RestrictedFormats

出自Ubuntu中文


目录

免责和法律声明

翻译:firingstone attachment:IconsPage/IconDialog-Warning1.png 一些媒体格式的专利和许可限制使得一个自由操作系统很难在发布软件的时就默认支持那些格式。Ubuntu 默认支持自由格式。这一页面将引导您实现对最流行的非自由媒体格式的支持。

  • 如果所有这些获取非自由媒体格式播放能力的努力显得过于繁琐，请记住Ubuntu的双手正被专利和许可的所有人所捆绑。展望未来，您——开源社区和自由软件用户——要时刻关注DRM和类似的限制的发展。

这里所列举的一些软件包可能在您的国家里是非法的。本页面并非一个合法的建议。 '

在您开始之前

  • 您必须有管理员权限来安装软件包。 RootSudo 解释了Ubuntu如何提供必要的权限。
  • 几乎所有在此页面提及的程序和软件包都可以在Universe 和 Multiverse 软件库里找到。参阅AddingRepositoriesHowto 以关于获取开启Universe和Multiverse 软件库的指南。
  • 本页所提及的一些软件包是在非Ubuntu所控制的软件库里找到的。请不要针对这些软件包发布bug报告:
    • realplayer
    • w32codecs
    • libdvdcss2

播放非自由的媒体格式

Ubuntu的媒体播放器

  • Ubuntu自带了Totem（电影播放器）和Rhythmbox（音乐播放器）
  • Kubuntu自带了Kaffeine（多媒体播放器）和Amarok（音乐播放器） 这些程序无需任何设置就可以播放自由媒体（Ogg Vorbis, Ogg Theora等）。但是，如果您安装一些额外的软件包，它们也可以播放多数的非自由媒体格式。

MP3s

Ubuntu

Ubuntu 6.06 (Dapper Drake)

  • 使用您最喜爱的软件包管理器来安装这个软件包 
gstreamer0.10-plugins-ugly

Ubuntu 5.10 (Breezy Badger)

  • 使用您最喜爱的软件包管理器来安装这个软件包 
gstreamer0.8-mad

All Ubuntu Releases

  • Ubuntu的文件管理器可以预览音乐文件如果您把鼠标移动到文件上。如果您需要这一功能，使用您最喜爱的软件包管理器来安装 
mpg321 vorbis-tools

如果你在预览MP3文件时遇到断断续续的问题，尝试安装'mpg123-esd' 来替代mpg321， mpg123-esd 是非自由的，可以在multiverse软件库里找到。

Kubuntu

Kubuntu 6.06 (Dapper Drake)

  • 使用您最喜爱的软件包管理器来安装 
libxine-extracodecs
    • 要让K3b支持mp3格式请安装 
libk3b2-mp3

Kubuntu 5.10 (Breezy Badger)

  • Kubuntu 使用两种不同的方式来播放mp3。 如果您使用Kubuntu 5.10里默认安装的amarok，请使用你最喜爱的软件包管理器来安装 
gstreamer0.8-mad
    • Kubuntu 使用不同的方式来播放mp3。如果您在使用Kubuntu 5.10默认的amarok，安装: 
akode-mpeg
    • 要让K3b支持mp3格式请安装 
k3b-mad
Ripping CDs
  • 如果您的移动音乐播放器不支持FreeFormats，这一页面CDRipping向您解释如何将您的CD转为MP3和AAC。

其他非自由格式

  • attachment:IconsPage/IconNote.png Kubuntu用户不需要这些，因为libxine-extracodecs已经包含它们了。

启用universe与multiverse软件库 并使用您喜爱的软件包管理器来安装必须的软件包。

Ubuntu 6.06 (Dapper Drake)

  • 安装软件包 
gstreamer0.10-ffmpeg gstreamer0.10-gl gstreamer0.10-plugins-ugly gstreamer0.10-plugins-ugly-multiverse libxine-main1 libxine-extracodecs

Ubuntu 5.10 (Breezy Badger)

  • 安装软件包 
gstreamer0.8-plugins  gstreamer0.8-plugins-multiverse  gstreamer0.8-ffmpeg

