UbuntuHelp:DebootstrapChroot
来自Ubuntu中文
This article demonstrates a quick and easy way to create a chroot environment on an Ubuntu computer, which is like having a virtual system without the overhead of actual virtualization.
A chroot can be used for things like:
- Running a 32-bit Firefox browser or a 32-bit Wine bottle on a 64-bit system.
- Trying an older or newer Ubuntu release without reinstalling the operating system.
- Trying a Debian release or other distribution derived from Debian.
- Cross compiling and building packages for a different platform like Launchpad or Soyuz does it.
目录
Example Configuration
In this example, we use a current Ubuntu 9.04 Jaunty system (the "host") to create a chroot for the older Ubuntu 8.04 Hardy release (the "target"). We are arbitrarily naming the new chroot environment hardy_i386 and putting it in the /srv/chroot directory on the host system.
Step 1: Install packages on the host computer.
First, install `debootstrap`, which is a utility that downloads and unpacks a basic Ubuntu system:
$ sudo apt-get install debootstrap
Second, install `schroot`, which is a utility that wraps the regular `chroot` program and automatically manages chroot environments:
$ sudo apt-get install schroot
Note: The `debootstrap` utility is usually backwards compatible with older releases, but it may be incompatible with newer releases. For example, the `debootstrap` that is bundled with Jaunty can prepare a Hardy chroot like we are doing here, but the `debootstrap` that is bundled with Hardy cannot prepare a Jaunty chroot. If you have any difficultly with a `debootstrap` version mismatch, then visit http://packages.ubuntu.com/ to manually download and install the debootstrap package on the host system from the repository for the target release.
Step 2: Create a configuration file for schroot.
Choose a short name for the chroot, we use hardy_i386 in this example, and create a configuration file for it like this:
sudo editor /etc/schroot/chroot.d/hardy_i386.conf
Put this in the new file:
[hardy_i386] description=Ubuntu 8.04 Hardy for i386 location=/srv/chroot/hardy_i386 #personality=linux32 root-users=bob run-setup-scripts=true run-exec-scripts=true type=directory users=alice,bob,charlie
Note: if you copy this example to your clipboard, be careful to start each line in column 1 before you save the new file! If you forget, the command schroot -l will fail with an error, e.g. `E: /etc/schroot/chroot.d/hardy_i386.conf: line 0: Invalid line: “ [hardy_i386]”`. Change these things in the example configuration file to fit your system: . location: This should be a directory that is outside of the /home tree. The latest `schroot` documentation recommends /srv/chroot. . personality: Enable this line if the host system is 64-bit running on an amd64/x64 computer and the chroot is 32-bit for i386. Otherwise, leave it disabled. . users: These are users on the host system that can invoke the `schroot` program and get access to the chroot system. Your username on the host system should be here. . root-users: These are users on the host system that can invoke the `schroot` program and get direct access to the chroot system as the root user. Note: Do not put whitespace around the '=' character, and do not quote strings after the '=' character.
Step 3: Run debootstrap.
This will download and unpack a basic Ubuntu system to the chroot directory, similar to what the host system already has at the real root directory ("/").
$ sudo mkdir -p /srv/chroot/hardy_i386 $ sudo debootstrap --variant=buildd --arch i386 hardy /srv/chroot/hardy_i386 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/
This command should work for any distribution that is derived from Debian. Substitute the architecture "i386", the release name "hardy", and the repository address "http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/" appropriately. For example, do this to get the 64-bit build of Hardy instead of the 32-bit build:
$ sudo debootstrap --arch amd64 hardy /srv/chroot/hardy_amd64/ http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/
Note: Remember to change all instances of hardy_i386 to hardy_amd64 in the configuration file and on the command line if you actually do this. Do something like this to get an upstream Debian release:
$ sudo debootstrap --arch amd64 sid /srv/chroot/sid_amd64/ http://ftp.debian.org/debian/
Step 4: Check the chroot
This command lists configured chroots:
$ schroot -l
If hardy_i386 appears in the list, then run:
$ schroot -c hardy_i386 -u root
Note: This should work without using `sudo` to invoke the `schroot` program, and it should result in a root prompt in the chroot environment. Check that the root prompt is in a different system:
# lsb_release -a
For the Hardy system that we just built, the `lsb_release` command should print:
No LSB modules are available. Distributor ID: Ubuntu Description: Ubuntu 8.04 Release: 8.04 Codename: hardy
We're done!
WARNING
For convenience, the default `schroot` configuration rebinds the /home directory on the host system so that it appears in the chroot system. This could be unexpected if you are familiar with the older `dchroot` program or the regular `chroot` program because it means that you can accidentally delete or otherwise damage things in /home on the host system. To change this behavior run:
$ sudo editor /etc/schroot/mount-defaults
And disable the /home line so that the file reads:
# mount.defaults: static file system information for chroots. # Note that the mount point will be prefixed by the chroot path # (CHROOT_PATH) # # <file system> <mount point> <type> <options> <dump> <pass> proc /proc proc defaults 0 0 /dev/pts /dev/pts none rw,bind 0 0 tmpfs /dev/shm tmpfs defaults 0 0 #/home /home none rw,bind 0 0 /tmp /tmp none rw,bind 0 0
The mount.defaults file is the /etc/fstab for chroot environments.
Hints
Install the ubuntu-minimal package in a new chroot after you create it:
$ schroot -c hardy_i386 -u root # apt-get install ubuntu-minimal
If you get locale warnings in the chroot like "Locale not supported by C library." or "perl: warning: Setting locale failed." , then try one or more of these commands:
$ sudo dpkg-reconfigure locales
$ sudo apt-get install language-pack-en
$ locale-gen en_US.UTF-8
If your preferred language is not English, then change "-en" and "en_US" appropriately.
