devices that have the following identifiers:

bInterfaceClass         1 Audio

My internal microphone has the ID 046d:08c6 and is manufactured by Logitech, Inc. OK. Let's move to the actual configuration!

Configuration

In the text editor of your choice, open (using sudo) /etc/modprobe.d/alsa-base. ie: foo@bar:~$ sudo gedit /etc/modprobe.d/alsa-base Look for the following line: options snd-usb-audio index=-2 and comment it out! (NEVER delete a line in a configuration file - you should always be able to roll back if it goes wrong!) In this configuration file, a '#' is used as a comment marker, so make the line look like: #options snd-usb-audio index=-2 This line usually prevents a USB device grabbing the hw:0 slot. However, it also prevents it from grabbing any specific spot in the ALSA cards list, so we need to comment it out. At the end of the file, we need to configure the order that the cards should be listed in. In my case, I want the following setup:

  • the first card (hw:0) should always be HDA-Intel
  • the second card (hw:1) should always be the inbuilt microphone
  • the third card (hw:2) should always be the BCR2000
  • the fourth card (hw:3) should always be the Axiom 49
  • the fifth card (hw:4) should always be the UCA202

This is so I can use my laptop for general work and still be able to use the inbuilt audio to listen to music, or use the microphone with the inbuilt webcam. I have a FireWire soundcard, so I don't need to use the UCA202 so much. My Windows software (under WINE) expects MIDI controllers to be in the same place - I'm not sure why! So, I have four USB devices and one Intel HDA device to configure. ALSA uses module names for audio driver configuration - in this case, Intel HDA is represented by the snd-hda-intel driver, and USB devices by the snd-usb-audio driver. Investigating the ALSA Support Matrix will help you identify the drivers for your particular cards. My configuration means I have to add the following lines to /etc/modprobe.d/alsa-base

# USB Magic, part 1

alias snd-card-0 snd-hda-intel
alias snd-card-1 snd-usb-audio
alias snd-card-2 snd-usb-audio
alias snd-card-3 snd-usb-audio
alias snd-card-4 snd-usb-audio

This tells ALSA to prepare five devices. To make the HDA Intel device appear as hw:0, add the following line:

options snd-hda-intel index=0

Remember the ID numbers we noted down before? Here's where they come in. ALSA expects USB device IDs in the form

vid=0x<first number> pid=0x<second number>

so the internal microphone is

vid=0x046d pid=0x08c6

To give the internal microphone the device number hw:1, we enter the line

options snd-usb-audio index=1 vid=0x046d pid=0x08c6

Still with me? OK! To configure multiple cards, I had to enter them on the same line, like this:

options snd-usb-audio index=1,2,3,...''n'' vid=0x<vid1>,0x<vid2>,0x<vid3>,...0x<vid''n''>\ pid=0x<pid1>,0x<pid2>,0x<pid3>,...0x<pid''n''>

where <vid1> is the vid number of the card corresponding to the card you want to appear first, and <pid1> is the pid number of that card, and so on. It can get confusing! My configuration looks like:

options snd-usb-audio index=1,2,3,4 vid=0x046d,0x1397,0x0763,0x08bb \
pid=0x08c6,0x00bc,0x0199,0x2902