Anchor(alternateplayers)

可供选择的媒体播放器

目前， Totem-xine， Kaffeine， gxine， 和 MPlayer提供了对MPEG-1， MPEG-2， MPEG-4 (例如，用 DivX, XviD 或 FFmpeg MPEG-4编码)， QuickTime 和其它非自由媒体格式的最好的支持。 播放 WMV 或 RealVideo 文件需要一个Ubuntu无法发布的软件包 (在安装前请参看 w32codecs Windows Codecs)。

Ubuntu

鉴于Mplayer设置和使用过于复杂，建议绝大多数的用户使用Totem-xine 或 gxine。 如果您想尝试这些媒体播放器，启用universe与multiverse软件库 并安装如下软件包。

Ubuntu 6.06 (Dapper Drake) 

totem-xine gxine mplayer

Ubuntu 5.10 (Breezy Badger) and earlier 

totem-xine gxine

需要Mplayer的相关安装指南， 参看 MplayerInstallHowto

Kubuntu

除了默认的 kaffeine 播放器， 您可以尝试 KMplayer 和 Codeine. 安装软件包

Ubuntu 6.06 (Dapper Drake) 

kmplayer codeine mplayer xine-ui

Anchor(w32codecs)

Windows Codecs

i386 版本

对 WMV， RealMedia 和其它的格式的支持都被捆绑到 w32codecs 软件包里了。 鉴于此包不在Ubuntu的支持范围，您需要从一个非官方的软件库里安装它。 在终端窗口里输入： 

wget -c ftp://ftp.nerim.net/debian-marillat/pool/main/w/w32codecs/w32codecs_20050412-0.4_i386.deb 
sudo dpkg -i w32codecs_20050412-0.4_i386.deb

{X} 有DRM（数字版权管理）的WMW文件不能使用这些codec播放。 {i} 如果您播放WMV时遇到音频紊乱问题，尝试这个 这个 以修复。

AMD64 版本

PowerPC 版本

播放Internet上的流媒体视频

  • attachment:IconsPage/IconNote.png Konqueror不需要这些；Kubuntu已经默认内建了一个插件。

有许多不同的插件可以让您在您的浏览器里播放流媒体视频。推荐您使用totem-xine-firefox-plugin。为此您需要安装 w32codecs Windows Codecs，启用universe软件库，并且安装totem-xine-firefox-plugin包。

播放DVD

大部分商业DVD是使用CSS (the Content Scrambling System) 加密的。Ubuntu中的电影播放器能够读取没有加密的DVD。您可以安装libdvdcss2来使MPlayer、xine和Totem-xine能够播放加密的DVD。

  • attachment:IconsPage/IconDialog-Warning1.png Ubuntu 6.06的GNOME默认版本的Totem不支持DVD播放。为了使用Totem来播放DVD，您必须安装Totem-xine。 详细方法，请参见alternateplayers Alternative Media Players。

安装 libdvdcss2

请在终端中输入如下内容来安装libdvdcss2： 

sudo apt-get install libdvdread3 
sudo /usr/share/doc/libdvdread3/examples/install-css.sh

What to do if your DVD player locks up

If your DVD player locks up on nearly every DVD movie you try to play, you probably have a DVD player that does not match your Region Code. A Region Code indicates the geographical region where the DVD was published. For example, you cannot play a DVD published in Japan on a DVD player in the United States without changing the Region Code of the DVD player.

  • attachment:IconsPage/IconDialog-Warning1.png The author of regionset states that you can only change regions 4 times. The This procedure is irreversible, and may render your drive permanently unable to read DVDs encoded for your region.

To change the Region Code of your DVD player, insert a DVD from your region in the DVD player, and type the following. Install the regionset package. Run regionset on the command line.

Jerky Playback

If DVD playback is jerky or you notice that burning a CD/DVD is slower than it should be, then you may need to enable DMA transfer for that drive. See the DMA page for details.

RealPlayer 10

You can install Realplayer 10 by simply typing in a terminal: 

wget -c ftp://ftp.nerim.net/debian-marillat/pool/main/r/realplay/realplayer_10.0.7-0.0_i386.deb
sudo dpkg -i realplayer_10.0.7-0.0_i386.deb

attachment:IconsPage/IconHint2.png Most of Real's non-free media formats can be played by MPlayer, xine, and Totem-xine when either Realplayer 10 or the w32codecs Windows Codecs are installed.

Real 媒体格式

If you want Realplayer to be the default application to open particular Real'Media' file types, use the File Manager to navigate to a folder containing a sample Real'Media file. Click the file with the right mouse button, select Properties, and then the tab Open With. Click the radio button next to Real'Player 10, and close the dialog window.

Smil

Use the File Manager to navigate to a folder containing a Smil' file. Click the file with the right mouse button, select Properties, and then the tab Open With. Click the radio button next to Real'Player 10, and close the dialog window.

Macromedia Flash

Macromedia's Flash Player is only available for i386 based machines, and Shock Wave is not available at all. There are projects that are attempting to provide free support for Flash, and currently they are the only way to get Flash support for the PPC and AMD64 distributions of Ubuntu.

  • Flash can be problematic, so if you have problems (and solutions), read Flash Issues below.

Flash for i386

Ubuntu 6.06 (Dapper Drake) 
sudo apt-get install flashplugin-nonfree
sudo update-flashplugin

{i} Note: With Ubuntu 6.06 (Dapper Drake Flight 5), apt-get does not seem to activate flashplugin, so you will have to use the update-flashplugin to allow Mozilla Firefox to use it.

{i} Note to Kubuntu Users: Konqueror DOES NOT auto-detect flash. There are a few steps you must use for flash to work: 

In the menu bar of konqueror click settings (Next to help) --> configure konqueror' --> scroll down the side to plugins --> click scan for new plugins
    • It should now work
for Ubuntu 5.10 (Breezy Badger)

Install the flashplugin-nonfree package.

{i} Note: If you are using Ubuntu 5.10 or prior and installed FireFox 1.5.x from ff1.5 than you will need to make a symlink for flash by typing the following. 

sudo ln -s /usr/lib/mozilla-firefox/*flash* /opt/firefox/plugins

{i} Note to Kubuntu Users: Konqueror DOES NOT auto-detect flash. There are a few steps you must use for flash to work: 

In the menu bar of konqueror click settings (Next to help) --> configure konqueror --> scroll down the side to plugins --> click scan for new plugins

It should now work

for Ubuntu 5.04 (Hoary Hedgehog)
  • Install the flashplugin-nonfree package.

Flash for AMD64 and PPC

"For those of us with 64-bit processors (or Mac) there is no non-free flash implementation available because the manufacturer does not support them. However, there are two free implementations. One is gplflash and the other is swfdec. There is also gplflash2 in development that aims to be the proper free, open source replacement for all the platforms. While you can install them using apt-get, they tend not to work very well and are unstable, so that option is not great. Better to install one of them (I recommend gplflash) manually." If you are determined, another option is to install a i386 ubuntu in a DebootstrapChroot and launch your browser with flash plugin from there.

Flash Issues

Sound
Symptoms
  • Flash videos stop playing after 1 second.
  • Firefox freezes when going to another page ater having tried to view a flash video.
  • The firefox process not correctly ending after having tried to view a flash video.
Possible Fixes

After Flash is installed, if the sound is not working properly, or you experience one of the above symptoms, try one of the following solutions:

Open the terminal, and type the following commands:

Install alsa-oss: 

sudo apt-get install alsa-oss

Open: 

sudo nano /etc/firefox/firefoxrc

Add/Change line: 

FIREFOX_DSP="aoss"
  • Restart FireFox, and try the page again.

If the above does not work, try the following:

Open: 

gedit ~/.mozilla/firefox/rc

Add the line: 

FIREFOX_DSP="none"

As an alternative solution, if the above doesn't solve the problem: Type the following in a terminal: 

sudo ln -s /usr/lib/libesd.so.0 /usr/lib/libesd.so.1
Video

If you use an Intel 855GM video card, ensure you set the X server colour depth to 24 bits, otherwise you will probably experience Firefox crashes.

Fonts

If you are viewing a Flash video and you do not see any text, the following command should help: Install the gsfonts gsfonts-x11 packages.

Macromedia Shockwave

Installation

The Shockwave player is unfortunately only available for Windows, but it's possible to run (some) Windows programs on Linux using Wine. Wine will only work on a PC, and users of 64-bit Ubuntu may encounter problems with it. Then you will need mozplugger, which is a program that lets you "embed" other programs in your web browser.

First, install Wine and mozplugger. Open a terminal and type: Install the wine mozplugger packages.

Then you need to install the Windows version of Firefox (yes you read that right). Download it from here: http://www.mozilla.com/firefox/all.html . Choose to open the installer with Wine and follow the instructions on the screen. When the installation has finished go to a web site that requires Shockwave and choose to get the missing plugin. When the plugin has installed and is working you may close Firefox.

Now you need to configure mozplugger to use the Windows version of Firefox for Shockwave files. From a terminal, type this: 

sudo -b gedit /etc/mozpluggerrc

Add the following two lines to the end of the file: 

application/x-director: dir,dcr,dxr,cst,cct,cxt,w3d,fgd,swa: Macromedia Director file 
swallow(firefox.exe) fill: wine "C:\\Program Files\\Mozilla Firefox\\firefox.exe" -chrome "file://Z:$file"

Finally you need to make Firefox reload the plugin database. Close all Firefox windows and do this in a terminal: 

rm ~/.mozilla/firefox/pluginreg.dat

Now Shockwave should (hopefully) work for you. You can test it on the Test Macromedia Shockwave & Flash Players page. However some Shockwave objects may not work (see below).

Shockwave Issues and Workarounds

  • Objects appear in a small window of its own.
    • Cause 1: Wine or Shockwave is still running in the background Workaround 1: Type this in a terminal to end all wine processes: 
killall wine-preloader -s KILL

Cause 2: mozplugger does not handle multiple objects. I don't know how to fix this.

  • Objects claim they're being run from the harddisk
    • Cause: The files are first downloaded and then run from the Windows version of Firefox. Workaround: Change the /etc/mozpluggerrc file so that streaming is enabled:
      • Change this line: 
swallow(firefox.exe) fill: wine "C:\\Program Files\\Mozilla Firefox\\firefox.exe" -chrome "file://Z:$file"

Into: 

swallow(firefox.exe) fill stream: wine "C:\\Program Files\\Mozilla Firefox\\firefox.exe" -chrome "$file"

Then remove ~/.mozilla/firefox/pluginreg.dat and restart Firefox. This may not work if you are connected using IPv6 or a proxy.

  • Objects claim they're "stolen"
    • Cause (when using streaming): The Shockwave object expects the "Referrer" HTTP header to be set, and it's not when using mozplugger. Workaround: None yet

AAC and iTunes Music Store

AAC decoding

  • The default audio format used by Apple's iTunes and iPod is AAC. This is a variant of the MPEG standard, and as such has patent issues. However, you can listen to AAC files in rhythmbox or amarok by installing gstreamer0.8-faad. You will need this for listening to any AAC file, including those bought from the iTunes Music Store (see below for more info on using the music store on Linux). Warning: songs purchased from the iTunes music store (.m4p) are encrypted and will not just play using gstreamer0.8-faad. You will need to decrypt them first.

For Ubuntu 6.06 (Dapper Drake):

Install the gstreamer0.10-plugins-bad-multiverse package.

AAC encoding:

  • FAAC can be used to encode AACs, although this is somewhat experimental compared to MP3 encoding at this point. For encoding programs which use gstreamer, there is a gstreamer plugin called gstreamer0.8-faac. See CDRipping for how to encode CDs to AAC. For other programs, you may be able to utilize FAAC directly to encode to AACs using the "faac" package.

iTunes Music Store

  • Apple's iTunes Music Store sells music online with a large selection of artists. Songs are in 128K AAC format, and cost varies by country. Apple only has Mac and Windows clients, but it also can be used on Linux. There are two different methods by which this can be done. First of all, you can use CodeWeavers CrossOver Office (available at http://www.codeweavers.com) to install the Windows version of iTunes on Ubuntu. This will allow you to buy iTunes songs on Linux and listen to them. However, the main caveats of this approach are that 1) it costs money 2) it is not a fully Linux-native solution. As an alternative to using CrossOver, there is a new, Free program called PyMusique which allows basic usage of the iTunes Music Store on Linux. This works better than using iTunes on CrossOver, but PyMusique has fewer features than the official iTunes client at this point and may be in violation of the iTunes Music Store terms of service. To use this on Ubuntu, first install gstreamer0.8-faad and libmcrypt4. Then, go to http://fuware.nanocrew.net/pymusique/ or a mirror (google "pymusique 0.4" for mirrors) and download the pymusique, python2.4-mcrypt, python2.4-vlc, and python2.4-mp4ff packages. Finally, install all the packages you downloaded from the above website. You can now launch PyMusique from the Applications-Internet menu, and purchase songs (although you may have to restart your system for this to work). PyMusique has been superceded by SharpMusique, available from http://www.nanocrew.net/software/sharpmusique/. It is available as a .deb for Breezy Badger and allows you to preview songs, signup for an account, buy songs and albums, redownload songs that you bought, and more.

Getting Java

Included in the main section of Ubuntu is the java-gcj-compat package; several solutions are available to install the Blackdown, IBM and Sun Java runtime environments and development kits.

Ubuntu 6.06

  • Sun Java5: Thanks to a redistribution license change from Sun, official Sun java packages are now available in the multiverse repositories. Install it from the Applications -> Add/Remove... menu, or install the sun-java5-bin package.
  • Blackdown Java2 1.4 packages: Install the j2re1.4 package, available in the multiverse repositories. Install it from the Applications -> Add/Remove... menu, or install the j2re1.4 package.

Ubuntu 5.10

  • For Ubuntu 5.10 (Breezy Badger), the easiest method is to use the Blackdown Java 1.4 installer from Multiverse. To install Java with the installer, just install the j2re1.4 package.

Sun Java directly from Sun

Note: See above for the preferred method installing the non-free / restricted Java packages.

The alternative method it to get the latest version from Sun. This version of Java works better for most applications. Sun's implementation of Java and Java plugin for browsers however is non-free. Free Java is in active development and will be the preferred choice once it is released.

Blackdown Java is non-free. It is a direct port of Sun's Java implementation, and is subject to the same licenses, as stated in the Blackdown FAQ. The only current advantage of using Blackdown over Sun is that Blackdown is to have the the i386 package show up in apt. Those interested in a free (GPL) Java implementation may wish to look at Kaffe, which is available in the universe repository.

Go to http://java.sun.com/j2se/1.5.0/download.jsp and click on “Download JRE 5.0 Update 7”. Ensure you do not choose one of the JDK or J2EE versions unless you are going to develop Java applications.

You must first accept the licence, then click on “Linux self-extracting file” (jre-1_5_0_07-linux-i586.bin). Save this file to your hard drive.

Make the downloaded file executable. At the command line, change to the directory where you downloaded the file, and type: 

chmod +x jre-1_5_0_07-linux-i586.bin

Install the install fakeroot java-package java-common packages.

If you get an error when installing java-package, you need to enable the multiverse repository (see AddingRepositoriesHowto).

Use make-jpkg to translate Sun's bin file into a debian package: 

fakeroot make-jpkg jre-1_5_0_07-linux-i586.bin

{i} Note: You can see warning mesages like the ones below, but there is nothing to worry about. 

mkdir: cannot create directory `/etc/.java': Permission denied
./jdk-1_5_0_07-linux-i586.bin: line 507: /usr/share/mime-info/java-archive.keys: Permission denied

{X} Note: If you get an error similar to this: 

Loading plugins: blackdown-j2re.sh blackdown-j2sdk.sh common.sh ibm-j2re.sh ibm-j2sdk.sh j2re.sh j2sdk.sh j2se.sh sun-j2re.sh sun-j2sdk.sh

No matching plugin was found.

Try: 

DEB_BUILD_GNU_TYPE=i386-linux fakeroot make-jpkg jre-1_5_0_07-linux-i586.bin

or similar command if you are not using i386 architecture.

Install the created package using dpkg: 

sudo dpkg -i sun-j2re1.5_1.5.0+update07_i386.deb

{i} Note: in above example, i386 might have to be i586.

Sun Java SDK (Software Development Kit)

Note: Outdated; see above for the preferred method to install the sun-java5 packages. Install the sun-java5-jdk or j2sdk1.4 package.

The same procedure can also be used to install Sun's Java SDK instead of just the runtime environment (JRE). Just choose "Download JDK 5.0 Update 7" when downloading the package from Sun, and replace the file name with jdk-1_5_0_07-linux-i586.bin

Selecting the default Java version

In Ubuntu 6.06 or 5.10, if you want to use Sun's Java instead of the open source GIJ (GNU Java bytecode interpreter) you need to set it as default. Run: 

sudo update-alternatives --config java

and select your preference from the list.

{i} Note: You probably want to do the same with jar, javac, javadoc, javah, javap and javaws: 

sudo update-alternatives --config jar

To get common java applications (installed using .deb-packages) to run under your JVM of choice, make sure you also edit the JVM configuration file: 

sudo -b gedit /etc/jvm

and add the line: 

/usr/lib/j2sdk1.5-sun

Packages such as ant starts the first JVM found in this file.

Sun Java J2EE SDK

Note: Outdated; see above for the preferred method to install the sun-java5 packages.

At the moment, there's no possibility to create a deb as described above for the J2EE SDK so you have to download the jdk from the site http://java.sun.com and then install the libstdc++2.10-dev package. then install as user the binary file that you have downloaded before.

{i} Note:Remember to add the jar j2ee.jar in your IDE e.g. eclipse if you want to develop JSP and/or Servlet

Java on Mozilla Firefox

Note: Outdated; see above for the preferred method to install the sun-java5 packages. Install the sun-java5-plugin package.

Installing Java without following the previous steps does not alert Firefox to its presence. If you simply executed the .bin file you downloaded, you will need to tell Firefox or Mozilla where to find the plugin library:

If you do not have a .mozilla/plugins directory in your home directory, create one: 

mkdir -p /home/username/.mozilla/plugins

Then create links to plugin files: 

cd ~/.mozilla/plugins
ln -s /usr/lib/j2re1.5-sun/plugin/i386/ns7/libjavaplugin_oji.so libjavaplugin_oji.so
sudo ln -s /usr/lib/j2re1.5-sun/plugin/i386/ns7/libjavaplugin_oji.so /usr/lib/mozilla-firefox/plugins/

You can skip these steps if you used the make-jpkg command.

If you have downloaded more than one, you need to modify the command to be more specific.

Note: For 6.06 Dapper the links seem to have changed (at least for the installation via the new licence package) so try this 

cd ~/.mozilla/plugins

ln -s /usr/lib/jvm/java-1.5.0-sun/jre/plugin/i386/ns7/libjavaplugin_oji.so libjavaplugin_oji.so

sudo ln -s /usr/lib/jvm/java-1.5.0-sun/jre/plugin/i386/ns7/libjavaplugin_oji.so /usr/lib/firefox/plugins/

Java on amd64 computers

Note: Outdated; see above for the preferred method to install the sun-java5 and j2re1.4/j2sdk1.4 packages.

Unfortunately, Sun's Java for 64-bit PC's does't work very well yet, but the Blackdown version of Java works and is available in the Ubuntu 5.10 (Breezy Badger) Multiverse repository. Just install the j2re1.4 j2re1.4-mozilla-plugin

Afterwards restart Firefox and you should have a working Java plugin.

取自"http://wiki.ubuntu.org.cn/RestrictedFormats"